Smart AgroTech Using IOT

Chapter 1
Introduction

1. INTRODUCTION TO PROJECT
As the world is trending towards new technologies and implementations it is a necessary goal
to trend up in agriculture too. Many types of research are done in the field of agriculture and
most of them signify the use of wireless sensor networks that collect data from different
sensors deployed at various nodes and send it through the wireless protocol. The collected
data provide information about the various environmental factors. Monitoring the
environmental factors is not the complete solution to increase the yield of crops. Several other
factors decrease productivity. Hence, automation must be implemented in agriculture to
overcome these problems. To provide a solution to such problems, it is necessary to develop
an integrated system that will improve productivity in every stage. Fertilization is a process in
which fertilizer is dissolved, diluted, and distributed along with water in a drip or sprinkler
irrigation system. In another word, fertilization is the process of application of water-soluble
solid fertilizer or liquid fertilizers through the smart-irrigation system.

Our system architecture consists of a Raspberry Pi Model 3 B board, sensors like

temperature sensor, humidity, moisture and motion sensor. The software consists of a webapp
which includes setting up of the profile for predefined irrigation based on seasons or on daily
and weekly mode. The Raspberry Pi board controls all activities taking place on board and
acts as the IoT gateway. Sensors sense all the physical parameters and convert the analogue
value to digital value. Temperature and humidity sensors are used to measure the temperature
and humidity respectively on the field. Soil Moisture Sensor is of capacitive type, and is used
to measure the moisture of the soil. The cloud in our system will include a webapp, a
database and a decision logic.
The database will maintain the data received from the IoT gateway. The decision logic
then decides whether the farmer action is needed to water the plants. For example, in the
developed system a threshold for temperature is kept at 25 degree C. Whenever the
temperature goes above threshold temperature, the system will trigger an action to decision
logic which then sends a notification to WebApp. The farmer also gets notified by WebApp.
Based on the farmer's action whether to turn ON/OFF the watering, a signal will be sent to the
cloud and from the cloud to the gateway which will then send a signal to trigger the relay and
turn on the water pump.

1. MOTIVATION

World population, as reported in May 2021, is a staggering 7.9 billion. It is estimated that
this number will rise to 8.5 billion by 2030. With the rapid growth in world population, food
consumption worldwide also grows rapidly. A rapid escalation in food production to cater to
the growing demand is not an easy task. Agriculture being the oldest industry has evolved so
far to the age of what can now be termed as The Third Green Revolution. The world is
witnessing yet another fundamental modification with the wake of a new industrial revolution
that employs application of modern Information and Communication Technologies into
agriculture, in order to deliver a sustainable agricultural production.

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 Smart AgroTech Using IOT

1. AIM

The smart agriculture research is to ground a decision making support system for
farm management. A system that optimizes and examines how high-tech farming can aid
the production output as well as focuses on the preservation of resources. By providing
them with the benefits of technological advancements, smart agriculture aims to reduce
the heavy workload of the farm workers, hence improving their quality of life.

1. OBJECTIVES

• To provide easy availability of the agriculture fields and required parameters to the
farmer through web application.

• To provide an efficient online agriculture system with an effective user interface

that will help farmers interact well with the system.

• To help farmers manage the crowd efficiently by providing them with an effective
graphical user interface.

• The goal of smart agriculture with the advent of IOT is to provide the latest
technology in agriculture and farming for quality production.

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 Smart AgroTech Using IOT

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY

1. Literature Survey Related Work

Sr. Title Author Year Algorithm Efficiency

No.

1 Smart Drip Nikhil Agrawal, 2015 The commands from This smart drip
Irrigation the user are processed at irrigation system
System raspberry pi and end proves to be a useful
Smita Singhal
Using devices. system as it automates
Raspberry and regulates the
Pi And watering without any
Raspberry pi acts as a
Arduino manual intervention.
central coordinator and
Sending the emails to
end devices act as
the system can be
various routers.The
automated but manual
design can be used in
sending of the emails
big agriculture fields as
has control over the
well as in small gardens
system regarding
via just sending an
whether or not to run
email to the system to
the system depending
water plants.
upon the weather
conditions. Using this
system, solenoid valves
and relay boards can be
controlled remotely
which opens the
opportunities to control
the water flow as well
as the electrical flow.

