Unit–6 Basic Statistics

Statistics (K.B) Types of Variable (K.B)

The branch of mathematics which deals with There are two types of variable.
collection and manipulation of the numeric (i) Discrete variable
data. (ii) Continuous variable.
Information Handling (K.B) Discrete Variable (K.B + U.B)
To present the information in a manageable A variable which can take / assume some specific
way so that some useful conclusions can be values in the given data is called discrete variable.
drawn is called information handling. Note (K.B + U.B)
Data (K.B) (i) A discrete variable usually takes the
The numerical figure obtained from any values which are integers or whole
field of study is known as data. numbers
Types of Data (K.B) i.e. 0,1,2,3.
There are two types of data (ii) It represents the countable data.
(i) Primary data, Examples:
(ii) Secondary data (1) Numbers of heads appeared in
Primary Data (K.B) tossing 5 coins.
(2) No of children in a family.
The data directly collected from its source is
(3) No of students in a class.
called primary data.
For example: Continuous Variable (K.B + U.B)
Prices of fruits collected from market. A variable which can take / assure every
Secondary Data (K.B) possible value with in the given range or
interval i.e. (a to b) is called continuous
The data which have been passed through
variable.
some statistical treatment at least once is
called secondary data. Note (K.B + U.B)
For example: (1) It may be a whole figure or a fraction.
Office records, printed materials. (2) It represents the measurable data.
Constant (K.B) Examples:
(i) Age of an employee.
Any quantity that has a single value is
(ii) Temperature of a place.
known as constant.
(iii) Height / weight of an individual.
Example:
All real numbers can be taken as constant. Ungrouped Data (K.B)
Variables (K.B) The numerical facts obtained on first hand
and record as they stand are called
Any quantity whose value is not fixed is
ungrouped data.
called variable.
Examples: Grouped Data (K.B)
Age of person, weight of person, height of person. The data which have gone / passed through
some statistical process is called grouped
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data. It may be classified into certain groups Total number of observations = 15

or into rows and columns. The smallest number = 60,
Classification (K.B) The largest number = 73
The process of arranging the data into Frequency Distribution
certain groups or classes having similar Groups No of Students
characteristics is called classification. 60  62 3
Note about Number of Classes (K.B)
63  65 4
(i) More than 15 groups or classes are
generally not advisable. 66  68 5
(ii) There is no hard and fast rule to find 69  71 2
exact number of classes.
(iii) Groups / classes should be between 5 72  74 1
and 15. n = 15
(iv) Too small number of groups / classes
results into loss of important Class Limits (K.B)
information. Each class / group is defined by two values
(v) Taking too many groups do not pay one small and other large these values are
for the labour involved condensing called class limits. The smaller one is called
the information. lower class limit.
Example: (K.B) The large one is called upper class limit.
Marks obtained in maths out of Size of Class Interval (K.B)
100.Form a frequency distribution. The difference between lower or upper class
60, 62, 65, 66, 67, 68, 66, 60, 73, 69, 70, 63, limits of any two consecutive classes /
64, 63, 67 groups is called size or length of class
Given Data: interval. It is denoted by h.
Groups No. of Students Class Marks (X) Class Boundaries
60 + 62 122
60  62 3 = 2 = 61 59.5 - 62.5
2
63 + 65 128
63  65 4 = 2 = 64 62.5 - 65.5
2
66 + 68 134
66  68 5 = 2 = 67 65.5 - 68.5
5
Class Mark / Mid Point (K.B) Class Frequency (K.B)
The average value of lower and upper class The number of occurrence of items
limits of any class interval is called class corresponding to the class interval is called
mark, it is the mid point of any class. Class class frequency. It is denoted by f.
marks are represented by X. Frequency Distribution (K.B)
For C.I, 60  62,63  65,.... The tabular arrangement of data in which
60 + 62 122 various items are arranged into classes and
Class mark = (X) = = 2 = 61 the number of items lying in each class is
2
Class Boundaries (K.B) called frequency distribution.
The values which describe true class limits Formation of Frequency Distribution
of a class are called class boundaries. (K.B)
The smaller value is called lower class boundary. By Tally Bar Method
The larger value is called upper class boundary. By Direct Method

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Cumulative Frequency (K.B) Frequency polygon is a many sided closed

The total of frequency upto an upper class figure on XY plane, on which class marks are
limit or boundary is called the cumulative marked on X-axis and frequencies on Y-axis.
frequency. Cumulative Frequency Polygon / Ogive
Histogram (K.B) (K.B)
A histogram is a graph of adjacent rectangle A cumulative frequency polygon or ogive is a
constructed on XY-plane. It is a graph of graph of many sided closed figure of less than
frequency distribution, on which class cumulative frequency distribution, in which
boundaries or class marks are marked on x- cumulative frequencies are marked on Y-axis
axis and frequency on y-axis. and upper class boundaries on X-axis.
Frequency Polygon (K.B)

Exercise 6.1
Q.1 The following data shows the number of members in various families. Construct
frequency distribution. Also find cumulative frequencies. 9, 11, 4, 5, 6, 8, 4, 3, 7, 8, 5,
5, 8, 3, 4, 9, 12, 8, 9, 10, 6, 7, 7, 11, 4, 4, 8, 4, 3, 2, 7, 9, 10, 9, 7, 6, 9, 5, 7. (A.B)
Solution:
Min. Value = 2, Max. Value = 12, Total values = 39
Discrete Frequency Distribution
No. of members Tally bars No. of families (f) C.F
2 | 1 1
3 ||| 3 1+3=4
4 |||| | 6 4+6=10
5 |||| 4 10+4=14
6 ||| 3 17
7 |||| | 6 23
8 |||| 5 28
9 |||| | 6 34
10 || 2 36
11 || 2 38
12 | 1 39
Q.2 The following data has been obtained after weighing 40 students of class V. Make a
frequency distribution taking class interval size as 5. Also find the class boundaries
and midpoints. 34, 26, 33, 32, 24, 21, 37, 40, 41, 28, 28, 31, 33, 34, 37, 23, 27, 31, 31,
36, 29, 35, 36, 37, 38, 22, 27, 28, 29, 31, 35, 35, 40, 21, 32, 33, 27, 29, 30, 23. (A.B)
Also make a less than cumulative frequency distribution. (Hint: Make classes 20-24,
25-29…).
Solution:
Min. Value = 21, Max. Value = 41, Size of class interval = 5, Total values = 40
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Unit–6 Basic Statistics

