use the appropriate drawing instruments which includes the following: 1. Drawing board 2.

Tee-
square 3. Set-square 4.Pair of compasses 5.Divider 6.Protractor 7. HB, 2H pencil 8. Eraser

SETTING UP THE BOARD

Step 1 Place the drawing board conveniently on the table with the square edge to the left-hand
side.
Step 2 Place the drawing paper on the board, leaving equal space all round.
Step 3 Place the tee-square on the paper, and gently slide or move the tee-square to the top edge
of the paper.
Step 4 Set the top edge of the paper parallel to the edge of the tee-square, with the stock of the
tee- square firmly against the edge of the drawing board on the left-hand side.
Step 5. Gently slide the tee-square down without moving the paper.
Step 6 Cut of pieces of adhesives tape to hold the paper in position, and place them over the four
corners of the paper.

EVALUATION
1. Define board practice.
2. Mention the steps involved in setting up the board.

DRAWING OF LINES
All horizontal lines are drawn with the aid of tee-square, usually from left to right, and rotating
the pencil as the line is drawn. This ensures uniform thickness of the line.
The set-square is used sitting on the tee-square to draw upright or vertical lines on the paper.
Angled lines are also drawn with the set-square turned in different directions.

POSITIONING OF TITLE BLOCK

Title block is at the bottom right-hand corner of the drawing which consist of the following
information (a) Title of Drawing (b) Name of object (c) School (d) Scale (e) Date
The title block should be lettered free-hand in single stroke capitals. The two types of lettering
are vertical and inclined. Only one method of lettering should be used.

EVALUATION
1. How can horizontal and vertical line be drawn?
2. List the information required in title block.

READING ASSIGNMENT
Read on board practice from Introductory Technology JSS1 by Evans (pg13-17)

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. Title block is at the……...hand corner of the drawing (a) left (b) right (c) right-left (d)
left-right
2. Drawing instrument used in board practice include the following except (a) Tee-square
(b) Protractor (c) Set-square (d) 5H pencil
3. The types of lettering are (a) horizontal & vertical (b) vertical &vertical (c) vertical &
incline (d) horizontal & incline
4. How many methods should be used while lettering (a) one (b) two (c) three (d) four

CROWNTURN/2ND TERM/BASIC TECHNOLOGY/JSS 1 Page 6

5. Horizontal lines should be drawn using (a) set-square (b) tee-square (c) free-hand (d)
none of the above

THEORY
1. Define board practice.
2. List the information required in title block.

WEEK FIVE AND SIX Date:……………………………

TOPIC: FREEHAND SKETCHING
CONTENT
 Meaning of freehand sketching
 Sketching a straight line
 Sketching a curve and a circle
 Sketching a square and an irregular edge
 Definition of scale drawing
 Materials and instruments for scale drawing
 Types of scale drawing

DEFINTION OF FREEHAND SKETCHING

Freehand Sketching is one of the quickest methods by which the shape of an object can be
communicated to others. This is done by using a pen or pencil.
Architects think more of imaginary objects; they cannot take photographs but express this using
freehand sketching.
Therefore, the knowledge of freehand sketching is of advantage. A good sketch reduces the task
of writing needed to describe the object on the mind of the designer. The ability to make a
freehand sketching is a valuable asset acquired through practice.

SKETCHING A STRAIGHT LINE

A straight line can be defined as the shortest distance between two points.
Straight line can be sketched following the procedures below:
1. Put a dash or dot far enough to the right-hand side of the paper.
2. Start to draw a line from the left hand side to join the dash or dot with your eyes fixed on the
point.
………………………………………..

EVALUATION
1. Define freehand sketching.
2. Describe how to sketch a straight line.

SKETCHING: A CURVE AND CIRCLE

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A. Curve: To draw a curve by freehand, it will be necessary to plot some points not too far from
each other at different levels like this :
With the points in position, attempt to draw curves to join them.

B. Circle: To draw circles, the easiest way is to draw lines which are equal in diameter to the
circle in different directions. Each line must be drawn as faint as possible, with each crossing one
another at a point, Now join the points by little curves from the tip of each line.
SKETCHING: A SQUARE AND AN IRREGULAR EDGE
This can be sketched in isometric or oblique view.Isometric view is at 300 to the horizontal the
at both sides .Oblique view is at 450 to the horizontal at one side

EVALUATION
1. Describe how to sketch a curve and a circle.
2. Describe how to sketch a square and an irregular edge.