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 Smart AgroTech Using IOT
2 Smart Drip Kavianand G, 2016 In this system ARM 9 The objective of this
Irrigation Nivas V M, processor is used to system is to design a
System for control and monitor the fully automated drip
sustainable irrigation system. irrigation system using
Kiruthika R,
agriculture Different kinds of GSM and ARM
sensors are used. processors. The system
Lalitha S, provides a real time
feedback control
d. For the purpose of
module which monitors
monitoring and
and controls all the
controlling, a GSM
activities of drip
module is implemented.
irrigation systems
The system informs
efficiently. The system
users about any
valves are turned ON
abnormal conditions
or OFF automatically
like less moisture
depending upon the
content and temperature
moisture content. This
rise, even concentration
will also provide the
of CO2 via SMS
efficient information
through the GSM
regarding the soil pH
module.
and soil nutrients like
nitrogen along with the
proper suggestions.
The data collected by
the system can be sent
for further analysis
purposes. Finally, it is
concluded that, with
this proposed system
one can save
manpower and water to
improve production
which ultimately
increases the profit

3 Web-Based Calugay, Ace 2016 A new device is Hardware and

Power Anacleto P, designed to be used for Software are
Board Using monitoring and integrated. Raspberry
Raspberry controlling the custom- Pi receives signals
Santos, Gilan
Pi built power board that from the Relay Board
Daniel R,
can prevent accidents connected to the
from happening, receptacles that receive
Santos, mitigating their electricity. It was
Josemaria Israel consequences and durable and safe to use
S, increasing public safety from high voltage
and awareness of because of the
Tolentino, efficient energy contactors, which plays
Rolando T, consumption. The a great factor in
device is designed using regulating electricity
a Raspberry Pi, flow; it prevents
Zhuo, Eugenia R contactor, relay board, overloading that causes
custom-built power fire or disaster. Thus,
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 Smart AgroTech Using IOT
strip, USB Wi-Fi the web-based power
Adapter, SD Card and board using Raspberry
required peripherals. Pi will be of great use
for people who tend to
forget to plug off their
appliances. In addition,
it is efficient for saving
electricity, it is 92.3%
reliable.

4 IOT Based G. Sushanth, 2018 The feature of this IOT based smart
Smart includes development agriculture systems can
Agriculture of a system which can prove to be very
S. Sujatha.
System monitor temperature, helpful for farmers
humidity, moisture and since over as well as
even the movement of less irrigation is not
animals which may good for agriculture.
destroy the crops in Threshold values for
agricultural field climatic conditions like
through sensors using humidity, temperature,
Arduino board and in moisture can be fixed
case of any discrepancy based on the
send a SMS notification environmental
as well as a notification conditions of that
on the application particular region. The
developed for the same system also senses the
to the farmer’s invasion of animals
smartphone using Wi- which is a primary
Fi/3G/4G. reason for reduction in
crops. This system
generates irrigation
schedules based on the
sensed real time data
from the field and data
from the weather
repository. This system
can recommend to
farmers whether or not
there is a need for
irrigation. Continuous
internet connectivity is
required. This can be
overcome by extending
the system to send
suggestions via SMS to
the farmer directly on
his mobile using a
GSM module instead
of a mobile app.

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 Smart AgroTech Using IOT
5 Smart Sriveni Namani, 2020 A new Technique of The goal of smart
Agriculture Monitoring the Crop agriculture with the
Based on field with the help of advent of IoT is to
Bilal Gonen.
IoT and Smart Drone for crop provide latest
Cloud management where the technology in
Computing real-time Drone data agriculture and farming
coupled with IoT and for better crop
Cloud Computing production by
technologies help in gathering the existing
building a sustainable real-time status of
Smart Agriculture. crops and make the
farmers understand the
advancement in
Smart Drones by
agriculture, with a lot
remotely controlling it
of added features and
and monitoring all the
benefits in order to
required parameters of
improve the farming
the agricultural land
practices. The system
which help in the field
is about a proposed
prediction and data
model of Smart Drone,
analysis.
an eye-in-the-sky for
the crop land which is
more effective than the
satellite technologies to
build a Smart
Agriculture.
Importance of public
cloud in agriculture is
discussed as it can
promote resource
sharing, cost-saving
and data storage

6. Agriculture Mohit Kumar 2020 Traditional Farming The IOT-enabled

monitoring Saini, uses the oldest and agricultural system has
and conventional ways of helped us to achieve
prediction agriculture and using modern scientific
Rakesh Kumar
using old machinery for solutions. This paper
Saini
Internet of agricultural occupation has helped fill the gap
Things and producing crop between quality,
without knowing any production, and
reevaluation of quantity. Data entered
demands of the market by collecting and
and weather forcing importing data from
reports but smart multiple real-time use
farming use very or cloud storage
innovative technologies sensors in the database
like smart devices, IoT to ensure quick action.
sensors nodes, Internet With seamless end-to-
and cloud storage for end performance and
data collection. Farmers advanced business
chatting community, process, the
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 Smart AgroTech Using IOT
time to time manufacturer speeds up
measurement of the process and reaches
different factors like the supermarkets in a
best environment for timely manner and
the growth of the makes the proposed
plantation, how much system fully
nutrients, soil quality, operational. It also
water quality, air reduced human efforts,
pressure are required. simplifies the
By using smart techniques of farming,
technology, farming has and it is also helpful to
become very easy, gain smart farming.
economical, and cost- Along with these
effective. Farmers can features, smart farming
reduce the employment can help to develop the
cost and improve crop market for farmers with
yielding by using smart a single touch and
technology, it also minimum hard work.
provides better crop
production.

