Learning Target 6.

1 – DNA Structure & History Study

Guide
LT 6.1 – I am learning how to describe the structure of
DNA and explain the history of its discovery.
1. A nucleotide is made of three parts: a
group, a five-carbon sugar, and a Learning Target 6.2 – DNA Replication Study Guide
base. LT 6.2 – I am learning how to explain the process of DNA
replication.
2. In a single strand of DNA, the phosphate group bonds to the 1. Number the steps of DNA replication in the correct order (1,
___ of the next group to create the backbone. 2, 3):

3. Chargaff’s rule states that DNA of any species contains equal ____ Daughter strands of DNA are formed using free
_ nucleotides
amounts of and
and equal amounts of and ____
. _ DNA unwinds
____ The DNA of the daughter strand winds together with
4. Watson and Crick with the help of Rosalind Franklin and _ its parent strand.
others determined the shape of a DNA molecule, which is a 2. What enzyme “cuts” the hydrogen bonds to separate DNA
. strands during replication?

5. Why do purines pair with pyrimidines? 3. What enzyme connects new bases to old bases?

4. Why is DNA replication said to be “semi-conservative”?

6. If a DNA molecule contains 35% cytosine, how much guanine 5. DNA replication takes place during of
is there? How much adenine is there? the cell cycle before cell division occurs.
G=
6. Show the complementary base pairing that would occur in
A= the replication of the DNA molecule below. Use TWO
different colored pencils to show which strands are the
7. Draw a nucleotide. original and which are newly made.

8. Draw and label a section of DNA – your drawing needs to

contain 3 nitrogen base pairings.
 Remains in the
nucleus
Moves out of the
nucleus
Blue print
Master plan
Sugar-phosphate
backbone

2. There are three kinds of RNA. Carries

Learning Target 6.3 - RNA Structure Study Guide the information from the nucleus to the ribosomes in the
cytoplasm. ___ reads the message and binds the
LT 6.3 – I am learning how to explain the roles of the
different types of RNA in cell processes and relating it to specific amino acid to make the protein. ___ is the
the structure of RNA. most abundant form of RNA and makes up the ribosomes.

1. Complete the chart below of characteristics found in either 3. RNA stands for
DNA or RNA or Both. Use check marks to indicate which are
found in DNA and which are found in RNA.

Characteristics Found in DNA Found in RNA 4. In RNA, adenine always pairs with .

Ribose present
Deoxyribose
present
Learning Target 6.4 – Protein Synthesis Study Guide
Phosphate present LT 6.4 – I am learning how to explain the relationship
Adenine present between DNA, RNA, proteins.
1. Transcription is when DNA | RNA is converted into RNA |
Thymine present
protein.
Uracil present 2. Translation is when DNA | RNA is converted into RNA |
Guanine present protein.
3. Transcription occurs in the nucleus | cytoplasm because it
Cytosine present involves DNA | RNA
Double stranded 4. Translation occurs in the nucleus | cytoplasm because it
involves DNA | RNA
Single stranded

5. Transcribe and Translate the following DNA sequence:

 DNA A T C C T G G T A G A T C C T 2. What is the difference between a point mutation and a
sequence: T A A G chromosomal mutation?

Transcribe:
Translate:
3. For each diagram below, indicate what type of chromosome
6. How many codons are needed to form a protein with three mutation is illustrated. Choose from: deletion,
amino acids? insertion/duplication, inversion, and translocation.
7. How many nitrogen bases are read in a codon?
8. Compare and contrast transcription and translation. Think
start, end, location, etc.

4. For letter A-E choose from the following terms: insertion,

9. Explain the process of protein synthesis.
deletion, point mutation, inversion, substitution,
translocation, duplication. Some questions may have
more than one term. Terms may be used more than once.
A. Name the three types of point mutations.

10. What are the functions of the following enzymes? During

which process are they used?
 DNA helicase –
B. Name the four types of chromosomal mutations.

 DNA polymerase –

C. What mutations would be considered frameshift

 RNA polymerase – mutations?

Learning Target 6.5 – Mutations Study Guide

LT 6.5 – I am learning how to identify mutations and D. Which mutation involves two chromosomes?
describe the effects they have on organisms.
1. What is the definition of a mutation? E. Can a point mutation be a frameshift?
5. Show how mutations can cause problems by completing the
protein synthesis of the following DNA strands. Use the
codon chart found in your notes.
 LT 6.6 – I am learning how to distinguish between different
types of DNA technology and explain how they are used.
Directions: Match the description to the correct term.

_____ 1. Inbreeding A. Crossing two different

organisms to create an
individual that has the best
traits of both; creates mules,
ligers, and beefalo.
_____ 2. Selective B. Creating two genetically
breeding identical organisms from cells
produced from a single cell.
_____ 3. Hybridization C. Organisms with desired traits
are allowed to reproduce:
creates domesticated animals
_____ 4. Cloning D. Undifferentiated cells than can
be manipulated to develop
different types of body tissue.
_____ 5. Stem cells E. Continually breeding
organisms with similar
characteristics; creates
purebred animals.

6. Put the following steps of the cloning process in order.

______ An egg cell is taken from donor animal
______ The body cell and egg cell are fused by electric
shock
______ The embryo is implanted into the uterus of a foster
mother
______ A body cell is taken from a donor animal
______ The nucleus is removed from the egg
______ The fused cell begins dividing, becoming embryo
______ The embryo develops into a cloned animal

LT 6.6 – DNA Technology Study Guide 7. What TWO types of cells are used in cloning?
8. What is DNA fingerprinting?

9. Look at the DNA fingerprint pattern shown below. Which pair

of parents’ DNA matched the soldier’s DNA? Hint – Compare
the DNA pattern for the soldier to each of the pairs of
parents. Eliminate pairs where at least one parent does not
match the soldier.