DEFINITION OF SCALE DRAWING

Scale drawing can be defined as the accurate representation of objects in a determined
proportion.Scale drawing is different from ordinary drawing in that it presents the object either
reduced or enlarged. There are scales for reduction and for enlargement of the size of the object.

MATERIALS AND INSTRUMENTS FOR SCALE DRAWING

A. Metric rule
This has two flat straight edges. It is usually 30cm long. Each main division on the metric rule is
equal to one centimeter (1cm =10mm) and each division is sub divided into 10 units being
1mm.Always start from 0 as the beginning of your measurement.
B. Scale rule
These have three straight edges and are triangular in shape. Each edge is graduated and each
scale designation is marked on the rule.

EVALUATION
1. Define scale drawing
2. State the materials and instruments for scale drawing

SCALE
Some objects are too big for the actual size to be contained on a drawing paper, while some are
too small for the parts to be clearly seen. Hence, such objects should be drawn to an appropriate
scale.
Scale is usually given as a ratio and they are stated in the title block.

TYPES OF SCALE DRAWING

A scale is used to draw or read a scale on a drawing paper
We have the following scales:
1. Full scale drawing
2. Reduced scale drawing

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3. Enlarged scale drawing

FULL SCALE DRAWING

In this scale drawing, the object is drawn to the same size with the actual size. e.g. 1:1

REDUCED SCALE DRAWING

The actual size of the object is reduced in proportion to the drawing. Reduced scale drawing is
used when the object is too big, examples include 1:2 , 1:5 ,1:10 , 1:50 ,1:100
Therefore a cupboard of size 1800mm long drawn as 18mm has a reduced scale drawing of
1:100mm

ENLARGED SCLAE DRAWING

This is used when the object to be drawn is too small to be clearly seen .Here, the actual size of
the object is enlarged in the proportion to the drawing.
Examples include 2:1, 10:1, 100:1,

Drawing size 100:1 actual size

EVALUATION QUESTIONS
1. Define scale drawing.
2. Mention three (3) types of scale drawing.

READING ASSIGNMENT
Read on Scale Drawing from Introductory Technology (JSS1) by Evans. Pages 19-20

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. _____ is one of the quickest methods by which the shape of an object can be
communicated to others.(a) Technical drawing (b) Freehand sketching (c)Scale drawing (d)
Isometric drawing
2. _______ can be defined as the shortest distance between two points.(a) Straight line (b)
Curve (c)Circle (d) Square
3. Isometric view is at ____ to horizontal at both sides (a) 30 0 (b)450 (c) 600 (d) 900
4. Oblique drawing is at ____ to the horizontal at one side (a) 300 (b)450 (c) 600 (d) 900
5. The following are the advantages of free hand sketches except …………..
(a) A good sketch reduces the task of writing needed to describe the object on the mind of the
designer. (b) The ability to make freehand sketching is a valuable asset to practice Engineering
work. (c) Laypersons can express themselves by freehand sketches. (d) Materials are wasted by
freehand sketches.
6.________ can be defined as the accurate representation of objects in a determined proportion
(a) Scale drawing (b) Freehand sketches (c) Technical drawing (d) Isometric drawing
7. In _____ scale drawing, the object is drawn to the same size with the actual size. e.g. 1:1 (a)
enlarged (b) reduced (c) full (d) proportioned
8. In ______ scale drawing the actual size of the object is reduced in proportion to the drawing
.It is used when the object is too big , examples include 1:2 , 1:5 ,1:10 , 1:50 ,1:100 (a)
enlarged (b) reduced (c) full (d) proportioned

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9. In the scale expressed below 50 is the _____ of the object 50:1 . (a) actual size
(b) drawing size (c) proportioned (d) regular
10._____ scale drawing is used when the object to be drawn is too small to be clearly seen (a)
Enlarged (b) Reduced (c) Full (d) Proportioned

THEORY
1. Define freehand sketching.
2. Describe how to sketch a straight line, curve and circle.
3. Define scale drawing.
4. a. State the materials and instruments for scale drawing.
b. Mention three (3) types of scale drawing.

WEEK SEVEN Date:……………………………

TOPIC: WORKBENCH FITTINGS & APPLIANCES
CONTENTS
 WORKBENCH
 WORK BENCH FITTINGS
 VICE
 BENCH STOP
 BENCH HOOK
 G-CLAMP
 SASH CLAMP
 F-CLAMP

WOODWORK BENCH
A woodwork bench is a platform on which the wood workers perform their wood workers
activities.
The size of the woodwork bench is usually 2.0m by 0.80m by 0.90m. The centre of the
woodwork bench is always lower than the edges and this is called WELL.
The function of the well is for keeping the tools needed during the woodwork activities. Being
lower, tools cannot fall or roll onto the floor or on anyone’s feet

WOODWORK BENCH FITTINGS

Woodwork bench fittings are the appliances fitted to the workbench before the commencement
of any woodwork operation.