7. IoT based Kasara Sai 2020 The decision tree Greater than 80% of
Smart Pratyush Reddy, algorithm is one of the water resources are
Agriculture efficient and simple only used for the
using algorithm among the agriculture.This
Y Mohana
Machine supervised learning continuous trend may
Roopa,
Learning family of algorithms. affect the water
The decision tree resources to be
Kovvada Rajeev algorithm is used to completely diminished.
L N, solve several regression Taking this into
and classification consideration, a model
Narra Sai problems, unlike from was proposed to limit
Nandan the other algorithms in the water usage. For
supervised learning.The better land
main objective of productivity,
decision tree algorithm implementing smart,
is to train the model technology in
which can predict the agricultural practices
value or class of target are need to be focused.
variable by generating The system was
clear and uncomplicated programmed to be
decision rules derived trained from the given
from the previous data dataset using all the
i.e., training data.To sensed data from the
predict a class label of a soil moisture,
record, it is required to temperature and
start from the first node humidity sensors. By
that is root node of the applying the decision
decision tree. The tree learning algorithm,
record’s attribute should which is from the
be validated with the family of supervised
values of each and machine learning
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 Smart AgroTech Using IOT
every root attribute. algorithms, on the real
Based on the time data its processes
validations, a path and generates an output
containing branches are yes/no and sends the
followed with the decision to the farmer
matching value and through an email.
jump to the succeeding Using this decision, a
node farmer can decide
himself to water the
crop only when
required, avoiding the
wastage of water use.

8. IoT based Bhanu K.N, 2020 Implementing IoT in The proposed work
Smart agriculture utilizes provides the
System for sensors and information on various
Mahadevaswamy
Enhanced microcontrollers to soil parameters that
H.S,
Irrigation in make use of the system includes soil
Agriculture efficiently, where temperature, soil
Jasmine H.J. sensors have the moisture and
potential to get a large atmospheric
amount of field temperature to predict
information. By irrigation suitability.
incorporating a This system helps to
distinctive sensor’s data analyze the soil
it is possible to decide parameters thereby
on suitability and ensuring a better
fertility of the soil. IoT system of irrigation for
helps in providing a agriculture. The data
better yield of the crop collected from the
which improves sensors are made to
productivity. To learn using machine
monitor the crop in the learning techniques to
agriculture field with ensure a fully
improved productivity it automated system.
is necessary to know the Implementing an IoT
condition of the soil in based smart agriculture
the field. IoT helps in system helps in
monitoring the field obtaining quality crops
from any geographic and it also reduces the
location whenever human involvement in
necessary. Moisture, agricultural activities.
temperature, weather, As seen in results the
and soil PH are Support Vector
considered for Machine (SVM)
monitoring soil classification algorithm
conditions. Global suits better for the data
System for Mobile set obtained from the
[GSM] technology is proposed method by
used to send the providing 87.5 percent
condition of the farm to accuracy and
the user as discussed. performed better than
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 Smart AgroTech Using IOT
Automation in KNN Classifier and
agriculture helps to Naive Bayes Classifier.
adopt new technology In the present work
by replacing old correlation of Soil
traditional technology temperature and soil
with less human moisture is considered
interaction which helps for classification. In
in increasing the future work
production rate. classification based on
the correlation of all
the four parameters can
be considered; also the
system can be
enhanced in future to
predict the fertility of
the soil by considering
soil fertility
parameters.

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 Smart AgroTech Using IOT

CHAPTER 3
CONCEPT AND SPECIFICATION

3.1 Problem Statement

The development of a smart agriculture system using sensors, microprocessor within

an IOT system is presented. The aim of the implementation is to demonstrate the smart and
intelligent capabilities of the Raspberry Pi to allow the decision to be taken on watering the
plants based on the continuous monitoring of the environmental conditions in the field. It
also aims at a predefined irrigation schedule as per farmer convenience, uploaded into the
cloud based web developed for the same. The implementation is a smart agriculture system
consisting of a distributed network of soil moisture sensor, humidity sensor and temperature
sensor deployed in fields. These sensors continuously monitor the parameters and send it to
the Raspberry Pi board for further processing which acts as an IOT gateway.
The data being uploaded to the cloud allows the user to continuously view the
parameters from the comforts of his/her home or wherever on the go. The system has the
capacity to adapt based on the user input which the farmer can input through the web. Also
farmers/users can view all field data on the web (Data Visualization). The system has the
ability to predict the next working cycle for farmers.