Frequency Distribution
C–I Tally Bars Frequency C–B Mid points
15-19 - 14.5-19.5 17
20-24 |||| | 6 19.5-24.5 22
25-29 |||| |||| 10 24.5-29.5 27
30-34 |||| |||| || 12 29.5-34.5 32
35-39 |||| |||| 9 34.5-39.5 37
40-44 ||| 3 39.5-44.5 42
Total 40
Less than cumulative frequency distribution
C–B C.f
Less than 19.5 0
Less than 24.5 6
Less than 29.5 16
Less than 34.5 28
Less than 39.5 37
Less than 44.5 40
Q.3 From the following data representing the salaries of 30 teachers of a school. Make a
frequency distribution taking class interval size of Rs. 100, 450, 500, 550, 580, 670,
1200, 1150, 1120, 950, 1130, 1230, 890, 780, 760, 670, 880, 890, 1050, 980, 970, 1020,
1130, 1220, 760, 690, 710, 750, 1120, 760, 1240. (A.B + U.B +K.B)
(Hint: Make classes 450-549, 550-29…).
Solution:
Min. Value = 450, Max. Value = 1240, Size of class interval = 100 , total values = n = 30
Frequency Distribution
C–I Tally Bars Frequency (f)
450 – 549 || 2
550 – 649 || 2
650 – 749 |||| 4
750 – 849 |||| 5
850 – 949 ||| 3
950 – 1049 |||| 4
1050 – 1149 |||| 5
1150 - 1249 |||| 5
Total 30
Q.4 The following data shows the daily load shedding duration in hours in 31 localities
of a certain city. Make a frequency distribution of the load shedding duration taking
2 hours as class interval size and answer the following questions. 6, 12, 5, 7, 8, 3, 6, 7,
10,2, 14, 11, 12, 8, 6, 8, 9, 7, 11, 6, 9, 12, 13,10, 14, 7, 6, 10, 11, 14, 12.
(A.B + U.B +K.B)
(a) Find the most frequent load shedding hours?
(b) Find the least load shedding intervals?
(Hint: Make classes 2 - 3, 4 - 5, 6 - 7….)
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Solution:
Min. Value =2, Max. Value = 14, Size of class interval = 2, total values = n = 31
Frequency Distribution (By Direct Method)
C–I Values Frequency (f)
2–3 3, 2 2
4–5 5 1
6–7 6, 7, 6, 7, 6, 7, 6, 7, 6 9
8–9 8, 8, 8, 9, 9, 5
10 – 11 10, 11, 11, 10, 10, 11 6
12 – 13 12, 12, 12, 13, 12 5
14 – 15 14, 14, 14 3
Total 31
(a) The most frequent load shading hours = 6 – 7
(b) The least load shading intervals = 4 – 5
Q.5 Construct a Histogram and frequency Polygon for the following data showing
weights of students in kg. (A.B + U.B +K.B)
Weights Frequency / No. of Students Mid Values Class Boundaries
20-24 5 22 19.5-24.5
25-29 8 27 24.5-29.5
30-34 13 32 29.5-34.5
35-39 22 37 34.5-39.5
40-44 15 42 39.5-44.5
45-49 10 47 44.5-49.5
50-54 8 52 49.5-54.5

Scale:
On X-axis
2 big boxes=5 units
On Y-axis
1big box = 2 units

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Unit–6 Basic Statistics

Scale:
On X-axis
2 big boxes=5 units
On Y-axis
1big box = 2 units

Average (K.B) Arithmetic Mean

A single value which represents the data is (By short cut method) (A.B + K.B)
called average. D
X =A+ (For ungrouped data.)
Types of Average (A.B + K.B) n
 fD
(i) Arithmetic mean X =A+ (For grouped data)
f
(ii) Median
(iii) Mode where D = X  A
A = Provisional Mean or Assumed Mean
(iv) Geometric mean
and X= Mid point of a class
(v) Harmonic mean Arithmetic Mean (By Coding
(vi) Quartiles
Method) (A.B + U.B)
Arithmetic Mean (A.B + K.B) u
X  A h (For ungrouped data)
A value obtained by dividing the sum of all n
the observations by their number of where ‘h’ is common difference / size of C-I
observations is called arithmetic mean it is
 fu
denoted by X X  A  h (For grouped data)
Let X1, X2, X3, ,Xn be the values of a f
X A
data thus the A.M is defined as: where u
n h
X1  X 2  X 3  ......  X n X i Median (U.B + K.B)
X  i 1
A value which divides an arranged data into
n n two equal parts (i.e., 50% data before the
where, i= 1,2,3,4,…,n median and 50% after it is called median.
X
X Or
(For ungrouped data) Median is the middle most observation in an
n
arranged data set. It divides the data set into
X =
 fx (For grouped data) two equal parts.
f It is represented on x .
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Formulas (K.B) The above formula can also be written by

(For ungrouped data) using logarithm.
(i) If “n” is odd number For Ungrouped data
n 1
th   logX 
Median = term G.M.  Anti log  
2  n 
If “n” is even number For Grouped data
1  n 
th
 n2
th
   f logX 
Median =   item    item  G.M.  Anti log  
2  2   2    f 
(For grouped data) Harmonic Mean (K.B)
hn  Harmonic Mean refers to the value obtained
Median = l    c 
f 2  by reciprocating the mean of the reciprocal
where of x1 , x2 , x3 ,..., xn observations. In symbols,
l = lower class boundary of median class For ungrouped data,
h = Size of median class n
f = Frequency of median class H.M. 
1
c = Preceding commutative frequency of
median class
X
n 2 is used to decide the median class For Grouped data,
n f f
H.M. 
Mode (K.B) f
The most repeated value or most frequent X
value in the given data is called mode. Properties of Arithmetic Mean
Formula:
For Ungrouped data (K.B + U.B)
Mode = the most repeated value in given (i) Mean of a variable with similar
data. (No Formula) observations say constant k is the
For Grouped data constant k itself.
( f m  f1 ) (ii) Mean is affected by change in origin.
Mod e  l  h
2 f m  f1  f 2 (iii) Mean is affected by change in scale.
Where (iv) Sum of the deviations of the variable
l = lower class boundary of modal class. X from its mean is always zero.
fm = Frequency of mode class The Weighted Arithmetic Mean
f1= Preceding frequency of modal frequency
(K.B + U.B)
class.
f2 = Following frequency of modal class. The relative importance of a number is
h = size of modal class. called its weight. When numbers x1 , x2 ,..., xn
Empirical relation among Mean, are not equally important, we associate them
Median and Mode (K.B) with certain weight, w1 , w2 , w3 ,..., wn
Mode = 3 Median  2 Means depending on the importance or significance.
Geometric Mean (K.B) Average of such data is called weighted
Geometric mean of a variable X is the nth arithmetic mean. It can be calculated by the
positive root of the product of the formula
x1 , x2 , x3 ,..., xn observation. In symbols, we  wx
xw 
write w
1
G.M.   x1 , x2 , x3 ,..., xn  n
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Unit–6 Basic Statistics