EVALUATION QUESTIONS
1. Define a workbench
2. Describe and state the function of a well on workbench
3. Define woodwork bench fittings
Workbench fittings include the following:
1. VICE
2. BENCH STOP
3. BENCH HOOK

CROWNTURN/2ND TERM/BASIC TECHNOLOGY/JSS 1 Page 10

4. G-CLAMP
5. SASH CLAMP
6. F-CLAMP

VICE
The bench vice is made up of cast iron and possesses a release lever, which allows quick
movement and grip.
The vice is fixed to the side of the bench.It is used to hold the wood firmly to side of the
workbench.

BENCH STOP
This is a small strip of wood or metal fixed on top of the bench.It is used prevent wood from
slipping off the bench top during planning.

BENCH HOOK
This is used for holding jobs during cutting chiseling on the bench.
At the same it protects the bench top

G-CLAMP
This is a metal clamp used for clamping small jobs to the bench while sawing or chiseling. It can
also be used to hold other small jobs together. It is called a G-clamp because of its shape, which
is in the form of letter “G
The clamp is ideal for holding small pieces of wood together by applying pressure at a specific
point. Scrap wood should be placed between the jaws and the work to prevent it from leaving
marks in the work.

SASH CLAMP
This is a larger clamp used for holding and drawing wood together when assembling or gluing
work light and heavy-duties types are also available. When using sash –clamp, a piece of waste
wood should also be placed between the jaw will dig in and spoil the work.

F-CLAMP
This is used like the G-clamp. It has a quick action adjustment.The clamp in the form of letter
“F”

EVALUATION QUESTIONS
1. State FIVE (5) examples of woodwork bench fittings
2. Describe and state the function of the followings (a) Bench (b) G –clamp
3. What precaution must we take when using sash clamp in the workshop.
4. What is the major difference between F-clamp and sash clamp.

READING ASSIGNMENT: Read about woodwork bench and fittings

Reference Books
(i) EVANS Basic Technology for JSS book 1.
(ii) NERDC Basic Technology for JSS book 1.

CROWNTURN/2ND TERM/BASIC TECHNOLOGY/JSS 1 Page 11

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. A woodwork bench is a platform for doing ____ (a) wood works (b) all works in the
workshop (c) metal work (d) electrical work
2. The size of the woodwork bench is 2.0m by 0.80mand _____ (a) 9.0 m (b) 0.09m (c)
0.90m (d) 900m
3. The prevent wood from slipping off the bench top during, smoothing , the device used is
_____ (a) bench hook (b) bench stop (c)bench vice (d) bench fitting.
4. _____ is the shortest distance between two points (a) box (b) square (c) straight (d)
curve .
5. In isometric drawing, the base lines are inclined at ___ to the horizontal (a) 20 0 (b) 800
(c) 450 (d) 300

THEORY
1. State the importance of using freehand sketching.
2. Mention five(5) woodwork bench fittings.

WEEK EIGHT
TOPIC: TYPES OF BUILDINGS& BUILDING MATERIALS
CONTENT
Content
 Types of Building
 Common building materials
 Doors
 Windows
Types of building
 Bungalow: It is dwelling built in a style developed from that of a form of rural house in
India. The original bungalow typically has one story, few rooms, and a maximum of cross drafts,
with high ceilings, unusually large window and door openings, and verandas on all sides to shade
the rooms from the intense light and tropical heat. A house that is built on one level.
 One-storey building: A house that has a ground floor and the first floor only.
 Multi-storey building: A house that has many levels.
 Skyscrapers: A very tall building.
 Detached building: A house that is joined with another building at one side.
 Semi-Detached building: A house that is joined with another building at one side.

CROWNTURN/2ND TERM/BASIC TECHNOLOGY/JSS 1 Page 12

 Duplex: A house that is made up of two apartments.
 Mansion: A very large house.
 Terraced houses: These are blocks of building that are constructed together side by side.

Evaluation
1. State ten(10) types of building and explain.
2. What type of building is the ‘Diligence campus of Good Shepherd School’.