3.2 Problem Solution

The system architecture consists of a Raspberry Pi Model 3 B board, sensors like

temperature sensor, humidity, moisture and motion sensor. The software consists of a
webapp which includes setting up of the profile for predefined irrigation based on seasons or
on daily and weekly mode. The Raspberry Pi board controls all activities taking place on
board and acts as the IoT gateway. Sensors sense all the physical parameters and convert the
analogue value to digital value. Temperature and humidity sensors are used to measure the
temperature and humidity respectively on the field. Soil Moisture Sensor is of capacitive
type, and is used to measure the moisture of the soil.
The yield of crops is affected by the speed with which the wind blows also. This is
also measured in our developed system. This data is then transmitted to the Raspberry Pi.
The Raspberry Pi then transmits the data to the cloud using the Internet.
The cloud in our system will include a webapp, a database and a decision logic. The
database will maintain the data received from the IoT gateway. The decision logic then
decides whether the farmer action is needed to water the plants. For example, in the
developed system a threshold for temperature is kept at 25 degree C. Whenever the
temperature goes above threshold temperature, the system will trigger an action to decision
logic which then sends a notification to WebApp. The farmer also gets notified by WebApp.
Based on the farmer's action whether to turn ON/OFF the watering, a signal will be sent to
the cloud and from the cloud to the gateway which will then send a signal to trigger the
relay and turn on the water pump.

3.3 Proposed System / Working Model

“Smart AgroTech System Using IOT” is used to generate decisions regarding farms
using real time data. First of all, the farmer logs in to the system using his credentials such
as username and password from a Web Application. He is then allowed to perform his
activities. System is implemented in three phases.
• Sensing
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 Smart AgroTech Using IOT
• Processing
• Information distribution
• Data Visualization
The sensing phase involves the sensing of the physical parameters which includes
temperature, moisture, humidity and motion. All these sensors are attached to the Raspberry
Pi Model 3 B controller board. This board acts as the IOT gateway in the developed system
as it has the capacity to transmit the data to the cloud. As shown in Fig 4.1. This
transmission is done using the Internet.
The processing phase takes place in the cloud. The cloud consists of a Web Server, a
database where sensed data is maintained and a decision logic which makes decisions based
on the sensed data. In the information distribution phase, the output of the decision logic
will be sent to WebApp and Then to the Raspberry Pi. Then based on the information
Raspberry Pi controls the further activities.
In the Data Visualization phase a database contains all sensed data; this data is
visible to farmers in statistical format (Graphs or Charts). So by this farmer can estimate
their expenditure and also be able to predict further activities.
Along with this “Smart AgroTech System Using IOT” consists of another module
named ‘Smart Irrigation System’. In this system Moisture sensor continuously checks the
moisture of the soil and sends it towards the Raspberry Pi . There is a predefined threshold
value for moisture based on crop. When moisture is beyond that threshold value then
Raspberry Pi has control of the water pump, it turns ON the pump. After that moisture
sensor checks moisture if it is cross threshold value then Raspberry Pi turns the water pump
OFF. This module is fully automated but when the farmer wants to control a water pump
then by using Web Application interface he can control the water pump from any location.

3.4 System Features

Following are the main components in the project listed as system features:

1. Farmer registration:

The farmer can register themselves in the system by signing up and then log in
later by using their login details.

1. Show Real-time sensors data

The farmer can watch all the real-time data of various sensors like humidity,
moisture and temperature.

1. Turn ON/OFF Water pump:

The Farmer can turn on and off the water pump from anywhere by just login to
system and access the feature.

1. Visualization of the sensors data:

Last 1 month’s data of sensors is visualized in the form of Bar graph and shown
to the farmer.

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 Smart AgroTech Using IOT
1. External Interface Requirements

3.5.1 User Interface

• User Interface is made user friendly.

• User Interface will be used for signing up and logging in the farmers to the system.
• Once logged in, the farmer will see real-time data of various sensors.
• User Interface is also used to turn on/off the water pump.
• User interface to show the 1 month of visualized data.

1. Hardware Interface

• System : Raspberry pi 3 Model(B)

• Hard Disk : 16 GB
• RAM : 1 GB and above

1. Software Interface

• Operating System : Raspberry Pi OS

• Programming Language : Python/JavaScript
• IDE : VS Code
• Web Server : Flask
• Database : Firebase

1. Software Quality Attributes

Our web application has the following quality attributes:

• Adaptability: This application is adaptable by all users.

• Availability: This application is available for all the users with internet access.
• Maintainability: After the deployment of the project, if any error occurs, it can be
easily maintained by the developer.
• Reliability: The performance of the application is reliable which provides
consistently efficient performance.
• User friendliness: The User Interface of this application is made user friendly in
order for the users to easily interact with the system.
• Integrity: The data stored in a temporary/permanent form in the system is only
accessed by authorized entities.
• Security: Reliable security is provided in the system considering safety concerns.
• Testability: The system can be tested using various test cases in order to ensure
efficient and reliable performance.