Moving Averages (K.B + U.B) h in 

Qi  l    c  ; i  1, 2,3
Moving averages are defined as the f 4 
successive averages (arithmetic means) Note (K.B)
which are computed for a sequence of
i) Q2  Median
days/months/years at a time. Place the
average of each period against the mid of the ii) Q1  Lower Quartiles
each period. Dropping first value and adding iii) Q3  Upper Quartiles
succeeding value to this group and continue
Deciles (K.B)
the process until all values from first to last
are used. It divides the data in ten equal parts.
Formula: (for grouped data)
Quartiles (K.B)
h in 
It divides the data in four equal parts. Di  l    c  ; i  1, 2,...,9
Formula: (for grouped data) f  10 
Note (K.B)
D5  Median

Example 1: (Page # 119) (A.B)

The marks of seven students in Mathematics are as follows. Calculate the Arithmetic
Mean and interpret the result.
Student No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Marks 45 60 74 58 65 63 49
Solution:
Let X  marks of a students

X  1 2 3
X x  x  x  ...  x7
n 7
45  60  74  58  65  63  49 414
Or X   59.14 marks
7 7
Example 2 (Page # 120) (GRW 2014, FSD 2017, D.G.K 2017) (A.B)
The salaries of five teachers are as follows. Find the mean salary using direct and indirect
methods and compare the results. 11500, 12400, 1500, 14500, 14800.
Solution:
We proceed as follows:
(a) Using Direct method
5

x i
11500  12400  15000  14500  14800
X i 1

5 5
74000
  13640 Rupees.
5
(b) Indirect methods:

We assume A  1300, Di   xi  13000 , h  100 and ui 

 xi  A , the computations are
100
shown in the following table:

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Unit–6 Basic Statistics

X Di   xi  13000  ui 
 xi  A
100
11500 –1500 –15
12400 –600 –6
15000 2000 20
14500 1500 15
14800 1800 18
 X i  74000  Di  3200 ui  32
(i) Short formula:
3200
X  13000   13000  640  13640 Rupees
5
(ii) Coding method:
32
X  13000  100  13640 Rupees
5
Example 5 (Page # 122) (A.B)
Find arithmetic mean using short formula taking X  34.5 as the provisional mean in
example 4.
Solution:
We use the following formula

X  A  X  A  h
fD fu
(i) (ii)
f f
Given A  34.5, we notes that the distribution has equal class interval size of 10. So we
may take h  10 and make the following calculations:
D  X  34.5 u   X  A /10
Midpoints
Classes/groups f fD fu
x
0---9 2 4.5 –30 –3 –60 –6
10---19 10 14.5 –20 –2 –200 –20
20---29 5 24.5 –10 –1 –50 –5
30---39 9 34.5 0 0 0 0
40---49 6 44.5 10 1 60 6
50---59 7 54.5 20 2 140 14
60---69 1 64.5 30 3 30 3
Total 40 1300 –80 –8
Substituting the totals in the above formulae we get,
(80)
(i) X  34.5   34.5  2  32.5 gm
40
 8 
(ii) X  34.5    10  34.5  2  32.5 gm
 40 
Example 1 (Page # 123) (A.B)
On 5 term test in mathematics, a student has made marks of 82,93,86,92 and 79. Find the
median for the marks.

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Unit–6 Basic Statistics

Solution:
By arranging the grades in ascending order, the arranged data is 79,82,86,92,93
Since number of observation is odd i.e., n  5 .
 5 1
th

x  size of   observation
 2 
x  size of 3rd observation
x  86
Example 2 (Page # 123) (LHR 2017, FSD 2017, 18, SGD 2014, MTN 2016) (A.B)
The sugar contents for a random sample of 6 packs of juices of a certain brand are found
to be 2.3, 2.7, 2.5, 2.9, 3.1 and 1.9 milligram. Find the median.
Solution:
Arranging the values by increasing order of magnitude
1.9, 2.3, 2.5, 2.7, 2.9, 3.1
Since the number of observations are even i.e., n  6 .
1 6 6+2  
x= size of  th + th  observations 
2 2 2  
1
x= size of  3rd  4th  observations 
2
2.5  2.7
x=  2.6 milligram.
2
Example 4 (Page # 125) (A.B)
The following data is the time taken by 40 students to solve a problem is recorded. Find
the median time taken by the students.
138 164 150 132 144 125 149 157
146 158 140 147 136 148 152 144
168 126 138 176 163 119 154 165
146 173 142 147 135 153 140 135
161 145 135 142 150 156 145 128
Solution:
Class Intervals Frequency Class boundaries Cumulative Frequency
118 ––– 126 3 117.5 – 126.5 3
127 ––– 135 5 126.5 – 135.5 8
136 ––– 144 9 135.5 – 144.5 19
145 ––– 153 12 144.5 – 153.5 29
154 ––– 162 5 153.5 – 162.5 34
163 ––– 171 4 162.5 – 171.5 38
172 ––– 180 2 171.5 – 180.5 40
Total 40   f ––– –––
th
n
Median class  class containing   observation
2
th
 40 
Median class  class containing    20th observation
 2 
hn  9
x  l    c   144.5   20  17   146.8
f 2  12
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Unit–6 Basic Statistics

Example 1 (Page # 127) (SGD 2014) (A.B)