COMMON BUILDING MATERIALS

Building materials could be natural or man-made and can be classified into:
a. Primary/non-convectional materials: These are materials used for constructing
buildings in their natural state without any processing. They are also known as traditional
materials e.g. mud, stone, grass, straw, timber etc.
b. Secondary/convectional materials: Theseare materials that have undergone processing
and have changed in structure e.g.cement, steel, bricks, precast concrete, glass, etc.
Materials used in building construction
Building Element Primary materials Secondary material
1. Foundation Mud, Stone Sand-Crete blocks
2. Wall Mud, Stone, timber, bamboo, mud Sand-Crete blocks, red
bricks bricks
3. Wall decoration Animal dung, local dye, cowries Cement plaster, paints, tiles
4. Roof Bamboo, forest wood, corrugated Seasoned timber, planks,
metal sheets nails
5. Ceiling Mat, asbestos Asbestos, plywood, plaster
of Paris (P.O.P)
6. Floor Mud, cement screed Concrete
7. Window Timber, mat Glass, aluminum, metal,
timber
8 Doors Wood/planks Plywood, timber, metal
9. Wall Shelve Forest wood Timber, plywood, glass
10. Lintel Thick timber Concrete with iron rod

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11. Columns Wooden posts timber, Mud bricks Concrete poles with
reinforcement

Evaluation
1. List five primary and secondary building materials.
2. Mention five materials used in constructing window.

DOORS
Movable barrier installed in the entry of a room or building to restrict access or provide visual
privacy. Early doors were hides or textiles. With monumental architecture came pivoting doors
of rigid, permanent materials; important chambers often had stone or bronze doors. Pompeiian
doors looked much like modern wooden doors; they were constructed of stiles (vertical planks)
and rails (horizontal planks) fastened together to support panels and occasionally equipped with
locks and hinges. The typical Western medieval door was of vertical planks backed with
horizontal or diagonal bracing. In the 20th century, a single, hollow-core panel door became
most common. Other types include the revolving door, folding door, sliding door (inspired by the
Japanese shoji), rolling door, and Dutch door (divided horizontally so that the lower or upper
part can be opened separately).

Functions of doors
1. They serve means of shutting and opening the entrance or exit.
2. They serve as barriers against dangers and attacks
3. They serve as protection of lives and properties.
4. They serve as means of ventilation.

Types of doors
1. Interior doors
a. Panel doors
b. Flush doors
c. French doors
d. Louver doors
2. Exterior doors: They are used for decorative purpose only. They are carefully chosen to
suit the architectural design of the building.
CROWNTURN/2ND TERM/BASIC TECHNOLOGY/JSS 1 Page 14
3. Sliding doors: They are space-saving doors, which are for closets in bedrooms.
4. Folding Doors: These are doors, which are easily installed as they as they take little
5. Revolving Doors: They are usually traffic control doors within a building

Evaluation
1. State four(4) functions of doors
2. State five(5) types of doors

WINDOWS
Windows, today, are more of architectural features rather than mere necessary opening in a wall.

Function of windows
1. It is used for admitting light and air.
2. It serves as barriers to dangers and attacks.
3. It is used to allow ventilation.

We have the following architectural designed windows:

1. Bull’s eye windows
2. Semi-circular headed windows.
3. Cant bay windows
4. Dormer windows

Evaluation
1. State four(4) functions of windows
2. State five(5) types of windows

Reading Assignment
Read BUILDING CONSTRUCTION I

CROWNTURN/2ND TERM/BASIC TECHNOLOGY/JSS 1 Page 15

Reference Materials
1. NERDC, Introductory Technology for JSS, book 3, pages 218 -228
2. EVANS, Introductory Technology for JSS, book 3, pages 130 -138

Weekend Assignment
1. The following are types of building except (a) Terraced house (b) Sheraton hotel
(c) Bungalow (d) Sky scraper
2. Blocks of building that are constructed together side by side is called ____ (a) Terraced
house (b) one-storey (c) Bungalow (d) Sky scraper
3. The following are building operations except (a) setting out (b) erection of walls
(c) roofing (d) contracting
4. The type of floor that consists of a series of closely spaced reinforced I-beams framing
into girders is called __ (a) one-way ribbed slab (b) one-way reinforced floors (c) two-way
reinforced floors (d) pre-cast concrete floors
5. The following are examples of interior doors except (a) panel doors (b) flush doors
(c) French doors (d) revolving doors