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 Smart AgroTech Using IOT

CHAPTER 4
System Design

1. Scope and Assumptions

The development of a smart agriculture system using sensors, microprocessor
within an IOT system is presented. The aim of the implementation is to
demonstrate the smart and intelligent capabilities of the Raspberry Pi to allow the
decision to be taken on watering the plants based on the continuous monitoring of
the environmental conditions in the field. It also aims at a predefined irrigation
schedule as per farmer convenience, uploaded into the cloud based web developed
for the same. The implementation is a smart agriculture system consisting of a
distributed network of soil moisture sensor, humidity sensor and temperature
sensor deployed in fields. These sensors continuously monitor the parameters and
send it to the Raspberry Pi board for further processing which acts as an IOT
gateway.
The data being uploaded to the cloud allows the user to continuously view the
parameters from the comforts of his/her home or wherever on the go. The system
has the capacity to adapt based on the user input which the farmer can input
through the web. Also farmers/users can view all field data on the web (Data
Visualization). The system has the ability to predict the next working cycle for
farmers.

1. Data Flow Diagrams

0. DFD Level
0

Fig 2 DFD level 0

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 Smart AgroTech Using IOT

4.2.2 DFD Level 1

Fig.3. DFD Level 1

As wee see in the above mention diagram the inactive user of our system will initially request to the
system to enter active mode after receiving the acknowledgement the user can successfully read the
captured data from sensors and previous data from databases.

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 Smart AgroTech Using IOT

4.2.3 DFD level 2

Fig 4 DFD Level 2

In above fig. showing how data is transferred between entities. First sensors collect field live
data and send it to Raspberry Pi. Then by using Web Application, this data is uploaded on the
cloud and also sent to the user. Based on that data, the user can send commands to a Web
Application then Web application retrieves data from the cloud. If a user sends a command
regarding the irrigation system then Web Application sends that command towards the
Raspberry Pi, Then according to user command Raspberry Pi changes the state of Relay so it
will control the water pump.

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 Smart AgroTech Using IOT
4.3 Use case diagram:

As we can see in our system use-case diagram, User / Farmer is the primary user of the AgroTech
System. Where He / She can produces number of use cases as per his / her needs, such as Log In or
Sign Up for accessing the web application. User can visualize data insight, such as graphs and
historical data. User also can send command for water pump, it may be ON or OFF command.

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 Smart AgroTech Using IOT

1. ER Diagram

Fig 5 ER Diagram

An entity-relationship model describes interrelated things of interest in a specific domain

knowledge. A basic ER model is composed of entity types and specifies relationships that can exist
between entities. In above diagram Farmer, Raspberry Pi and cloud. Humidity, temperature, Soil
these are the different attributes in the system. Login, Cloud there are the relationship between the
things.

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 Smart AgroTech Using IOT

1. Sequence Diagram

In presence of our project there are 5 lifelines: User/Farmer, Web App, Raspberry Pi, Sensors
and the water pump. Firstly user log in and takes the acknowledgment from web app then web
app request Raspberry and sensors respectively and gets the data on the user interface.
Raspberry pi sends the command of ON/OFF after getting request from the farmer. In this way
the sequence of our system gets executed.

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 Smart AgroTech Using IOT

4.6 Activity Diagram

Fig 6 Activity Diagram

In UML an activity diagram is used to display the sequence of activities. Activity Diagrams
show the workflow from a start point to the finish point detailing the many decision paths that
exist in the progression of events contained in the activity. In our system at the initial stage
we are getting data from sensors and then uploading and visualizing it on the web app. There
are two conditions on the Moisture level and at the final stage the water pump is off through
the commands.

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 Smart AgroTech Using IOT

4.7 Flowchart Diagram

Fig 7 Flow Chart Diagram

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 Smart AgroTech Using IOT

CHAPTER 5

System Implementation

The system architecture consists of a Raspberry Pi Model 3 B board, sensors like

temperature sensor, humidity, moisture and motion sensor. The software consists of a webapp
which includes setting up of the profile for predefined irrigation based on seasons or on daily and
weekly mode. The Raspberry Pi board controls all activities taking place on board and acts as the
IoT gateway. Sensors sense all the physical parameters and convert the analogue value to digital
value. Temperature and humidity sensors are used to measure the temperature and humidity
respectively on the field. Soil Moisture Sensor is of capacitive type, and is used to measure the
moisture of the soil.
The yield of crops is affected by the speed with which the wind blows also. This is also
measured in our developed system. This data is then transmitted to the Raspberry Pi. The
Raspberry Pi then transmits the data to the cloud using the Internet.
The cloud in our system will include a webapp, a database and a decision logic. The
database will maintain the data received from the IoT gateway. The decision logic then decides
whether the farmer action is needed to water the plants. For example, in the developed system a
threshold for temperature is kept at 25 degree C. Whenever the temperature goes above threshold
temperature, the system will trigger an action to decision logic which then sends a notification to
WebApp. The farmer also gets notified by WebApp. Based on the farmer's action whether to turn
ON/OFF the watering, a signal will be sent to the cloud and from the cloud to the gateway which
will then send a signal to trigger the relay and turn on the water pump.