Find the geometric mean of the observations 2,4,8 using
(i) basic formula and (ii) using logarithmic formula.
Solution:
Basic formula
1 1
G.M   2  4  8  3   64  3  4
Using log method:
Xlog X
2
0.3010
4
0.6021
8
0.9031
Total
1.8062
  log X   1.8062 
G.M = Antilog    Antilog  
 n   3 
 Antilog  0.6021  4.00003  4
Example 2: (Page # 130) (A.B + U.B)
A variable X take the following values 4,5,8,6,2 . Find the mean of X, also find the mean
when (a) 5 is added to each observation (b) 10 is multiplied with each observation (c)
Prove that sum of the deviation from mean is zero.
Solution:
Given the values of X,
X : 4 5 8 6 2.
We may introduce two new variables Y and Z under  a  and  b  respectively. So we are
given that  a   Y  X  5  b  Z  10 X . The following table shows the desired result:
X Y  X 5 Z  10 X X X
4 9 40 –1
5 10 50 0
8 13 80 3
6 11 60 1
2 7 20 –3
25 50 250  X  X   0
From the above table we get,
 X 25  Y 50  Z 250
X  5 ; Y   10 ; Z   50
n 5 n 5 n 5
Note (A.B + U.B + K.B)
(a) Y  10  5  5  X  5
(b) Z  50  10  5  10 X
Which shows that mean is affected by change in origin and scale.
(c) From the last column of the table we note that   X  X   0, the sum of the
deviations from mean is zero.
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Example 1: (Page # 131) (A.B)

The following table gives the monthly earnings and the number of workers in a factory, compute
the weighted average.
No. of employees Monthly earnings. Rs.
4 800
22 45
20 100
30 30
80 35
300 15
Solution:
Number of employees are treated as a weight  w and monthly earnings as variable  x 
No. of employees  w Monthly earning in Rs.  x   xw 
4 800 3200
22 45 990
20 100 2000
30 30 900
80 35 2800
300 15 4500
 w  456 ______  xw  14390
Xw 
 xw  14390  31.5
 w 456
Example 2: (Page # 131) (A.B)
Calculate three days moving average for the following record of attendance:
Week Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
1 24 55 28 45 51 54 60
Solution:
3-days moving
Week and days Attendance
Total Average
Sun. 24 ___ ___
Mon. 55 107 107/3 = 35.67
Tue. 28 128 128/3 = 42.67
Wed. 45 124 124/3 = 41.33
Thu. 51 150 150/3 = 50.00
Fri. 54 168 168/3 = 56.00
Sat. 60 ___ ___
Example 1: (Page # 132) (A.B)
For the following distribution locate Median and Quartiles on graph.
Class boundaries Cumulative frequency
Less than 120 0
Less than 130 12
Less than 140 27
Less than 150 51
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Unit–6 Basic Statistics

Less than 160 64

Less than 170 71
Less than 180 76
Less than 190 80
Less than 200 82
Solution:
We locate median and Quartiles by using the following cumulative frequency polygon.

Example 2: (Page # 133) (A.B + U.B + K.B)

For the following distribution locate Mode on graph.
Salaries in Rupees No. of teachers
120 — 130 12
130 — 140 15
140 — 150 24
150 — 160 13
160 — 170 7
170 — 180 5
180 — 190 4
190 — 200 2
Solution:
On Histogram, the mode is located on X-axis as shown below:

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Unit–6 Basic Statistics

Exercise 6.2
Q.1 What do you understand by measures of central tendency? (A.B)
Ans: A single value which represents the data is called as average. As average tends to lie in
the centre of the data, so to locate an average is called measure of central tendency.
Q.2 Define Arithmetic mean, Geometric mean, Harmonic mean, mode and median. (A.B)
Ans: See Definition page # 188, 189
Q.3 Find arithmetic mean by direct method for the following set of data: (A.B)
(i) 12, 14, 17, 20, 24, 29, 35, 45.
(ii) 200, 225, 350, 375, 270, 320, 290.
Ans:
(i) Given Data:
12, 14, 17, 20, 24, 29, 35, 45
(LHR 2014, 16, GRW 2017, FSD 2017, RWP 2015, 17, MTN 2016, D.G.K 2014, 16)
Required:
Arithmetic mean by direct method
Solution:
X 12 14 17 20 24 29 35 45  X  196
Formula:
X
X
n
196

8
 24.5
Result
X  24.5
(ii) Given Data:
200, 225, 350, 375, 270, 320, 290 (GRW 2014, 16, D.G.K 2016)
Required:
Arithmetic mean by direct method
Solution:
X 200 225 350 375 270 320 290 X = 2030
We known that
X 2030
X 
n 7
 290
Result: X = 290
Q.4 For each of the data in Q. No 3, compute arithmetic mean using indirect method.
(A.B)
(i) Give Data:
12, 14, 17, 20, 24, 29, 35, 45
Required:
Arithmetic mean by indirect method
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Unit–6 Basic Statistics

Solution:
X D = X – 20
12 –8
14 –6
17 –3
20 0
24 4
29 9
35 15
45 25
D = 36
We know that
D
XA+
n
Putting the values
36
 20 
8
 20  4.5  24.5
Result:
X = 24.5
(ii) Give Data: (A.B)
200, 225, 350, 375, 270, 320, 290
Required:
Arithmetic mean by indirect method
Solution: (By using short-cut and coding method)
X  200
X D  X – 200 U
5
200 0 0
225 25 5
270 70 14
290 90 18
320 120 24
350 150 30
375 175 35
D = 630 U = 126
(H.C.F of the difference of class marks is 5, so h is 5)
Arithmetic mean by short-cut method
Formula:
D
X=A+
n
630
 200 
7
 200  90
X  290
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Unit–6 Basic Statistics

Arithmetic mean by coding method

Formula:
U
X=A+ h
n
126
 200  5
7
630
 200 
7
 200  90  290
Result X = 290
Q.5 The marks obtained by students of class XI in mathematics are given below.
Compute arithmetic mean by direct and indirect methods. (LHR 2015) (A.B)
Given Data:
Classes/Groups Frequency
0–9 2
10 – 19 10
20 – 29 5
30 – 39 9
40 – 49 6
50 – 59 7
60 – 69 1
Required:
Arithmetic mean by direct and indirect method
Solution:
X - 34.5
C–I f X fX D=X- 34.5 fD U fU
10
0–9 2 4.5 9 – 30 – 60 –3 –6
10 – 19 10 14.5 145 – 20 – 200 –2 – 20
20 – 29 5 24.5 122.5 – 10 – 50 –1 –5
30 – 39 9 34.5 310.5 0 0 0 0
40 – 49 6 44.5 267 10 60 1 6
50 – 59 7 54.5 381.5 20 140 2 14
60 – 69 1 64.5 64.5 30 30 3 3
 f  40  fx=1300 fD = -80 fU = –8

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Arithmetic mean by direct method = 34.5 – 2

