List of Experiments (Titles)

EXP. Topics of Experiments

NO.
1
Fault Analysis using PowerWorld
Simulator
2 Modeling and Performance Analysis of
Power Transmission Line
3 Gaus-Siedel Power flow using Power
World Simulator.
4 Newton Raphson Power flow using Power
World Simulator
5 Analysis of the Load Flow Problem in
Power System Project
 Exp. 1 : Fault Analysis using PowerWorld Simulator

1- Introduction

PowerWorldÒ Simulator (Simulator) is a power system simulation package designed from the ground
up to be user-friendly and highly interactive. Simulator has the power for serious engineering analysis,
but it is also so interactive and graphical that it can be used to explain power system operations to non-
technical audiences. With Version 20 we’ve continued to make Simulator more powerful and easier to
use with the addition of a number of major new features and hundreds of smaller enhancements.

2- Fault analysis

analysis can only be performed when Simulator is in Run Mode. There are three ways to start a fault
analysis study:

• Go to the Tools ribbon tab, and choose Fault Analysis from the Run Mode ribbon group. This is
only available in Run Mode.
• Right click on a bus and choose Fault… to perform a fault analysis at that bus
• Right click on a line and choose Fault… to perform a fault analysis at that point on the line

All of these options will open the Fault Analysis dialog. If you opened the dialog by right-clicking on a
bus or line, the fault information on that bus or line will already be filled in. If you selected the Fault
Analysis… option from the Tools ribbon tab, the information about the location of the fault will need to
be provided.
Fault Analysis dialog can be used to perform a fault analysis study on the currently loaded power
system. A fault study can only be performed while Simulator is in run mode, since the load flow must
be validated and solved before a fault study can be calculated.

If you are observing single fault analysis results in the fault analysis dialog and switch to edit mode, the
dialog will automatically be closed and the single fault analysis results will be cleared from memory.
Multiple fault results displayed in the Fault Definitions table are maintained when switching to edit
mode, but may no longer be relevant when switching back to run mode, depending on what was done
to the power system data in edit mode.
 3- Experiments setup
Consider the following system, the neutrals of the generator and transformer are solidly
grounded
The motor neutral is grounded through a reactance Xn=0.05 per unit on the motor base
Pre fault voltage is 1.05 pu
1- Calculate the pre-unit sub transient fault current in phases for a bolted three phase short
circuit at bus 4
2- Calculate the pre-unit sub transient fault current in phases for a line to line fault at bus 4
3- Calculate the pre-unit sub transient fault current in phases for a line to ground fault at
bus 4
4- Repeat 1-3 for bus 1,2,3

‫ر‬

Srated Vrated X2 X1 X0 XN
G 100MVA 13.8KV 0.15 0.17 0.05
M 100MVA 13.8KV 0.2 0.21 0.1 0.05
TR1 100MVA 13.8/138KV 0.1
TR2 100MVA 138/13.8KV 0.1
TL 100MVA 138KV 0.1052 0.1052 0.3157
Experiments producers
1- Draw single line diagram using power world simulator

2- Add fault parameters for system component

o Generator

o Transformer
o Transmission line
3- Run single fault analysis tool in power world

4- observe results for each type of fault and complete the following tables and comments on
results

• 3phase balance fault at bus 3

Bus Phase A Phase B Phase C

(current) (current) (current)
3

Bus Phase A Phase B Phase C Phase A Phase B Phase C

(current) (current) (current) (voltage) (voltage) (voltage)
1
2
3
4
 • Single phase to ground fault at bus 3

Bus Phase A Phase B Phase C

(current) (current) (current)
3

Bus Phase A Phase B Phase C Phase A Phase B Phase C

(current) (current) (current) (voltage) (voltage) (voltage)
1
2
3
4

• Line to line ground fault at bus 3

Bus Phase A Phase B Phase C

(current) (current) (current)
3

Bus Phase A Phase B Phase C Phase A Phase B Phase C

(current) (current) (current) (voltage) (voltage) (voltage)
1
2
3
4

• Line to line fault at bus 3

Bus Phase A Phase B Phase C

(current) (current) (current)
3

Bus Phase A Phase B Phase C Phase A Phase B Phase C

(current) (current) (current) (voltage) (voltage) (voltage)
1
2
3
4
5- observe effect of adding fault impedance with x=0.01 on 3phase fault on bus 3
and comments

Bus Phase A Phase B Phase C

(current) (current) (current)
3

Bus Phase A Phase B Phase C Phase A Phase B Phase C

(current) (current) (current) (voltage) (voltage) (voltage)
1
2
3
4
 EXPERIMENT (2)
Modeling and Performance Analysis of
Power Transmission Line
I. OBJECTIVES
1. To be able to model transmission lines of various lengths by different models.