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 Smart AgroTech Using IOT

Working Model
“Smart AgroTech System Using IOT” is used to generate decisions regarding farms
using real time data. First of all, the farmer logs in to the system using his credentials such as
username and password from a Web Application. He is then allowed to perform his activities.
System is implemented in three phases.
● Sensing
● Processing
● Information distribution
● Data Visualization

The sensing phase involves the sensing of the physical parameters which includes
temperature, moisture, humidity and motion. All these sensors attached to the Raspberry Pi
Model 3 B controller board. This board acts as the IOT gateway in the developed system as it
has the capacity to transmit the data to the cloud. As shown in Fig 4.1. This transmission is
done using the Internet.
The processing phase takes place in the cloud. The cloud consists of a Web Server, a
database where sensed data is maintained and a decision logic which makes decisions based on
the sensed data. In the information distribution phase, the output of the decision logic will be
sent to WebApp and Then to the Raspberry Pi. Then based on the information Raspberry Pi
controls the further activities.
In the Data Visualization phase a database contains all sensed data; this data is visible
to farmers in statistical format (Graphs or Charts). So by this farmer can estimate their
expenditure and also be able to predict further activities.
Along with this “Smart AgroTech System Using IOT” consists of another module
named ‘Smart Irrigation System’. In this system Moisture sensor continuously checks the
moisture of the soil and sends it towards the Raspberry Pi . There is a predefined threshold
value for moisture based on crop. When moisture is beyond that threshold value then
Raspberry Pi has control of the water pump, it turns ON the pump. After that moisture sensor
checks moisture if it is cross threshold value then Raspberry Pi turns the water pump OFF.
This module is fully automated but when the farmer wants to control a water pump then by
using Web Application interface he can control the water pump from any location.

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 Smart AgroTech Using IOT

System Architecture

Fig 1.System Architecture

Raspberry Pi 3b Model:

Specification

• Broadcom BCM2837B0, Cortex-A53 (ARMv8) 64-bit SoC @ 1.4GHz.

• 1GB LPDDR2 SDRAM.
• 2.4GHz and 5GHz IEEE 802.11.b/g/n/ac wireless LAN, Bluetooth 4.2, BLE.
• Gigabit Ethernet over USB 2.0 (maximum throughput 300 Mbps)
• Extended 40-pin GPIO header.
• Full-size HDMI.
• 4 USB 2.0 ports.
The Raspberry Pi 3 Model B+ has many performance improvements over the Model B including
a faster
CPU clock speed (1.4 GHz vs 1.2 GHz), increased Ethernet throughput, and dual-band Wi-Fi. It
also
supports Power over Ethernet with a Power over Ethernet HAT (not included).

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Moisture Sensor:
The Soil Moisture Sensor uses capacitance to measure dielectric permittivity of the surrounding
medium. In soil, dielectric permittivity is a function of the water content. The sensor creates a
voltage proportional to the dielectric permittivity, and therefore the water content of the soil.

Temperature and Humidity Sensor:

DHT11 Temperature & Humidity Sensor features a temperature & humidity sensor complex
with a calibrated digital signal output. By using the exclusive digital-signal-acquisition
technique and temperature & humidity sensing technology, it ensures high reliability and
excellent long-term stability. This sensor includes a resistive-type humidity measurement
component and an NTC temperature measurement component, and connects to a high-
performance 8-bit microcontroller, offering excellent quality, fast response, anti-interference
ability and cost-effectiveness.

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Water Pump
This DC6-12V MINI Aquarium water Pump R385 is the perfect choice for any project
that requires water to be moved from one place to another. The pump is supplied with
1M of silicon hose that you can cut to your requirements, the hose provides a good seal
and will not leak. Possible uses/projects include; a small aquarium pump, automatic
plant watering system, making a water feature or music activated dancing water features
to name but a few. When pumping a liquid the pump runs very quietly. The pump is also
capable of pumping air, though when pumping air the pump is quite noisy in

comparison.

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CHAPTER 6
Test Results and Procedure
The reason behind testing was to find errors. Every program or software has errors in it,
against the common view that there are no errors in it if the program or software is
working. Executing the programs with the intention of finding the errors in it is therefore
testing; hence a successful test is one which finds errors. Testing is an activity, however,
it is restricted to being performed after the development phase is complete, but is carried
parallel with all stages of system development, starting with requirement specification.

Test cases were devised with a purpose in mind. A test case is a set of data that a system
will process as normal input. The software units developed in the system are modules and
routines that are assembled and integrated to perform the required function of the system.
Test results once gathered and evaluated, provide a qualitative indication of the software
quality and reliability and serve as the basis for design modification if required. In this
phase, testing is done at different levels. Actually testing phase of the implementations
works accurately and efficiently before live operation commences.

6.1 Types of Testing

6.1.1 Unit Testing

Unit testing was done after the coding phase. The purpose of the unit testing was to locate
errors in the current module, independent of the other modules. Some changes in the
coding were done during the testing phase. Finally, all the modules were individually
tested following bottom to top approach, starting with the smallest and lowest modules
and then testing one at a time.

