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Knowledge of Computer Application

The document provides an overview of computer fundamentals, including definitions, functions, types of computers, and basic components such as hardware and software. It also covers operating systems, Microsoft Office applications, internet and email basics, computer networks, cybersecurity awareness, and database management systems. Each section outlines key concepts, functionalities, and examples relevant to the topics discussed.

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Amar Jyoti Saikia
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11 views

Knowledge of Computer Application

The document provides an overview of computer fundamentals, including definitions, functions, types of computers, and basic components such as hardware and software. It also covers operating systems, Microsoft Office applications, internet and email basics, computer networks, cybersecurity awareness, and database management systems. Each section outlines key concepts, functionalities, and examples relevant to the topics discussed.

Uploaded by

Amar Jyoti Saikia
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

Computer Fundamentals
Definition & Functions:

A computer is an electronic device that processes data and performs tasks based on
instructions (software). It is used for computing, data storage, communication, and
automation. The main functions of a computer include:

• Input – Accepting data from input devices (keyboard, mouse, etc.).


• Processing – Performing calculations and operations.
• Storage – Saving data for future use.
• Output – Displaying or printing results.
• Control – Managing hardware and software operations.

Types of Computers:

1. Supercomputers – High-performance machines used for scientific research, weather


forecasting, and nuclear simulations.
2. Mainframe Computers – Large-scale computers used by banks, governments, and
large organizations for handling massive data.
3. Personal Computers (PCs) – Desktops and laptops used for personal and business
purposes.
4. Embedded Systems – Special-purpose computers built into devices such as ATMs,
smartphones, and IoT devices.

Basic Components:

• Hardware – Physical parts of a computer, including:


o Central Processing Unit (CPU) – The brain of the computer, responsible for
calculations and operations.
o Memory (RAM & ROM) – RAM stores temporary data for processing, while
ROM stores permanent instructions.
o Storage Devices – Hard Disk Drive (HDD), Solid-State Drive (SSD), USB
drives, CDs/DVDs for data storage.
o Input Devices – Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, Microphone, Webcam, Joystick.
o Output Devices – Monitor, Printer (Laser, Inkjet), Speakers, Projector.
• Software – Programs that run on a computer, including:
o System Software – Operating Systems like Windows, Linux, macOS.
o Application Software – Programs like MS Office, web browsers, media
players.
2. Operating System Basics
Definition & Functions:

An Operating System (OS) is system software that manages hardware and software
resources, providing a user-friendly interface for interaction.

Types of OS:

1. Single-user OS – Designed for one user at a time (Windows, macOS, Linux).


2. Multi-user OS – Supports multiple users simultaneously (UNIX, Mainframe OS).
3. Real-time OS – Used in critical systems like medical devices and robotics for real-
time processing.

Functions of OS:

• File Management – Organizing and storing files.


• Memory Management – Allocating and tracking memory usage.
• Device Management – Managing peripherals (printers, scanners, USB drives).
• Security Management – Implementing user authentication, encryption, and access
control.
• Process Management – Handling multitasking and running applications efficiently.

3. Microsoft Office Basics


MS Word:

• Creating & editing documents.


• Features: Formatting, Tables, Mail Merge, Page Layout, Review & Track Changes.
• Advanced tools: Macros, Templates, Watermarks.

MS Excel:

• Spreadsheet application for data analysis.


• Important formulas: SUM, AVERAGE, IF, VLOOKUP, COUNTIF,
CONCATENATE.
• Features: Charts, Pivot Tables, Data Validation, Conditional Formatting, Macros.

MS PowerPoint:

• Slide creation and presentation software.


• Features: Animations, Transitions, Slide Master, SmartArt.
• Inserting multimedia: Images, Videos, Hyperlinks, Audio.

MS Outlook:
• Email Management – Organizing inbox, scheduling meetings, managing contacts.
• Features: Email Filtering, Auto Replies, Calendar Integration, Encryption.

4. Internet & Email Basics


Internet:

• A global network that connects computers for communication and data exchange.
• Key components: IP Address, Domain Name System (DNS), World Wide Web
(WWW).
• Web Browsers: Chrome, Firefox, Edge, Safari.
• Search Engines: Google, Bing, Yahoo.

Email Basics:

• Email components: To, CC, BCC, Attachments.


• Protocols:
o SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) – Sending emails.
o IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol) / POP3 (Post Office Protocol 3)
– Receiving emails.
• Common Email Services: Gmail, Outlook, Yahoo Mail.
• Spam Filtering & Phishing Protection: Identifying malicious emails to prevent
fraud.

5. Computer Networks & Internet Basics


Types of Networks:

1. LAN (Local Area Network) – Covers small areas like offices and homes.
2. WAN (Wide Area Network) – Covers large areas, including the internet.
3. MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) – Covers city-wide areas.

Networking Devices:

• Router – Directs network traffic between devices.


• Switch – Connects multiple devices within a LAN.
• Modem – Converts digital and analog signals for internet connectivity.

E-Commerce & Digital Payments:

• Online transactions include B2B (Business-to-Business), B2C (Business-to-


Consumer), Cryptocurrency.
• Common payment methods: UPI, NEFT, RTGS, PayPal, Debit/Credit Cards.
6. Cybersecurity Awareness
Cyber Threats:

1. Malware – Viruses, Worms, Trojans, Ransomware, Spyware.


2. Phishing – Fraudulent emails attempting to steal personal data.
3. Hacking – Unauthorized access to computer systems.

Protection Measures:

• Use of Antivirus Software – McAfee, Norton, Windows Defender.


• Firewalls – Block unauthorized network access.
• Strong Passwords – Combination of letters, numbers, symbols.
• Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) – Adds an extra layer of security.

7. Basic Database Management (DBMS)


Definition & Importance:

A Database Management System (DBMS) stores and manages structured data efficiently.

Types of Databases:

• Relational DBMS: Uses structured tables (SQL, MySQL, Oracle).


• Non-Relational DBMS: Stores unstructured data (MongoDB, Firebase).

Common SQL Commands:

• SELECT – Retrieve data from a table.


• INSERT – Add new records to a table.
• UPDATE – Modify existing records.
• DELETE – Remove records from a table.

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