2. To be able to justify a selected model for a given transmission line.

3. To measure the ABCD parameters of transmission lines and to validate the measured values
through calculations.

4. To study and to evaluate the performance of transmission lines.

II. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

A. Modeling and Performance Analysis of Transmission lines
1. General

The transmission line can be analyzed on per phase basis as long as its conductors are fully
transposed and balanced operation is assumed. Therefore, the summation of phase currents and
voltage at any instant equals zero.

The line models are classified by their length. These classifications are

• Short line approxima&on for lines that are less than 80 km long.

• Medium line approxima&on for lines whose lengths are between 80 km to 250 km.

• Long line model for lines that are longer than 250 km.

2. Two-Port Representation

The two-port network is usually used to represent 4-terminal passive networks. A two-port
network as shown in Fig. 2 may be used to represent a transmission line. Current and voltage
equations can be written in terms of generalized constants known as ABCD constants. The
sending and receiving end voltages are denoted by VS and VR respectively. In addition, the
currents IS and IR are entering and leaving the network respectively. The sending end voltage
and current are then defined in terms of the ABCD parameters as

VS = AVR + BI R

I S = CVR + DI R

The following relations are true for symmetrical balanced circuit equivalents of transmission
lines.

A=D

AD–BC=1

Fig. 2: Two port representa&on of a transmission line

3. Short line approximation for lines that are less than 80 km long

In case when transmission lines are very short, the effect of shunt admittance can be neglected
without causing appreciable error to current and voltage calculations .In these cases
transmission lines are represented as shown in Fig. 3 by the series impedance only. In this
representation, the lumped resistance and inductance are used for modeling and the shunt
admittance is neglected. A two-port network as shown in Fig. 2 may represent the transmission
line. The current and voltage equations can be written in terms of generalized constants known
as ABCD constants.

Vs = VR + Z IR

Is = IR

Therefore, A = 1, B = Z, C = 0, and D= 1
 Fig. 3: Short line model

4. Medium line approximation for lines whose lengths are between 80 km

to 250 km

The most acceptable form of representing a medium transmission line in power system analysis
is the π form. The π-network representing a line with lumped parameters considered is called
the nominal π representation as shown in Fig. 4. The corresponding line equa&ons are:

VS = (1+ZY/2) VR + Z IR

IS = Y (1+ZY/4) VR + (1+ZY/2) IR

Therefore, A = (1+ZY/2), B = Z, C = Y (1+ZY/4), and D = (1+ZY/2)

Fig. 4: Nominal π model

5. Long line model for lines that are longer than 250 km

In modeling of long lines, the effect of the distributed line parameter must be considered for an
acceptable accuracy level. Two equivalent networks are considered for modeling long line; the
equivalent π and equivalent T networks; however, the most acceptable form of representing a
long transmission line in power system analysis is the equivalent π form.

For the equivalent π model:

Vs = (1+ Zπ Yπ ) V +I Zπ

Is = 2 Yπ (1+ Zπ Yπ /2) V + (1+ Zπ Yπ ) I

Where,

Zπ = Z sinh γl

And

Yπ = 1⁄Z tanh γl⁄2

The ABCD constant are:

A = cosh √ZY, B = Z sinh √ZY, C = Y sinh √ZY, and D = cosh √ZY

Fig. 5: Equivalent π model

B. Laboratory Models for Transmission Lines

Actual transmission lines carry large amounts of currents at high voltages depending of electric
power being transmitted. Field investigation of steady state or transient performance of actual
transmission lines is almost neither practical nor impossible. For this reason, physical models of
transmission line are usually constructed in laboratories to replace actual lines in these studies.
Model lines should have the same performance as actual lines, and the only difference is that
currents and voltages dealt with in model lines are very small compared with actual currents
and voltages. However, all model line parameters and electrical quantities shall be directly
proportional to actual line parameters and electrical quantities. The efficiency and voltage
regulation must the same for both actual and model lines.

