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Sampling Theory

The document discusses Sampling Theory, focusing on the Sampling Theorem which states that a signal can be completely described by its samples if the sampling frequency is at least twice the highest frequency present in the signal, known as the Nyquist frequency. It also covers the process of reconstructing the original signal using low-pass filtering and addresses the issue of aliasing when the sampling rate is insufficient. The content is presented by Liang Dong from Baylor University, dated January 17, 2017.

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Mohamed shabana
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5 views12 pages

Sampling Theory

The document discusses Sampling Theory, focusing on the Sampling Theorem which states that a signal can be completely described by its samples if the sampling frequency is at least twice the highest frequency present in the signal, known as the Nyquist frequency. It also covers the process of reconstructing the original signal using low-pass filtering and addresses the issue of aliasing when the sampling rate is insufficient. The content is presented by Liang Dong from Baylor University, dated January 17, 2017.

Uploaded by

Mohamed shabana
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Sampling Theory

Liang Dong

Electrical and Computer Engineering


Baylor University
liang [email protected]

January 17, 2017

Liang Dong (Baylor University) Sampling Theory January 17, 2017 1 / 12


Sampling Dilemma

Liang Dong (Baylor University) Sampling Theory January 17, 2017 2 / 12


Sampling Dilemma

Liang Dong (Baylor University) Sampling Theory January 17, 2017 3 / 12


Sampling Dilemma

Liang Dong (Baylor University) Sampling Theory January 17, 2017 4 / 12


The Theory

Sampling Theorem
If a signal x(t) contains no frequency components for frequencies above
f = W hertz, then it is completely described by instantaneous sample
values uniformly spaced in time with period Ts ≤ 1/2W .

That is, the sampling frequency fs = 1/Ts needs to satisfy

fs ≥ 2W .

The frequency 2W is referred to as the Nyquist frequency.

Liang Dong (Baylor University) Sampling Theory January 17, 2017 5 / 12


The Proof

x(t) x[n]

t n

Suppose that x(t) is a continuous-time signal. x[n] is the discrete-time


signal that consists of samples of x(t) with a sampling period Ts .
Therefore,
x[n] = x(nTs ), − ∞ < n < ∞.

Liang Dong (Baylor University) Sampling Theory January 17, 2017 6 / 12


x(t) X(f)

t f
xs(t) Xs(f)

t -fs fs f

Liang Dong (Baylor University) Sampling Theory January 17, 2017 7 / 12


Suppose that the Fourier transform of x(t) is X (f ). That is,

X (f ) = F{x(t)}.

The continuous-time representation of the sampled signal is


∞
X
xs (t) = x(nTs )δ(t − nTs )
n=−∞
∞
X
= x(t) δ(t − nTs )
n=−∞

where δ(t) is the Dirac delta function.

Liang Dong (Baylor University) Sampling Theory January 17, 2017 8 / 12


The Fourier transform of xs (t) is Xs (f ), which can be calculated as
( ∞ )
X
Xs (f ) = F{xs (t)} = X (f ) ⊗ F δ(t − nTs )
n=−∞
∞
" #
X
= X (f ) ⊗ fs δ(f − nfs )
n=−∞
∞
X
= fs X (f ) ⊗ δ(f − nfs )
n=−∞
∞
X
= fs X (f ) ⊗ δ(f − nfs )
n=−∞
X∞
= fs X (f − nfs )
n=−∞

where, fs = 1/Ts is the sampling frequency.

Liang Dong (Baylor University) Sampling Theory January 17, 2017 9 / 12


Low pass filtering
xs(t)

t W fs/2 f
x(t)

f t

Liang Dong (Baylor University) Sampling Theory January 17, 2017 10 / 12


In order to reconstruct the original signal x(t), we need to pass the
sampled signal xs (t) through an ideal low-pass filter (rectangular
function in frequency) to remove the high-frequency replicas.

A prefect X (f ) can be extracted by applying the rectangular function


for filtering only when
fs /2 ≥ W
where W is the largest frequency component in signal x(t). 

Liang Dong (Baylor University) Sampling Theory January 17, 2017 11 / 12


Aliasing

X(f) Xs(f)

f -fs fs f

Sampling rate fs is smaller than the Nyquist rate 2W .

Liang Dong (Baylor University) Sampling Theory January 17, 2017 12 / 12

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