INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEE

EEN-612: Electrical Transients in Power Systems

Lecture - 06
Traveling Waves and Transmission Line Transients
• Representation using Lattice Diagram
Reflection and Refraction at a T-Junction

i’ , v’ i2  i3  i ' i " i2  i3  i ' i "

Z1 Z2
v v v ' v" v ' v " v ' v " v ' v "
Z3      
i”, v” Z 2 Z3 Z1 Z1 Z2 Z3 Z1 Z1
v v v' v v' v" v" v" v ' v ' v '
       
• Since Z1 and Z2 are in parallel. Z 2 Z3 Z1 Z1 Z1 Z 2 Z 3 Z1 Z 2 Z 3

v  v2  v3 v v v v' v'  1 1 1  1 1 1 
    v "     v '   
Z1 Z 2 Z 3 Z1 Z1  Z1 Z 2 Z 3   Z1 Z 2 Z3 
v  v ' v "
 1 1 1  2v '
v    • The reflection coefficient is
v' v"
i'  and i"    Z1 Z 2 Z 3  Z1
Z1 Z1  1 1 1 
• The refraction coefficient is    
v v 2 v "  Z1 Z 2 Z3 
i2  and i3  
Z2 Z3 v Z1 v'  1 1 1 
    
v'  1 1 1   Z1 Z 2 Z 3 
i ' i "  i2  i3    
 Z1 Z 2 Z3 
2
Reflection and Refraction at a T-Junction
General Case
2  1 1 1 
v Z1     2  1 n
1 

v'  1 1 1 
v "  Z1 Z 2 Z 3 
 v Z1    
v "  Z1 2 Z n 
  v'  1 1 1   
      v'  1 n
1  v'  1 1 
 
n
 Z1 Z 2 Z3  
 Z1 Z 2 Z 3  
 Z1 2 Z n    
 Z1 2 Z n 

Z1 Z1
Z2
Z2

Z3 Z3

3
Line Terminated Through Capacitor
Z0 1 1 
v( s )  2v '   
 s  s  1 Z 0C  
v 2Z L  
DC C  • Taking the inverse Laplace transform
v ' Z L  Z0

v(t )  2v ' 1  e  0 
t ZC

• Therefore, • Reflected voltage
v( s)

2 1 / C s 
 v '/ s  1 / C s   Z 0
  
v ''(t )  2 v ' 1  e  0   v '  v ' 1  2 e  0 
 t Z C  t Z C

2
v' Cs 2v ' 1
v( s)    
s Z  1 Cs  1 
0
Cs 

Z0 s  
C  
v(t )  2v ' 1  e  0 
t Z C

Voltage

2v’
 2v '
Z 0C s   s  1 Z 0C 
1 1 
 2v '   
 s  s  1 Z 0C  
 
Time
4
Capacitor Termination
Z0

DC C



v(t )  2v ' 1  e  0 
t ZC



vmax  2v ' 1  e 
 Z 0C 

5
 Line Terminated Through Inductor
Z0 2v '
v( s) 
v 2Z L  Z0 
  s 
DC L v ' Z L  Z0  L 
• Taking the inverse Laplace transform

v(t )  2v ' e  0 
 Z t L

• Therefore, • Reflected voltage

v ''(t )  2v ' e  0   v '  v '(2e  0   1)
 Z t L  Z t L
v( s) 2Ls

 v '/ s  L s  Z0
v' 2Ls
v( s)  
s L s  Z0 v(t )  2v ' e  0 
Voltage  Z t L

2v’
2v '

 Z0 
s L 
 
Time
6
Inductor Termination

Z0

DC L

v(t )  2v ' e  0 
 Z t L

7
Capacitor at the Junction
2
i’ , v’ Z2
Z1 v Z1

v'  1 1 1 
i”, v”    
 Z1 Z 2 Z3 

• Therefore, 2 2 2Z 2
v Z1 Z1 Z1Z 2C
  
 v '/ s   1  1  1   1

1 Cs    Z1  Z 2  s 

      
 Z1 Z 2 (1/ Cs )  Z
 1 Z 2 1   1 2  1 
Z Z C

 
 
 2v '  1 Z1C  2v 'Z2   1 1 
v     
 s    Z1  Z 2    Z1  Z 2   s   Z1  Z 2   
s   s  
  Z1 Z 2 C     Z1 Z 2 C  

8
Capacitor at the Junction
• Taking the inverse Laplace transform
i’ , v’ Z2
Z1
   1 2 t 
 Z Z 
 2v 'Z2
 1  e  1 2  
ZZ C
v(t )  
  
i”, v”
 Z1  Z 2 

• We have,

  
 
 2v 'Z2   1 1 
v   
 Z1  Z 2   s   Z1  Z 2    
 s  
   Z1 Z 2 C  
   1 2  
 Z Z 
 2v 'Z2
 1  e  1 2  
ZZ C
vmax  
 Z1  Z 2   


9
Bewley Lattice Diagram
Transmission Line
Z0
DC VS R VR
1R
1   R3

 S  1 R  Z0 1
R  1   R2
R  Z0 1   R4
-1 αR
0 1 If  R  0
1 T 3T 5T 7T 9T Time
T
αR αR 1R
2T VR
 R  R
1
3T 1   R2 1   R4
 2  2
R 1   R2 1R 1   R3
R
4T
 R2  R2 If  R  0
5T T 3T 5T 7T 9T Time
 R3  3 1   R3
R
6T
 R3  R3
7T
 4 1   R4
R

10
Bewley Lattice Diagram
αR=-1 αR=0.2  Source: VS = 1000 V DC and ZS = 0 ohm
0  Cable: Z0 = 40 ohm
0
 Load: R = 60 ohm
1000 1000
T
Transmission Line
200 1200 Z0=40
2T
-200 DC VS=1000V R=60
1000 3T

4T -40 960
 S  1 R  Z0
R   0.2
40 R  Z0
1000 5T

6T 8 1008

-8 7T
1000

8T -1.6 998.4

1000 1.6 9T

10T 0.32 1000.32

-0.32
11
Bewley Lattice Diagram
4 3 2 1 kV
αR=-1 αR=0.2
0 0 1
1000 1000
T
200 1200
2T kV

1000 -200
3T
2
4T -40 960

1000 40 5T
kV

6T 8 1008
3
-8 7T
1000

8T -1.6 998.4
kV
1000 1.6 9T

0.32 1000.32
4
10T
-0.32
12
Successive Reflection and Lattice Diagram

13
13
14