1. Scaling Factors

If a current I flows in an element of impedance Z in the equivalent circuits of the actual line,
then the actual voltage drop V across this element will be given by V = I Z . The
corresponding element in the model line equivalent circuit must carry a current I = I /K ,
and the voltage drop V must also be equal to V /K ! where K and K ! are called scaling factors
of current and voltage respectively. The selection of these scaling factors depends only on
current and voltage ratings of actual line and available power supply (voltage and current) for
use with the model line. If K and K ! are already specified, the impedance Z of the model
element corresponding to the considered actual line element must be obligatory given by:

Z = V /I = V /K ! / I /K = V /I K /K ! = Z K /K !
"$
The impedance-scaling factor K " according to his equation will be given by K # = = K ! /K &
"%

It can be sown that any admittance element Y in the actual line equivalent circuit must be
(
modeled by an element of admittance Y = K 'Y where K ' = = K /K + is the admittance
)*
scaling factor.

2. Auxiliary (or Generalized) Constants of Model Lines:

The model of an actual transmission line having a total series impedance Z and total shunt
admittance Y will have total series impedance Z and shunt admittance Y given by
Z = Z /K # and Y = Y K " . Therefore, the ABCD constants of an equivalent π or T circuit
modeling an actual line represented by its equivalent π or T network will be given by:

A = cosh,Z Y = cosh, Z /K " Y K # = cosh,Z Y = A

B = ,Z / Y sinh,Z Y = K # ,Z / Y sinh,Z Y = K # B

C = ,Y / Z sinh,Z Y = K ',Y / Z sinh,Z Y = K ' C

D = D

The same applies to all other approximate equivalent circuits of transmission lines.

3. ηm) and Voltage Regulation (-. / ) of model lines

Efficiency (η

It is easy to prove that η = η and VR = VR as long as the model line is properly

constructed.

4. Lab Modeling of Long Lines

In the cases, when the line is very long, these representations do not give acceptable accuracy.
For example, the 500 kV line interconnec&ng the high dam power sta&on with the Lower Egypt
power grid is more than 800 Km long. The length of this line is about one-seventh a complete
wavelength (λ/7) at 50 HZ. This is much greater than the accepted limit for medium line
representation. For such lines, the line length can be divided to equal sections of length
approximately equal to λ/30 and a nominal π network can be used to represent each sec&on. In
these cases, the whole line model will consist of a suitable number of cascaded π networks as
 shown in Fig. 6 where Z2 and Y2 denote respectively the total series impedance and shunt
admittance of one section. This model can be used for studying not only the terminal voltage
and current relations of the line but also the voltage and current distribution along the line
length.

Fig. 6: A laboratory model for long lines

III. EXPERMENTAL WORK

Two sets of experiments are to be carried out on transmission line models in the laboratory.
The first set is intended for testing short and medium line models, and the second set is for
testing a long line model.

A. Testing of short and medium line models

1. The testing circuit

Given a line model in which the total series impedance and shunt admittance are divided into
two equal sec&ons of Z/2 ohms and Y/2 mhos respec&vely. Connec&ng the two sec&ons of the
series impedance in series and disconnecting the stunt admittance sections results in a short
line model.

Connecting the series impedance sections in series and the shunt admittance sections one at
each end of the total series impedance results in a nominal π model for the line. The layout of
the tes&ng circuit is shown in Fig. 7. The sending end of the line model (any of its ends) is
connected to a variable a.c supply through a known resistance R 345 approximately of the same
value as the series impedance of the line.
 Fig. 7: Test set for short and medium length lines

2. Procedure

a) Using a universal bridge or any other suitable method, measure the series resistance R,
inductance L and capacitance to neutral C per phase of the model line.

b) Connect the model line in the form of a π network as shown in Fig. 8. In addi&on,
measure its input impedance at open circuit and short circuit condition.

