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The document outlines an experiment to determine the image distance for varying object distances using a convex lens, including the necessary materials and procedures. It explains the theory behind convex lenses, the lens formula, and the Cartesian sign conventions for measurements. The experiment involves placing an object at various distances from the lens and recording observations, with the result indicating a focal length of 10 cm.

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9 views6 pages

Aim

The document outlines an experiment to determine the image distance for varying object distances using a convex lens, including the necessary materials and procedures. It explains the theory behind convex lenses, the lens formula, and the Cartesian sign conventions for measurements. The experiment involves placing an object at various distances from the lens and recording observations, with the result indicating a focal length of 10 cm.

Uploaded by

vaishalikanwar45
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Aim

To find the image distance for varying object distances in case of a convex lens
and draw corresponding ray diagrams to show the nature of image formed.
Theory

 lenses are thick in the middle and thin at the edges.

Lens: It is a piece of a
transparent medium. It may be curved at both the surfaces or may
be plane at one surface and curved at the other surface. Two main
types of lenses are: (a) convex lens or converging lens and (b)
concave lens or diverging lens.
 Convex lens and its types: It is also called converging lens
because it converges a beam of light incident on it. Double convex
lens is bulging in the centre, i.e., it is thicker in the middle and
thinner at the edges.

 Convex lens: It is a converging lens with real focus. These

 The distance of object from the centre of lens is represented by


letter ‘u’. The distance of image from the centre of lens is
represented by letter V.
 Lens formula: This formula gives the relationship between object
distance (u), image-distance (v) and the focal length (ƒ). The lens
formula is expressed as
1f=1v−1u
 New Cartesian sign conventions for u, v and ƒ

1. The object is always placed to the left of the lens.


2. Incident rays are drawn from left towards the right of the lens.
3. All distances are measured from the optical centre as origin.
4. Distances measured in the direction of the incident rays are taken as
positive.
5. Distances measured opposite to the direction of the incident rays are
taken as negative.
6. Distances measured perpendicular to and above the principal axis
are taken as positive.
7. Distances measured perpendicular to and below the principal axis
are taken a negative.
8. Focal length of a convex lens is taken as positive while that of
concave lens is taken as negative.

 For the sake of clarity of ray diagrams, only two rays are considered.
 The intersection of atleast two refracted rays gives the position of
image of the point object. Any two of the following rays can be
considered for locating the image:

Materials Required
A convex lens of a short focal length (12-20 cm), measuring scale, optical bench
and a needle or a candle.

Procedure
1. Fix a thin convex lens on a lens holder and place the screen on the
other side of the lens.
2. Focus a sharp, clear and inverted image of the distant object on the
screen. This is the rough focal length, measure it with the help of a
metre scale.
3. Mark the position of lens on optical bench or on a table. Fix the lens
at this point, label it as ‘O’.
4. Mark a point ‘F’ at both the sides of the lens as focus of the lens by
knowing the focal length as calculated in first step.
5. Mark a point 2F at both the sides of the lens, the distance of 2F from
the lens is double the focal length of the lens.

6. Place a candle on the table or needle on optical bench at distance


beyond 2F and adjust the height of the centre of lens nearly equal to
the height of the flame of the candle.
7. To locate a sharp image of the candle flame in the convex lens from
the other side of the lens, adjust the position of the screen and
record your observations.
8. Now, place the object, e., the lighted candle or the needle at 2F and
record your observations.
9. Now, shift the object between F and 2F and record the observations.
10.Now, place the object at F and record the observations.
11.Place the object between O and F of the lens and record your
observations.
12.Draw ray diagrams for all the positions of the object.

Observation Table

Mathematical Calculation of ƒ:
> Hence, the focal length of the given lens is 10 cm.

Ray Diagrams

Result

The focal length of the given lens is 10 cm.

Precautions
1. The focal length of the convex lens must be between 15 to 20 cm.
2. Use thin convex lens of small aperture.
3. Perform this experiment in calm air to avoid the flickering of the
candle flame.
4. To obtain distinct and sharp image of the candle flame, perform this
experiment in a dark room.
5. The optical bench or the bench holding the lens, object and image
screen should not be shaky.

CBS

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