Formula X  32.5
 fx Results
X
f X  32.5
1300 Arithmetic mean by coding method

40 Formula
 32.5  fD
X  A+ h
Results f
X  32.5 8
 34.5  10
Arithmetic mean by short cut method 40
Formula  34.5  2
 fD X  32.5
X A+
f Results
Putting the values X  32.5
 80 
 X  34.5   
 40 
Q.6 The following data relates to the ages of children in a school. Compute the mean age
by direct and short-cut method taking any Provisional mean. (Hint. Take A = 8)
(A.B)
Given Data:
Class limits Frequency
4–6 10
7–9 20
10 – 12 13
13 – 15 7
Total 50
Required:
(i) Arithmetic mean by direct and short-cut method
(ii) G.M
(iii) H.M
Solution:
D= f
C–I f X fX fD log X f log X
X– 8 X
4–6 10 5 50 –3 – 30 0.6990 6.99 2.0000
7–9 20 8 160 0 0 0.9031 18.062 2.5
10 – 12 13 11 143 3 39 1.0414 13.5382 1.1818
13 – 15 7 14 98 6 42 1.1461 8.0227 0.5
f
 fX   f log X   
 f  50  fD  51 X
451 46.6129
6.1818

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Unit–6 Basic Statistics

Arithmetic mean by direct method   f log X 

 fX G.M  anti log  
X  f 
f
 46.6129 
451  antilog  
  50 
50
 9.02 =antilog  0.9323
Arithmetic mean by short method G.M  8.5566
 fD Harmonic Mean:
X  A+ f
f H.M 
 f 
 8
51  
50 X
 8  1.02 
50
 9.02 6.1818
Geometric Mean: H.M=8.0883
Q.7 The following data shows the number of children in various families. Find mode and
median. 9, 11, 4, 5, 6, 8, 4, 3, 7, 8, 5, 5, 8, 3, 4, 9, 12, 8, 9, 10, 6, 7, 7, 11, 4, 4, 8, 4, 3, 2,
7, 9, 10, 9, 7, 6, 9, 5. (FSD 2015, SGD 2015) (A.B)
Required:
(i) Mode
(ii) Median
Solution:
Min Value = 2 , Max. Value = 12
Frequency Distribution
X Tally Bars Frequency C.f
2 | 1 1
3 ||| 3 4
4 |||| | 6 10
5 |||| 4 14
6 ||| 3 17
7 |||| 5 22
8 |||| 5 27
9 |||| | 6 33
10 || 2 35
11 || 2 37
12 | 1 38
Mode (A.B + U.B)
Mode = 4 and 9 (Repeating maximum number of times)
Median (A.B + U.B)
th
n
Median=   term
2

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Unit–6 Basic Statistics
th
 38 
=   term
 2 
= 19th term
Median  7
Q.8 Find Modal number of heads for the following distribution showing the number of
heads when 5 coins are tossed. Also determine median. (A.B + U.B + K.B)
Given Data:
X (No. of heads) Freq. (No. of times)
1 3
2 8
3 5
4 3
5 1
Required:
(i) Mode
(ii) Median
Solution:
X f C.f
1 3 3
2 8 11
3 5 16
4 3 19
5 1 20
Mode
Mode =2 (Repeating max. number of times)
Median
th th
n  20 
Median =   term =   term = 10th term  2
2  2 
Q.9 The following frequency distribution the weights of boys in kilogram. Compute
mean, median, mode. (A.B + U.B + K.B)
Given Data:
Class intervals Frequency
1–3 2
4–6 3
7–9 5
10 – 12 4
13 – 15 6
16 – 18 2
19 – 21 1
Required:
(i) Mean =? (ii) Median =? (iii) Mode =?

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Unit–6 Basic Statistics

Solution:
C–I f X fX C–B C.f
1–3 2 2 4 0.5 – 3.5 2
4–6 3 5 15 3.5 – 6.5 5
7–9 5 8 40 6.5 – 9.5 10
10 – 12 4f1 11 44 9.5 – 12.5 14
13 – 15 6f m 14 84 12.5 – 15.5 20
16 – 18 2f 2 17 34 15.5 – 18.5 22
19 – 21 1 20 20 18.5 – 21.5 23
 f=23  fX  241

(i) Mean: (A.B)  10.625

Formula:  Median  10.625kg
 fX (iii) Mode: (A.B)
X
f Formula:
Putting the values f m  f1
Mode = l  h
241 2 f m  f1  f 2

23 Putting the values
 X  10.478kg 64
= 12.5  3
(ii) Median: (A.B) 2  6  4  2
Formula: 23
= 12.5 
h n  6
Median = l    c 
f 2   12.5  1
3  Mode  13.5kg
= 9.5  11.5  10 
4
 9.5  1.125
Q.10 A student obtained the following marks at a certain examination: English 73, Urdu
82, Mathematics 80, History 67 and Science 62. (A.B + U.B)
(i) If the weights accorded these marks are 4, 3, 3, 2 and 2, respectively, what is
an appropriate average mark?
(ii) What is the average mark if equal weights are used?
Given Data:
Subject Marks Weights
English 73 4
Urdu 82 3
Mathematics 80 3
History 67 2
Science 62 2
Required:
(i) What is an appropriate average mark? (i-e Weighted means)
(ii) What is the average mark if equal weights are used (simple means)

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Unit–6 Basic Statistics

Solution:
Subject Marks (x) Weights (w) Wx
English 73 4 292
Urdu 82 3 246
Mathematics 80 3 240
History 67 2 134
Science 62 2 124
Total 364 14 1036
(i) Weighted Mean:
 wx
X 
w
1036
=
14
 X  74marks
(ii) When equal weights are used
X
X 
n
364

5
 72.8 marks
Q.11 On a vacation trip a family bought 21.3 liters of petrol at 39.90 rupees per liter, 18.7
liters at 42.90 rupees per liter, and 23.5 liters at 40.90 rupees per liter. Find the
mean price paid per liter. (A.B)
Given Data:
No. of liters Prices (Rs)
21.3 39.90
18.7 42.90
23.5 40.90
Required:
Mean price paid per liters = X =?
No. of liters (w) Price (x) wx
21.3 39.90 849.87
18.7 42.90 802.23
23.5 40.90 961.15
 w  63.5  wx  2613.25
Formula
Total payment  wX
X  
Total liters w
2613.25