6.1.2 Black Box Testing

This method of software testing tests the functionality of an application as opposed to its
internal structures or working (i.e. white box testing). Specific knowledge of the
application’s code/internal structure and programming knowledge, in general, is not
required. Test cases are built to specifications and requirements, i.e., what the application
is supposed to do. It uses external descriptions of the software, including specifications,
requirements, and design to derive test cases. These tests can be functional or non-
functional, though usually functional. The test designer selects valid and invalid inputs
and determines the correct output. There is no knowledge of the test object’s internal
structure.

6.1.3 White Box Testing

This method of software testing tests internal structures or workings of an application, as
opposed to its functionality (i.e. black-box testing). In white-box testing, an internal
perspective of the system, as well as programming skills, are required and used to design
test cases. The tester chooses inputs to exercise paths through the code and determine the
appropriate outputs.

6.1.4 Integration Testing

Once the unit was over, all the modules were integrated for integration testing. External
and internal interfaces are implemented and work as per design, the performance of the
module is not degraded.

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6.1.5 Validation Testing

At the culmination of integration testing, the software is said to be completely assembled
as a package; interfacing errors have been uncovered and corrected. Then as a final series
of software test, validation tests were carried out.

6.1.6 Acceptance Testing

This is the final stage in the testing process before the system is accepted for operational
use. Any requirement problem or requirement definition problem revealed from
acceptance testing are considered and made error free.

6.2 Test Cases for Proposed System

Here, we can observe how the application works under various test cases. Successful
implementation of the test cases mentioned below ensures the overall satisfaction in
user experience.

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Farmer Registration
Test Case 1
Objective Click on “Register” with leaving all the mandatory fields blank

Expected If mandatory fields are vacant, the instruction line “Please fill the required
Result details” should be displayed.

Obtained Successful.
Result
Test Case 2 Farmer Log in

Objective Click on “Login” with leaving all the mandatory fields blank.

Expected If mandatory fields are vacant, the instruction line “Please fill the required
Result details” should be displayed.

Obtained Successful
Result
Test Case 4 Data Visualization graph

Objective The customer selects the table which is available from the layout.

Expected Table should be booked successfully if the manager approves the reservation
Result request.

Obtained Successful
Result

Test Case 5 Water Pump ON/OFF

Objective The application checks weather Water pump is ON/OFF

Expected Show correctly on the web app that water pump is ON/OFF.
Result

Obtained Successful
Result
Test Case 6 Check at Contact Us form

Objective When user wants to contact the Admin/Maintainer email validation should
check
Expected If email id is incorrect then web app will show the message of correction
Result
Obtained result Successful

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CHAPTER 7
PLANNING AND SCHEDULING
1. Dissertation Task Set
Various identified phases and related tasks in the dissertation are as follows:

Phase 1: Requirement
• Define problem statement.
• Identify the scope.
• Identify the user requirement and system requirement
• Identify feasibility problem

Phase 2: Information Gathering

• Gather information regarding to the user requirement
• Gather information regarding to the system requirement

Phase 3: Design

• Identification of the key objects, functional relation and other dependencies

• Functional dependency graph and UML diagrams.

Phase 4: Implementation
• Implementation of User Interface
• Implementation of first module: Graphical Representation
• Implementation of the Naïve Bayes classifier algorithm for sentiment analysis.

Phase 5: Testing

• Unit Testing
• Integration Testing
• Functional Testing
• System Testing

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1. Project Estimate

Month Schedule Project task

July 1 Week
st
Idea about Project Selection/Project Topic
2021 Selection

3 Week
rd
Submission of Project
Synopsis/Abstract

5 Week
th
Guide Allocation & Literature Survey

August 1 Week
st
To Display List of Project Groups with Guide Names
2021

2 Week
nd
First presentation with Guide about idea of
projects (Feasibility study)

3rd& 4th Requirement Analysis (SRS Document)

Week Preparation & Submission

September 1 Week
st
Design of Project-Low level, High Level,
2021
Data Structure, Database tables &
Algorithms

3 Week
rd
Presentation –II with design

4 Week
th
Preparation of preliminary report

October 2021 1 Week

st
Submission-Prelim Project Report of the

November 2021 2 Week

nd
University Exam on Preliminary
Report
January 2022 1 Week
st
Coding

2 Week
nd
2 modules finished (30%)

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February 2022 1 Week

st
First demonstration on project work expected
(60%) of total work

March 1st Test Plan, Design & Installation

2022 Week
3rd Final Project Demonstration
Week
4th Preparation of project report , Preparation of
Week Installable Project & Manual

April 1st Final Project Review

2022 Week

May 3nd Final University Examination

Week

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CHAPTER 8

RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

This section shows the implementation results of all the modules and analysis of the project.

Here, we can observe how the application works under various test cases. Successful
implementation of the test cases mentioned below ensures the overall satisfaction in
user experience right from sensing the data from all the sensors and showing it on to the
webapp and also whether the water pump is working fine or not.