Fig. 8: The π network for the line model

c) Open Circuit test

i. With the receiving end open-circuited, adjust the output voltage of the a.c supply to
the value that produce the nominal voltage of the line at the open circuited end.
Using a suitable voltmeter and ammeter, measure the voltage at both ends, the
voltage drops across the series impedance Z and the external resistance R 345 , and
the input current to line.

ii. Based on the relations A = 6 7 9 = |A|∡α and C = 6 7 9

+
= |C|∡θ, and by
+8 +8
8 :; <.> 8 :;

using the measured values of voltages and currents, the magnitude of the constants
A and C can be easily determined by dividing the scalar values (measured) of the
appropriate quantities. By constructing the phasor diagram of voltages and
currents, the phase angle of the constants A and C can be determined by direct
measurements.

d) Short-Circuit Test.

i. With the receiving end short-circuited, adjust the output voltage of the a.c supply to
the value that produce the full load current of the line at short circuited end. Using
suitable ammeter and voltmeter, measure the current at both line ends and in the
shunt admittance, the sending end voltage of the line, the supply voltage, and the
 voltage drop across the series impedance of the line and across the external
resistance connected between the line and supply.

ii. Based on the relations B = 6 7 9 = |B|∡β and D = 6 7 9

+
= |D|∡δ, and by
8 +8 :; C.> 8 +8:;
using the measured values of voltages and currents, the magnitude of the constants
B and D can be easily determined by dividing the scalar values (measured) of the
appropriate quantities. By constructing the phasor diagram of voltages and
currents, the phase angle of the constants B and D can be determined by direct
measurements.

e) Verify that the measured values of the line constants obey the relations:
A = D , and
AD–BC=1

f) The Loading Test.

Connect to one end of the line a suitable variable resistance as a load and to the other
end a controllable a.c. supply. Vary the load resistance in steps corresponding to zero
loading to 125% of the full loading of the line while keeping the load voltage constant at
the nominal voltage of the line. Measure at each step the sending end voltage, the
voltage drop across the line and the current at both ends of the line.

B. Testing of long line models

1. The testing circuit

Construct a model line consisting of four identical T sections. This model can be used with
enough accuracy to represent a line of length up to 4λ/30=800 Km which can be considered as
a very long one.

2. Procedure

a) Measure the resistance R 2 , inductance L2 and shunt admittance Y2 = G2 + jB2 of one

section of the line using the universal bridge or any other means.

b) Measure the input impedance of the line at open circuit and short circuit conditions.

c) Open and Short Circuit Tests.

i. Carry out the no-load and shot circuit tests in the same way as for medium line
model.
 ii. In addition to the ordinary measurements, measure the voltage drop across and up
to different sections of the line and the voltage to neutral at all interconnection
points of different sections.

d) The Loading Test

i. Connect one end of the line to a load resistance equals to its characteristics
impedance and connect its other end to a controllable a.c. supply through a known
external resistance R 345 (approximately equals to the total series impedance of the
line. Adjust the receiving end voltage to a value equal to the nominal voltage of the
line. Measure the sending end voltage, the supply voltage, the total voltage drop
across the line and the input current to the line.

ii. With the same connection of the previous test, vary the load resistance in steps
from open circuit to the value corresponding to 1.25 full load of the line and
perform the same measurements.

iii. Repeat the previous test using variable reactive power sources in parallel with the
resistive load. At each load value adjust the reactive power sources at the value
given V2 = VJ = constant and record it in addition to the load power, the sending
end current, the voltage drops across the line and the external resistance R 345 .
 Exp. 3: Gaus-Siedel Power flow using Power World Simulator

1- Introduction

Power World Simulator is a power system simulation package designed from the ground up to be user-
friendly and highly interactive. Simulator has the power for serious engineering analysis, but it is also
so interactive and graphical that it can be used to explain power system operations to non-technical
audiences. With Version 20 we’ve continued to make Simulator more powerful and easier to use with
the addition of a number of major new features and hundreds of smaller enhancements.

2- Power flow solution

Power flow studies, commonly known as load flow, form an important part of power system analysis.
They are necessary for planning, economic scheduling, and control of an existing system as well as
planning its future expansion. The problem consists of determining the magnitudes and phase angle of
voltages at each bus and active and reactive power flow in each line. In solving a power flow problem, the
system is assumed to be operating under balanced conditions and a single-phase model is used. Four
quantities are associated with each bus. These are voltage magnitude lVI, phase angle δ,real power P,
and reactive power Q. The system buses are generally classified into three types.

