Built in Functions
abs() Returns the absolute value of a number
all() Returns True if all items in an iterable object are true
any() Returns True if any item in an iterable object is true
ascii() Returns a readable version of an object. Replaces none-ascii
characters with escape character
bin() Returns the binary version of a number
bool() Returns the boolean value of the specified object
bytearray() Returns an array of bytes
bytes() Returns a bytes object
callable() Returns True if the specified object is callable, otherwise False
chr() Returns a character from the specified Unicode code.
classmethod() Converts a method into a class method
compile() Returns the specified source as an object, ready to be executed
complex() Returns a complex number
delattr() Deletes the specified attribute (property or method) from the
specified object
dict() Returns a dictionary (Array)
dir() Returns a list of the specified object's properties and methods
divmod() Returns the quotient and the remainder when argument1 is
divided by argument2
enumerate() Takes a collection (e.g. a tuple) and returns it as an enumerate
object
eval() Evaluates and executes an expression
exec() Executes the specified code (or object)
filter() Use a filter function to exclude items in an iterable object
float() Returns a floating point number
format() Formats a specified value
frozenset() Returns a frozenset object
getattr() Returns the value of the specified attribute (property or
method)
globals() Returns the current global symbol table as a dictionary
hasattr() Returns True if the specified object has the specified attribute
(property/method)
hash() Returns the hash value of a specified object
help() Executes the built-in help system
hex() Converts a number into a hexadecimal value
id() Returns the id of an object
input() Allowing user input
int() Returns an integer number
isinstance() Returns True if a specified object is an instance of a specified
object
issubclass() Returns True if a specified class is a subclass of a specified object
iter() Returns an iterator object
len() Returns the length of an object
list() Returns a list
locals() Returns an updated dictionary of the current local symbol table
map() Returns the specified iterator with the specified function applied
to each item
max() Returns the largest item in an iterable
memoryview() Returns a memory view object
min() Returns the smallest item in an iterable
next() Returns the next item in an iterable
object() Returns a new object
oct() Converts a number into an octal
open() Opens a file and returns a file object
ord() Convert an integer representing the Unicode of the specified
character
pow() Returns the value of x to the power of y
print() Prints to the standard output device
property() Gets, sets, deletes a property
range() Returns a sequence of numbers, starting from 0 and increments
by 1 (by default)
repr() Returns a readable version of an object
reversed() Returns a reversed iterator
round() Rounds a numbers
set() Returns a new set object
setattr() Sets an attribute (property/method) of an object
slice() Returns a slice object
sorted() Returns a sorted list
staticmethod( Converts a method into a static method
)
str() Returns a string object
sum() Sums the items of an iterator
super() Returns an object that represents the parent class
tuple() Returns a tuple
type() Returns the type of an object
vars() Returns the __dict__ property of an object
zip() Returns an iterator, from two or more iterators
Python Modules
A module to be the same as a code library.
Ex-
Save this code in a file named mymodule.py
def greeting(name):
print("Hello, " + name)
Import the module named mymodule, and call the greeting function:
import mymodule
mymodule.greeting("Students")
output- Hello Students
Variables in Module
The module can contain functions, as already described, but also variables of
all types (arrays, dictionaries, objects.
Ex-
Save this code in the file mymodule.py
person1 = {
"name": "Ranjan",
"age": 36,
"country": "INDIA"
}
Import the module named mymodule, and access the person1 dictionary:
import mymodule
a = mymodule.person1["age"]
print(a)
output- 36
Re-naming a Module
You can create an alias when you import a module, by using the as keyword:
Create an alias for mymodule called mx:
import mymodule as mx
a = mx.person1["age"]
print(a)
output – 36
Built-in Modules
Import and use the platform module:
import platform
x = platform.system()
print(x)
output- windows
dir() Function
There is a built-in function to list all the function names (or variable names) in a
module. The dir() function:
List all the defined names belonging to the platform module:
import platform
x = dir(platform)
print(x)
output -['DEV_NULL', '_UNIXCONFDIR', 'WIN32_CLIENT_RELEASES'] ……
Import From Module
The module named mymodule has one function and one dictionary:
def greeting(name):
print("Hello, " + name)
person1 = {
"name": "Ranjan",
"age": 36,
"country": "INDIA"
}
Import only the person1 dictionary from the module:
from mymodule import person1
print (person1["age"])
output - 36
Multiline String in Python
Python Multiline String Using Triple-Quotes
multiline_string = '''This is a
multiline
string.'''
print(multiline_string)
output- This is a multiline string.
Create a Python Multiline String Using parentheses and single/double quotes
colors = ("multi-line string"
"red \n"
"blue \n"
"green \n"
"yellow \n"
)
print(colors)
output - multi-line stringred
blue
green
yellow
Python Multiline String Using Backslash
x = "multiline String" \
"I love Python" \
"Python Langauge"
print(x)
output - multiline StringI love PythonPython Langauge
Python Multiline String Creation Using join()
x = ' '.join(("multiline String ",
"Python Language",
"Welcome to GFG"))
print(x)
output - multiline String Python Language Welcome to GFG
Multiline String in Python Using string.format()
car = "Ferrari"
price = 250000
x = "Hello, The price of {} is {}".format(car, price)
print(x)
output – Hello, The price of Ferrari is 250000
Multiline String Creation Using % in Python
name = "Ranjan"
points = 100
x = "Hello, %s! You have %d coins." % (name, points)
print(x)
output - Hello, Ranjan! You have 100 coins.