63.5
 41.15
Result:
Mean price paid per liter  Rs 41.15

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Q.12 Calculate simple moving average of 3 years from the following data: (A.B)
Given Data:
Years 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Values 102 108 130 140 158 180 196 210 220 230
Required:
3 years moving average:
Solution:
Years Values 3 years moving total 3 years moving average
2001 102 - -
2002 108 340 113.33
2003 130 378 126
2004 140 428 142.67
2005 158 478 159.33
2006 180 534 178
2007 196 586 195.33
2008 210 626 208.67
2009 220 660 220
2010 230 - -
Q.13 Determine graphically for the following data and check your answer by using formulae.
(i) Median and Quartiles using cumulative frequency polygon.
(ii) Mode using Histogram. (A.B)
Given Data:
Class boundaries Frequency
10 – 20 2
20 – 30 5
30 – 40 9
40 – 50 6
50 – 60 4
60 – 70 1
Required:
(i) Median and quartiles using cumulative frequency polygon and formula.
(ii) Mode using histogram and using formula.
Solution:
C–B f C.f
0-10 0 0
10 – 20 2 2
20 – 30 5 f1 7 Q1 class
30 – 40 9 fm 16 Median class/Modal class
40 – 50 6 f2 22 Q3 class
50 – 60 4 26
60 – 70 1 27
27

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Unit–6 Basic Statistics

Median using Formula (K.B) Third Quartile ( Q3 )

th
n 3n
Median    observation Q3 = th observation
2 4
27
 27 
th
 3  th observation
   observation 4
 2  81
 13.5th observation = th observation
4
h n  = 20.25 th observation
Median  l    C 
f 2  h  3n 
Q3 =l    C 
Putting the values f  4 
10
Median  30  13.5  7  Putting the values
9 10
10  40   20.25  16
 30   6.5 6
9 10
 30  7.22  40   4.25
6
 Median=37.22
 40  7.80
Quartiles using Formula (K.B)  Q3  47.08
First Quartile
n Mode (K.B)
Q1 = th observation f m  f1
4 Mode=l  h
27 2 f m  f1  f 2
 th observation Putting the values
4
= 6.75th observation 95
 30  10
h n  2 9  5  6
Q1 =l    C 
f 4  4
 30  10
Putting the values 18  11
10 40
 20   6.75  2  30 
5 7
 20  2  4.75  30  5.71
 20  9.50  Mode  35.71
 Q1  29.50

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Mode Using Histogram

Histogram
Scale:
On X-axis
1 big box = 20
On Y-axis
1 big box =5

Cumulative Frequency Polygon

Scale:
On X-axis
1 big box = 20
On Y-axis
1 big box =5

DISPERSION (K.B) Range (R) = Xm  X1

Spread or scatter ness of the data is known Xm = The largest value
as dispersion. X1 = The smallest value
Types of Dispersion (K.B) Example:
(i) Range Given
(ii) Variance 16, 5, 6, 10, 11
(iii) Standard deviation Xm = 16, X1 = 5
Range = Xm  X1
Measure of Dispersion (K.B)
= 16  5
The techniques that are used to determine
= 11
the degree or extent of variation in a data set
is called measure of dispersion. Variance (K.B)
Range (K.B) A value obtained by dividing the sum of
squares of deviations taken form arithmetic
The difference between the largest and
mean by the number of observations in the
smallest value in a given data is called
given data is called variance. It is denoted by
range.
S2.
Mathematically it is defined as:
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Unit–6 Basic Statistics

Formulae
 X  X 
2

(i) S2 
n
(Proper mean formula)
X2 X 
2

(ii) S 
2
 
n  n 
(Direct Formula)
Standard Deviation (K.B)
The positive square root of variance is called
standard deviation. It is abbreviated as S.D
Mean for group A  X 
 X  372  62
and is denoted by S. n 6
Formulae
Mean for group B  Y 
 Y  372  62
 X  X 
2
n 6
(i) S
n
 X  X 
2

(Proper mean formula) S .D  X  

n
X2 X 
2

(ii) S   2600
n  n    433.333 .
6
(Direct formula)
Example 5: (Page # 140) (A.B)  20.82gm

 Y  Y 
2
Compare the variation about mean for the
two groups of students who obtained the S .D Y  
following marks in statistics: n
X = Marks Y = Marks 266
  4.333 .
(Section A) (section B) 6
60 62  6.66gm
70 62
Comment: we note that the variation in
30 65
Group B is smaller than that of Group A.
90 68 This implies the marks of students in Group
80 67 B are closer to their Mean than that of group
40 48 A.
Solution:
Note (K.B + U.B)
In order to compare variation about mean
Smaller variation is more consistent in
we compute standard deviation for the two
performance.
groups as follows:

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Unit–6 Basic Statistics

Exercise 6.3
Q.1 What do you understand by dispersion? (K.B)
Ans: See Definition page # 206
Q.2 How do you define measures of dispersion? (K.B)
Ans: See Definition page # 206
Q.3 Define Range, Standard deviation and Variance. (K.B + A.B)
Ans: See Definition page # 206, 207
Q.4 The salaries of five teachers in Rupees are as follows. 11500, 12400, 15000, 14500,
14800. Find the range and standard deviation. (A.B)
Given Data:
11500, 12400, 15000, 14500, 14800
Required
(i) Range (ii) Standard Derivation
Solution:
X X2
11500 132250000
12400 153760000
15000 225000000
14500 210250000
14800 219040000
 X  68200  X 2  940300000

Range (A.B) (i) 12,6,7,3,15,10,18,5 (FSD 2017)

Max. value = Xm = 15,000 Required:
Standard Deviation = S =?
Min. value = Xo = 11,500 (a) Solution:
Range = Xm – Xo = 15000 – 11500
X X2
= 3,500 Rs.
Standard Deviation (A.B) 12 144
6 36
X2 X 
2

S=   7 49
n  n 
3 9
2
940300000  68200 
=  
15 225
5  5  10 100
= 188060000  186049600 18 324
= 2010400 5 25
 S  1417.886
 X  76  X 2  912
Q.5 a- Find the standard deviation “S”
Standard Deviation (A.B)
of each set of numbers: (A.B)
X2 X 
2
(i) 12, 6, 7, 3, 15, 10, 18, 5
S=  
(ii) 9, 3, 8, 8, 9, 8, 9, 18. n  n 
b- Calculate variance for the data: 2
10, 8, 9, 7, 5, 12, 8, 6, 8, 2. 912  76 
  