User Login and Sign-up Page:

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Incorrect Credentials:

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Signup Page:

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Dashboard:

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Firebase:

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Contact Page:

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Wiring Diagram:

Hardware Implementation:

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CHAPTER 9
Proposed Outcome

1st Semester 2nd Semester

Review 1 Review 2

• Problem Statement. • Design Phase.

• Objective Identification. • Module Identification.
• System Architecture. • Term 1 Report Writing.
• Technology and Platform • 1st Module Implementation coding 30% expected
Selection. to be completed.
• Requirement analysis & Design
Done.

Review 3 Review 4

• Detailed Design (if any • 100% of code implementation.

deviation). • Experimental Results.
• 50% of code implementation. • Test Cases.
• Some Experimental Results. • Result Analysis and Conclusion.
• Project Plan 3.0 • Performance Evaluation

Table.4. Proposed work Completion

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CHAPTER 10
Conclusion and Future Scope

The farming for better crop production by gathering the existing real-time status of
crops and making the farmers understand the advancement in agriculture. It will detect
values for climatic conditions like humidity, temperature, moisture can be fixed based
on the environmental conditions of that particular region. Continuous internet
connectivity is required.
This can be overcome by extending the system to send suggestions via SMS to the
farmer directly on his mobile using a GSM module instead of web application.
The Application cloud as to provide Agriculture has a Service for all the users of this
resource and data center of IoT based on Cloud Computing needs to provide more
reliable virtualized platforms which will help in building a more sustainable smart
agriculture. This improves production which ultimately increases the profit.

FUTURE SCOPE

• The goal of smart agriculture with the advent of IOT is to provide the latest technology
in agriculture and farming for quality production.
• Several features could be added in the “AgroTech” system, such as video surveillance
for farms.
• We can also extend the functionality of this system by making mobile applications.
• IOT based smart agriculture systems can prove to be very helpful for farmers since over
as well as less irrigation is not good for agriculture.
• This system generates irrigation schedules based on the sensed real time data from the
field and data from the weather repository.
• This system can recommend to farmers whether or not there is a need for irrigation,
fertilization and other activities.
• Continuous internet connectivity is required.

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References

1) G. Sushanth and S. Sujatha, Department of ECE, Christ University, Bangalore, India,

IOT based Smart Agriculture System.

2) Sriveni Namani and Bilal Gonen,School of Information Technology University of

Cincinnati Ohio, USA. Smart Agriculture Based on IoT and Cloud Computing,2020
3rd International Conference on Information and Computer Technologies(ICICT).

3) Santos, Gilan Daniel R.,Santos, Josemaria Israel S. Web-Based Power Board Using
Raspberry Pi, 2016 IEEE International Conference on Integrated Circuits and
Microsystems.

4) Nikhil Agrawal, Engineering Manager, Siemens, Noida and Smita Singhal ASET,
Amity University, Noida. Smart Drip Irrigation System using Raspberry pi and
Arduino, International Conference on Computing, Communication and Automation
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5) Dr.K.Sumathi, Prof. Kundhavai Santharam Academy of Research and Education,

Krishnan koil,Virudhunagar District, India. Data Analytics platform for intelligent
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6) Kavianand G, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Panimalar

Engineering College, Chennai, India. Smart Drip Irrigation System for sustainable
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Ammal College Sivakasi. A Study on Crop Yield Forecasting Using Classification
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9) Subhadip Hazra Institute Of Engineering And management, Kolkata. IoT, Big Data
Science & Analytics, Cloud Computing and Mobile App based Hybrid System for
Smart Agriculture, 978-1-5386-2215-5/17/$31.00 ©2017 IEEE
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Salesiana Cuenca, Ecuador. Lighting Control Actuator Design and Development for a
ZigBee Network with a Web Server Mounted on Raspberry Pi, 2015 IEEE International
Conference on Automation Science and Engineering (CASE) Aug 24-28, 2015.
Gothenburg, Sweden

11) Mohit Kumar Saini School of Computing DIT University, Dehradun Uttarakhand,
India. Agriculture monitoring and prediction using Internet of Things (IoT), Authorized
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12) Kovvada Rajeev L N Computer Science and Engineering Computer Science and
Engineering Computer Science and Engineering Hyderabad, India. IoT based Smart
Agriculture using Machine Learning, Proceedings of the Second International
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Xplore Part Number: CFP20N67-ART; ISBN: 978-1-7281-5374-2

13) Bhanu K.N. 1 , Mahadevaswamy H.S.2 , Jasmine H.J.3 Department of Computer

Science, Amrita School of Arts & Sciences, Mysuru Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham,
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14) Rawidean Mohd Kassim, SMIEEE Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, IoT Applications in
Smart Agriculture: Issues and Challenges, 2020 IEEE Conference on Open Systems
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15) Zuraida Muhammad Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA,

Cawangan Pulau Pinang, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia, Smart Agriculture Using Internet of
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16) Rahul Dagar, Subhranil Som, Sunil Kumar Khatri Amity Institute of Information
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Computing Applications (ICIRCA 2018) IEEE Xplore Compliant Part
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