Engineering Mechanics Lab

(CE 1119)

Batch 2024
Name : Muhammad Awais
ROLL NO: F24601024

INSTRUCTOR:FAZAL E GHAFOOR

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL
Course Learning ENGINEERING
Outcomes:
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
 Practical 10
To Determine Shear Modulus (Modulus of Rigidity) of Different Materials

Objective:

The following experiment is designed to substantiate the correlation between shear stress and
the angle of shear.

Scope:
Modulus of Elasticity in Shear, Relationship between Angle of Shear and Shear Stress, Angle of Shear

Introduction

Shear Stress:
A load F has a shearing effect on a bar if its line of action is perpendicular to the axis and no
moment is applied to the cross-section, In practice, cases of pure shear load never occur, as at
least a slight moment of force is always present.

Fig Load F perpendicular to bar axis and bar "in isolation" with the equilibrium of forces If a bar
is considered "in isolation", there is an internal equilibrium of forces in the cross-sectional area:
Fq = F (3,1 )
F: Force in N
Fq: internal transverse force in
 Fig. Transverse force with associated shear stresses

As Fq acts on the cross-sectional area, the stresses produced are shear stresses, The symbol used
in the theory of strength calculations for shear stresses is τ. Assuming that each element of area
is involved to the same extent in the transmission of the internal transverse force, then:

τ = Fq/A (3.2)

τ = Shear stress in N/mm2

A= Cross-sectional area in mm2

The angle of Shear:

The term "angle of shear" is to be explained by taking a rubber block as an example.

If a rubber block is fixed to a plane surface and a force F is applied to its upper edge. The upper
plane (border 1) is displaced with respect to the lower plane (border 2).
In the case of minor deformation, it can be assumed that the distance between the
Borders 10 will be maintained.

Modulus of Elasticity in Shear:

As with all types of stress, the degree of deformation of a material is again governed by material
constant in the case of shear stress.

The definitive shearing constant is the modulus of elasticity in shear

 Apparatus

 Dial Gauge
 Dial Gauge Holder
 Flat Steel Bar
 Shear Element (Rubber)
 Hanger
 Weights

Theory:
Given the same prerequisite, tan γ is then approximately equal to the angle γ in radians.
The angle γ is the so-called angle
of shear.
 l
lo (3.3)
Tan γ =
Fig Angle of shear at a rubber block produced by a shear force
γ: Angle of shear in rad
∆l: Displacement in mm
l0: Distance between borders in mm

The angle of shear increases/decreases as a linear function of shear stress.

Modulus of Elasticity in Shear:

As with all types of stress, the degree of deformation of a material is again governed by material
constant in the case of shear stress.

The definitive shearing constant is the modulus of elasticity in shear G.

G = τ/γ (3.4)
G: Modulus of elasticity in shear in N/mm2 (3.5)

Rearranging the formula yields

Hooke's law;
G = τ ∙ l0 / ∆l (3.5)

Relationship between Angle of Shear and Shear Stress:

Calculated Values:
The expected angles of shear of the shear element are calculated as follows after rearranging the
formula (3.4):
γ=τ/G (4.1)
The modulus of elasticity in shear of the material investigated is G = 0.42 N/mm2

On account of the relatively high level of deformation of the shear element, the modulus of
elasticity in shear is however no longer exactly constant, with the result that Hooke's law is only
approximately valid.
For the material examined, the relationship between stress and angle of shear is only linear up to
a certain limit. The shear stress τ is obtained from (3.2).

τ = Fq / A
With the cross-sectional area being A=w∙h (4.2)
w: Width of shear element in mm
h: Height of shear element in mm
The width of the shear element is w = 25 mm
and the height h = 150 mm.

The cross-sectional area is thus A = 3750 mm2

Insertion of (3.2) in (4.1) yields:

Fq


GA
 PROCEDURE
1. Before starting the experiment, the tip (2) of the dial gauge must be positioned on the upper
plane of the flat steel bar. This should cause the tip to be retracted by approx. 10 mm.
2. Moving the gauge involves unfastening the knurled screw.
3. The dial gauge is then set to zero by turning the scale (1).

4. Forces of differing magnitude are successively applied to the shear element.

5. For this purpose, a weight is suspended from the hook of the flat steel bar by way of the
weight holder (the weight of the holder is 5 N).

6. Gradually increase the weight applied in increments of 5 N up to the maximum value of 100
N. (you may use any other load increment values as well)
7. Read off the displacement values occurring with the respective weights on the dial gauge and
note these down.
OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS

F in N ∆l in mm Shear strain, γ ( ) Shear Stress, τ ( )

10 0.15 0.004 0.002
20 0.13 0.011 0.005
30 0.5 0.019 0.008
40 0.7 0.023 0.010
50 0.85 0.030 0.013
60 1.03 0.038 0.016

Area=3750mm^2

Width= 25mm^2

Height=150mm^2
 Graph:

Comments
values
The modulus of rigidity varies from material to material. For example, the modulus of rigidity of steel is
about 200 gigapascals (GPa), while the modulus of rigidity of rubber is 0.3×106 Pa

Importance
Rigidity modulus is important for an engineering pupose, for designing structures such as bridges, beams, and
some mechanical systems.

Factors that affect modulus of Rigiddty

The modulus of rigidity is the same for a given material at a particular temperature and is not influenced by
the material's geometry. The modulus of stiffness varies with the temperature rise.

Uses in civil Engineering

1) The modulus of rigidity is one measure that engineers consider in the design of structural
components such as beams or bridges, which should perform well under shear loads without getting
damaged.

2)Selection of material:
Modulus of rigidity is a criterion that engineers utilize for choosing the possible material against shear
loads that may occur in a structure. The use of high-modulus material therefore finds place in
applications requiring resistance to deformation in such instances like building construction.

There are different methods for selecting materials. For instance, rigidity is used to choose materials
which would support the different shear loads that can be expected in a structure. One can say that these
high rigidity materials would perform well in situations where they have to withstand a lot of
deformation, say in building construction.