Slack bus One bus, known as slack or swing bus, is taken as reference where the magnitude and phase
angle of the voltage are specified. This bus makes up the difference between the scheduled loads and
generated power that are caused by the losses in the network.

Load buses At these buses the active and reactive powers are specified. The magnitude and the phase
angle of the bus voltages are unknown. These buses are called P-Q buses

Regulated buses These buses are the generator buses. They are also known as voltage-controlled
buses. At these buses, the real power and voltage magnitude are specified. The phase angles of the
voltages and the reactive power are to be determined. The limits on the value of the reactive power are
also specified. These buses are called P-V buses.

3- Experiments setup

Figure below shows the single line diagram of a simple three-bus power system with generation at bus 1
and 2. The magnitude of voltage at bus1 is adjusted to 1.05 per unit. The scheduled loads at bus 2 are as
marked on the diagram. Line impedances are marked in per unit on a 100-MVA base and the line
charging susceptances are neglected.
a) Using the Gauss-Seidel method, determine the phasor values of the voltage at the load bus 2 (P-Q
buses) accurate to four decimal places.

(b) Find the slack bus real and reactive power.

(c)Determine the line flows and line losses. Construct a power flow diagram showing the direction of line
flow.

Experiments producers
1- Draw single line diagram using power world simulator
2- Add parameters for system component

o Bus

o Transmission lines
o Generator

o Load
3- Run power flow analysis in power world

4- Observe results for each line and complete the following tables and comments on results

(MW) at (MVAR) at (MW) (MVAR)

Transmission MW MVAR Loading
the the at the at the
line losses losses percent
beginning beginning end end
1-2
2-3
1-3

5- Observe the effect of removing one line

(MW) at (MVAR) at (MW) (MVAR)

Transmission MW MVAR Loading
the the at the at the
line losses losses percent
beginning beginning end end
2-3
1-3

(MW) at (MVAR) at (MW) (MVAR)

Transmission MW MVAR Loading
the the at the at the
line losses losses percent
beginning beginning end end
1-2
1-3
 (MW) at (MVAR) at (MW) (MVAR)
Transmission MW MVAR Loading
the the at the at the
line losses losses percent
beginning beginning end end
1-2
2-3

6- Observe the effect of adding a capacitor of 220 MVAR at load bus

(MW) at (MVAR) at (MW) (MVAR)

Transmission MW MVAR Loading
the the at the at the
line losses losses percent
beginning beginning end end
1-2
2-3
1-3
 Exp. 5: Newton Raphson Power flow using Power World Simulator

1- Introduction

Power World Simulator is a power system simulation package designed from the ground up to be user-
friendly and highly interactive. Simulator has the power for serious engineering analysis, but it is also
so interactive and graphical that it can be used to explain power system operations to non-technical
audiences. With Version 20 we’ve continued to make Simulator more powerful and easier to use with
the addition of a number of major new features and hundreds of smaller enhancements.

2- Power flow solution

Power flow studies, commonly known as load flow, form an important part of power system analysis.
They are necessary for planning, economic scheduling, and control of an existing system as well as
planning its future expansion. The problem consists of determining the magnitudes and phase angle of
voltages at each bus and active and reactive power flow in each line. In solving a power flow problem, the
system is assumed to be operating under balanced conditions and a single-phase model is used. Four
quantities are associated with each bus. These are voltage magnitude lVI, phase angle δ,real power P,
and reactive power Q. The system buses are generally classified into three types.

Slack bus One bus, known as slack or swing bus, is taken as reference where the magnitude and phase
angle of the voltage are specified. This bus makes up the difference between the scheduled loads and
generated power that are caused by the losses in the network.

Load buses At these buses the active and reactive powers are specified. The magnitude and the phase
angle of the bus voltages are unknown. These buses are called P-Q buses

Regulated buses These buses are the generator buses. They are also known as voltage-controlled
buses. At these buses, the real power and voltage magnitude are specified. The phase angles of the
voltages and the reactive power are to be determined. The limits on the value of the reactive power are
also specified. These buses are called P-V buses.