Given Data: 8  8 
MATHEMATICS –10 208
Unit–6 Basic Statistics

 114   9.5 
2 (b) Given Data: (D.G.K 2015) (A.B)
10, 8, 9, 7, 5, 12, 8, 6, 8, 2
 114  90.25 Required
 23.75 Variance = S2
 S  4.87 Solution
(ii) 9,3,8,8,9,8,9,18 (FSD 2015) (A.B) X X2
10 100
X  X 
2
X X  X  X 9 8 64
9 0 0 9 81
3 -6 36 7 49
8 -1 1 5 25
8 -1 1 12 144
8 64
9 0 0
6 36
8 -1 1
8 64
9 0 0
2 4
18 9 81
 X  75  X  631 2
 X  72 120
Mean
X Variance
X X2 X 
2
n S 
2
 
72 n  n 
 2
8 631  75 
9   
10  10 
Standard Deviation (A.B)  63.1  56.25
  S  6.85
2 2
 X X
S Result
n Variance  S 2  6.85
120
  15
8
 S  3.87
The length of 32 items are given below. Find the mean length and standard deviation of the
distribution.
Length 20-22 23-25 26-28 29-31 32-34
Frequency 3 6 12 9 2
Given Data:
Length Frequency
20 – 22 3
23 – 25 6
26 – 28 12
29 – 31 9
32 – 34 2
Required
(i) Mean length (ii) Standard Deviation

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Unit–6 Basic Statistics

Solution:
C–I f X fX fX 2
20-22 3 21 63 1,323
23-25 6 24 144 3,456
26-28 12 27 324 8,748
29-31 9 30 270 8,100
32-34 2 33 66 2,178
 f  32  fX  867  fX 2  23,805
Mean
 fX
X
f
867

32
 x  27.09
Standard Deviation
 fX 2   fX 
2

S   
n  n 
2
23805  867 
  
32  32 
 743.906  733.87
 9.8347  3.136
Q.6 Find the range of the given data: (A.B)
Class 33-40 41-50 51-60 61-70 71-75
Frequency 28 31 12 9 5
Solution:
Class Frequency C-B
33-40 28 32.5-40.5
41-50 31 40.5-50.5
51-60 12 50.5-60.5
61-70 9 60.5-70.5
71-75 5 70.5-75.5
Here
Range = upper class boundary of last class – lower class boundary of 1st class
Range  75.5  32.5  43

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Unit–6 Basic Statistics

FORMULAE
(Exercise # 6.2,6.3)
(A.B + K.B + U.B)
For Ungrouped Data For Grouped Data
Arithmetic means
Ungroup Data ( Direct Method ) Grouped Data
x  fx
X X
n f
Indirect Method (Short Cut/ Deviation Method)
D  fD
X  A ;( D  x  A) X  A
n f
(Coding Method)
u  x A  fu
A.M = A + h ; u   A.M  A  h
n  h  f
(Median)
 n  1  th
Median =   item
 2 
(n is odd)
Median hn 
Median  l    C 
1
 n 
th
 n2
th

 f 2 
   item +   item 
 2 
2  2  

(n is even)
(Mode)
Mode = l 
 f m  f1  h
Mode = most repeated value of the data
2 fm  f1  f 2
(Geometric Mean)
1
G.M   x1 , x2 , x3 ,...xn 
n

By definition method   f log X 

G.M  Anti log  
  log X   f 
G.M  Anti log  
 n 
By log method
Harmonic Mean
n f
H.M  H.M 
1 f
 
X X
 wx
Weighted Arithmetic Mean  X w 
w
Range
Range = X m  X 1 Range = upper class boundary of last
class – lower class boundary of first class
MATHEMATICS –10 211
Unit–6 Basic Statistics

Variance

 f X  X
2

 X  X 
2 (i) S  2

(i) S 
2 f
n
Proper mean formula
Proper mean formula
2
 fX 2   fX 
X2 X 
2 (ii) S  2
 
S 
2
 f  f 
(ii) 
n  n 
Direct Formula
Direct Formula

Standard Deviation

 X  X   f X X
2 2

(i) S (i) S
n f

Proper mean formula Proper mean formula

2
X2 X 
2
 fX 2   fX 
(ii) S   (ii) S  
n  n  f  f 

Direct Formula Direct Formula

MATHEMATICS –10 212

Unit–6 Basic Statistics

Miscellaneous Exercise 6
Q.1 Multiple choice questions
Three possible answers are given for the following question. Tick () the correct answer.
(i) A grouped frequency table is also called (SWL 2014, MTN 2015) (K.B)
(a) Data (b) Frequency Distribution (c) Frequency Polygon
(ii) A histogram is a set of adjacent (LHR 2014, 15, MTN 2015) (K.B)
(a) Squares (b) Rectangles (c) Circles
(iii) A frequency polygon is a many sided (LHR 2014) (K.B)
(a) Closed figure (b) Rectangle (c) Square
(iv) A cumulative frequency table is also called (K.B)
(a) Frequency distribution (b) Data (c) Less than cumulative frequency distribution
(v) In a cumulative frequency polygon frequencies are plotted against (K.B)
(a) Midpoints (b) Upper class boundaries (c) Class limits
(vi) Arithmetic mean is a measure that determines a value of the variable under study
by dividing the sum of all values of the variable by their (K.B)
(a) Number (b) Group (c) Denominator
(vii) A deviation is defined as a difference of any value of the variable from a (K.B)
(a) Constant (b) Histogram (c) Sum
(viii) A data in the form of frequency distribution is called (K.B)
(a) Grouped data (b) Ungrouped data (c) Histogram
(ix) Mean of a variable with similar observations say constant k is (K.B)
(a) Negative (b) k itself (c) Zero
(x) Mean is affected by change in (LHR 2015, FSD 2014) (K.B)
(a) Value (b) Ratio (c) Origin
(xi) Mean is affected by change in (K.B)
(a) Place (b) Scale (c) Rate
(xii) Sum of the deviations of the variable X from its mean is always (K.B)
(FSD 2016, 18, D.G.K 2015)
(a) Zero (b) One (c) Same
(xiii) The n positive root of the product of the x1 , x2 , x3 ,...xn observations is called (K.B)
th