Theory
1. State the functions of door.
2. State the different types of floor

WEEK NINE DATE_____________________

TOPIC: BUILDING MATERIALS(CONTD) & BUILDING COMPONENTS
CONTENT
 Floors
 Types of Floors
 General Floor Finishes
 Roof
FLOORS
This is a flat bottom surface in or on any structure. It is a rigid building assembly that divides
space horizontally into stories. It forms the bottom of a room. It may consist of joist-supported
wood planks or panels, decking or panels supported by wood or steel beams, a slab of stone or
concrete on the ground, or a reinforced-concrete slab carried by concrete beams and columns.
The floor assembly must support its own dead load plus the live load of occupants, activities, and
furnishings. The horizontal supports beneath its top surface—and the vertical supports into
which they frame—must be sufficiently large and spaced closely enough to prevent sagging of
the assembly

Types of floors
1. Solid Floors: These are concrete which may simply be finished with smooth surface or
laid with tiles (plastic and linoleum floor tiles), which are not normally laid down in
specifications.
2. Suspended Floors: It consists of wood, which is nailed over solid lengths of timber, ends
of which are supported by the main walls of building.

CROWNTURN/2ND TERM/BASIC TECHNOLOGY/JSS 1 Page 16

Evaluation
1. Describe a floor.
2. State the different types of floor.

We have the following types of solid floors:

 One-way reinforcing system: The reinforcing elements are laid to run in one direction
 Two-way reinforcing system: The reinforcing elements are laid to run in two
directions.
 Concrete slab floor with light gauge decking: These are light gauge steel deck, covered
with a concrete slab.
 One-way ribbed slab floor: This type of floor consists of series of closely spaced
reinforced I-beams framing into framing into girders.
 Pre-cast concrete floor system: It involves the production of standard pre-cast
members, which use ordinary reinforcing bars

General floor finishes

Surface of floors in dwelling houses may be terrazzo finished, painted, waxed, tiled, or carpeted.
Other types of finish are in the form designs such as parquetry flooring e.t.c.
a) Parquet floor
b) Terrazzo floor
c) Tile floor or linoleum (rubber)

Evaluation
1. State five(5) types of flooring system.
2. State three(3) general floor-finishes.

ROOF
Roof is a building structure that provides covering for the entire building and protects any
internal decoration or fittings from the weather and thereby rendering the house habitable.
Types of roofing
There are different kinds of roof today but we are going to emphasize only the most common
ones found around and these include: Gambrel, Shed, Hip, Butterfly, Gable, or Pitched, Flat
(made of galvanized metal sheet or concrete), Monitor, Half monitor, Arched, Combination,
Lean-to, Collar and Mansard roof respectively.

COMMON ROOFS
1. Hip roof: The hip roof has four slanting surfaces from a peak known as ridge. It has a
shortening effect on the length of the building roof.
2. Pitched roof: (Gabble): It has two surfaces sloping away from the ridge. A typical
characteristic of pitched roof is a cavity wall at gable end, and vent between the fascia and suffit,
which prevents the rafter timbers from disintegration.
3. Shed roof: This is the simplest form of roof construction, having only one slope usually
to the rear of building.
4. Butterfly roof: This is a double shed roof which slopes inwards with
5. Half roof
6. Half Monitor roof
CROWNTURN/2ND TERM/BASIC TECHNOLOGY/JSS 1 Page 17
7. Monitor roof
8. Combination roof
9. Arched roof
10. Mansard roof

Evaluation
1. State five(5) types of roofs.
2. Sketch five(5) types of roofs.

READING ASSIGNMENT
Read BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

Reference Materials
1. NERDC, Introductory Technology for JSS, book 3, pages 218 - 228
2. EVANS, Introductory Technology for JSS, book 3, pages 130 - 138

Weekend Assignment
1. ____ is a building structure that provides covering for the entire building (a) door (b)
windows (c) roof (d) floor
2. Which of the following is geometrically inclined (a) Bull’s eye window (b) French
window (c) panel window (d) combination window
CROWNTURN/2ND TERM/BASIC TECHNOLOGY/JSS 1 Page 18
3. The following are functions of windows except (a) It is used for admitting light and
air.(b) It serves as barriers to dangers and attacks. (c) It is used to allow ventilation. (d) It is used
for collection of rain
4. The following are functions of roof except (a) Shed (b) Hip (c) Butterfly (d) panel
5. The type of roof that is suitable for factory is (a) hip roof (b) butterfly (c) monitor (d)
panel roof

Theory
1. Mention nine(9) types of roof.
2. State the functions of windows.

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