3- Experiments setup

Figure below shows the single line diagram of a simple three-bus power system with generation at
bus1.The magnitude of voltage at bus1 is adjusted to 1.05 per unit. The scheduled loads at buses 2 and 3
are as marked on the diagram. Line impedances are marked in per unit on a 100-MVA base and the line
charging susceptances are neglected.
a) Using the Newton Raphson method, determine the phasor values of the voltage at the load buses 2
and 3 (P-Q buses) accurate to four decimal places.

(b) Find the slack bus real and reactive power.

(c)Determine the line flows and line losses. Construct a power flow diagram showing the direction of line
flow.

Experiments producers
1- Draw single line diagram using power world simulator
2- Add parameters for system component

o Bus

o Transmission lines
o Generator

o Load
3- Run power flow analysis in power world

4- Observe results for each line and complete the following tables and comments on results

(MW) at (MVAR) (MW) (MVAR)

MW MVAR Loading
Bus the at the at the at the
losses losses percent
beginning beginning end end
1
2
3

5- Observe the effect of removing one line

(MW) at (MVAR) (MW) (MVAR)

MW MVAR Loading
Bus the at the at the at the
losses losses percent
beginning beginning end end
2
3

(MW) at (MVAR) (MW) (MVAR)

MW MVAR Loading
Bus the at the at the at the
losses losses percent
beginning beginning end end
1
3
 (MW) at (MVAR) (MW) (MVAR)
MW MVAR Loading
Bus the at the at the at the
losses losses percent
beginning beginning end end
1
2
 Exp 5

Analysis of the Load Flow Problem in Power System Project

1- Introduction

Power flow studies, commonly known as load flow, form an important part of power system analysis. They are
necessary for planning, economic scheduling, and control of an existing system as well as planning its future
expansion. The problem consists of determining the magnitudes and phase angle of voltages at each bus and active
and reactive power flow in each line. In solving a power flow problem, the system is assumed to be operating under
balanced conditions and a single-phase model is used.

2- Objective

The main objective of project ,student learn how to implement the load flow equations in MATLAB and compare
between different method in terms of computation time and number of iterations

3- System Single line diagram

the system single line diagram is indicated in below figure . IEEE 9 Bus system
3. Load Data of IEEE 9 Bus System

Type of Load Generation

Bus V(P.U) Angle
Bus P(MW) Q(Mvar) P(MW) Q(Mvar)
1 Slack 1.03 0 0 0
2 PQ 1 0 10 5
3 PQ 1 0 25 15
4 PQ 1 0 60 40
5 PQ 1.06 0 10 5 80
6 PV 1 0 100 80
7 PV 1 0 80 60
8 PV 1.01 0 40 20 120
9 PQ 1 0 20 10

4. Line Data of IEEE 9 Bus System

From To R X
p.u p.u
1 2 0.0XX 0.0540
1 4 0.0150 0.0450
2 3 0.0XX 0.0560
3 9 0.0200 0.0600
4 5 0.0YY 0.0360
4 6 0.0600 0.0ZZ
5 6 0.0140 0.0300
5 7 0.0100 0.0360
6 9 0.0320 0.0PP
7 8 0.0320 0.0UU
8 9 0.0220 0.0650

The variable XX,YY,ZZ,PP,UU depend on ID Number of student as following

Student ID1 18012XX

Student ID2 18012YY
Student ID3 18012ZZ
Student ID4 18012PP
Student ID5 18012UU
NOTE: EACH GROUP SHALL RE-WRITE THE LINE DATA TABLE AFTER UPDATING THE
VALUS IN PROJECT REPORT
5. Results
• Obtain the results by MATLAB and verify results using Power World Simulator and fill in the
following
o Table 1 (Bus Data)
o Table 2 (Line flow Data)
o Table 3 (Compere between Gauss Sedial and Netwon Rapshon Method)
• Study effect of removing the transmission line between bus 5 and bus 6 on total system losses and
comment
Table 1

Bus No. Voltage Voltage Load Generation

Mag. Degree

MW MVAR MW MVAR
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
 Table 2

Gauss-Sedial Method Netwon Rapshon Method

From To P Q Line losses P Q Line losses

MW MVAr MW MVAr MW MVAr MW MVAr

1 2
1 4
2 3
3 9
4 5
4 6
5 7
5 7
6 9
7 8
8 9
Total
Table 3

Method No.of iteration Computing Time

Netwon Rapshon

Gauss-Seidal Method