(a) Mode (b) Mean (c) Geometric mean

(xiv) The value obtained by reciprocating the mean of the reciprocal of x1 , x2 , x3 ,..., xn
observations is called (K.B)
(a) Geometric mean (b) Median (c) Harmonic mean
(xv) The most frequent occurring observation in a data set is called (K.B)
(GRW 2014, FSD 2014, 15, SWL 2014)
(a) Mode (b) Median (c) Harmonic mean
(xvi) The measure which determines the middlemost observation in a data set is called (K.B)
(a) Median (b) Mode (c) Mean
(xvii) The observations that divide a data set into four equal parts are called (SWL 2015, 16) (K.B)
(a) Deciles (b) Quartiles (c) Percentiles
(xviii) The spread or scatterness of observations in a data set is called (K.B)
(FSD 2014, SGD 2014, D.G.K 2014)
(a) Average (b) Dispersion (c) Central tendency
(xix) The measures that are used to determine the degree or extent of variation in a data
set are called measures of (K.B)
(a) Dispersion (b) Central tendency (c) Average
MATHEMATICS –10 213
Unit–6 Basic Statistics

(xx) The extent of variation between two extreme observations of a data set is measured
by (RWP 2015) (K.B)
(a) Average (b) Range (c) Quartiles
(xxi) The mean of the squared deviations of xi  i  1, 2,...n  observations from their
arithmetic mean is called (K.B)
(a) Variance (b) Standard deviation (c) Range
(xxii) The positive square root of mean of the squared deviations of X i  i  1, 2,....n 
observations from their arithmetic mean is called (K.B)
(a) Harmonic mean (b) Range (c) Standard deviation
ANSWER KEY
i b v b ix b xiii c xvii b xxi a
ii b vi a x c xiv c xviii b xxii c
iii a vii a xi b xv a xix a
iv c viii a xii a xvi a xx b
Q.2 Writhe short answers of the following questions.
(i) Define class limits. (RWP 2015, BWP 2016, D.G.K 2014) (K.B)
Ans: See definition page # 184
(ii) Define class mark. (K.B)
Ans: See definition page # 184
(iii) What is cumulative frequency? (GRW 2014, BWP 2011, 14, RWP 2016, SGD 2014, 16)(K.B)
Ans: See definition page # 185
(iv) Define a frequency distribution. (BWP 2015, SWL 2016, MTN 2016) (K.B)
Ans: See definition page # 184
(v) What is Histogram? (GRW 2016, FSD 2014, SWL 2017, SGD 2015, RWP 2014) (K.B)
Ans: See definition page # 185
(vi) Name two measures of central tendency. (K.B) (LHR 2014, GRW 2016, SWL 2015, D.G.K 2015)
Ans: See definitiDEon page # 196
(vii) Define Arithmetic mean. (LHR 2016, GRW 2016, FSD 2015, SGD 2015, D.G.K 2014) (K.B)
Ans: See definition page # 188
(viii) Write three properties of Arithmetic mean. (K.B)
(LHR 2016, 17, GRW 2014, FSD 2014, 15, 17, SWL 2016, RWP 2014, BWP 2014, SGD 2015, MTN 2017)
Ans: See definition page # 189
(ix) Define Median. (LHR 2014, BWP 2015, SGD 2016, RWP 2017, MTN 2017) (K.B)
Ans: See definition page # 188
(x) Define Mode? (K.B)
(LHR 2014, 17, GRW 2017, SWL 2015, 16, BWP 2014, 17, MTN 2015, 16, 17, D.G.K 2017)
Ans: See definition page # 189
(xi) What do you mean by Harmonic mean? (K.B) (GRW 2015, SWL 2015, MTN 2015, SGD 2015)
Ans: See definition page # 189
(xii) Define Geometric mean. (LHR 2015, FSD 2015, SWL 2016, D.G.K 2016) (K.B)
Ans: See definition page # 189
(xiii) What is Range? (SWL 2014) (K.B)
Ans: See definition page # 206
(xiv) Define Standard deviation. (K.B)
(LHR 2016, FSD 2015, SWL 2014, 15, BWP 2017, MTN 2015, 17, SGD 2014, 17, D.G.K 2014)
Ans: See definition page # 207
MATHEMATICS –10 214
  Unit–6 Basic Statistics
CUT HERE

SELF TEST
Time: 40 min Marks: 25
Q.1 Four possible answers (A), (B), (C) & (D) to each question are given, mark the
correct answer. (7×1=7)
1 The value obtained by reciprocating the mean of the reciprocal of
x1 , x2 , x3 ,.............., xn observations is called:
(A) Geometric mean (B) Median
(C) Harmonic mean (D) Mode
2 If D  x  10,  D  50 and n  5 then arithmetic mean is:
(A) 10 (B) 20
(C) 50 (D) 15
3 In 4,3,2,1,5,6,7 the mode is:
(A) 0 (B) 4
(C) 7 (D) No mode
 
2
4 If  x  x  40, n  5 then standard deviation is:
(A) 8 (B) 2.83
(C) 200 (D) 14.1
5 In a cumulative frequency polygon frequencies are plotted against:
(A) Midpoints (B) Upper class boundaries
(C) Class limits (D) Lower class boundaries
6 A histogram is a set of adjacent:
(A) Squares (B) Rectangles
(C) Circles (D) Closed figure
7 The measure which determines the middle most observation in a data set is called:
(A) Mean (B) Mode
(C) Median (D) None
Q.2 Give Short Answers to following Questions. (5×2=10)
(i) Find the standard deviation for the data: 12,6,7,3,15,10,18,5.
(ii) Find arithmetic mean by indirect method for the set of data:
200,225,350,375,270,320,290.
(iii) Find the geometric mean of 2, 4, 8 using logarithmic formula.
(iv) Find median.
Class Mark (X) 5 10 15 20 25 30
Frequency (f) 2 12 25 32 14 5
(v) On a vacation trip a family bought 21.3 liters of petrol at 39.90 rupees per liter, 18.7 liters
at 42.90 rupees per liter, and 23.5 liters at 40.90 rupees per liter. Find the mean price paid
per liter.
Q.3 Answer the following Questions. (4+4=8)
(a) The length of 32 items are given below, find the mean length and standard deviation of
the distribution.
Length 20  22 23  25 26  28 29  31 32  34
Frequency 3 6 12 9 2
(b) On a prize distribution day, 50 students brought pocket money as under.
Find mode.
Rupees 5-10 10-15 15-20 20-25 25-30
Frequency (f) 12 9 18 7 4
NOTE: Parents or guardians can conduct this test in their supervision in order to check the skill
of students.
MATHEMATICS –10 215