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Frequency Analysis Signals I I

The document discusses frequency analysis of signals, focusing on properties of the Fourier Transform for both discrete and continuous-time signals. It covers symmetry properties, Fourier Transform theorems, and key concepts such as linearity, time shifting, convolution, and modulation. The presentation is structured into sections that detail the mathematical relationships and implications of these properties in signal processing.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

6 views25 pages

Frequency Analysis Signals I I

Uploaded by

Mohamed shabana

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

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ELC 4351: Digital Signal Processing

Liang Dong

Electrical and Computer Engineering

Baylor University
liang [email protected]

April 6, 2017

Liang Dong (Baylor University) Frequency Analysis of Signals II April 6, 2017 1 / 25

Frequency Analysis of Signals

1 Frequency-Domain and Time-Domain Signal Properties

Frequency-Domain and Time-Domain Signal Properties

2 Properties of the Fourier Transform for Discrete-Time Signals

Symmetry Properties of the Fourier Transform
Fourier Transform Theorems and Properties

Liang Dong (Baylor University) Frequency Analysis of Signals II April 6, 2017 2 / 25

Frequency-Domain and Time-Domain Signal Properties

Frequency Analysis Tools

The Fourier series for continuous-time periodic signals
The Fourier transform for continuous-time aperiodic signals
The Fourier series for discrete-time periodic signals
The Fourier transform for discrete-time aperiodic signals

Continuous-time signals have aperiodic spectra

Discrete-time signals have periodic spectra
Periodic signals have discrete spectra
Aperiodic finite energy signals have continuous spectra

Liang Dong (Baylor University) Frequency Analysis of Signals II April 6, 2017 3 / 25

The Fourier Series for Continuous-Time Periodic Signals

Periodicity with period α in one domain implies discretization with spacing

1/α in the other domain, and vice versa.
Liang Dong (Baylor University) Frequency Analysis of Signals II April 6, 2017 4 / 25
Notation

∞
X
X (ω) , F {x(n)} = x(n)e −jωn
n=−∞
Z π
−1 1
x(n) , F {X (ω)} = X (ω)e jωn dω
2π −π

Fourier transform pair: x(n) ←→F X (ω)

where, X (ω) is periodic with period 2π.

If signal is complex, it can be expressed in rectangular form

x(n) = xR (n) + jxI (n)

X (ω) = XR (ω) + jXI (ω)
Liang Dong (Baylor University) Frequency Analysis of Signals II April 6, 2017 5 / 25
Symmetry Properties of the Fourier Transform
When a signal satisfies some symmetry properties in the time domain,
these properties impose some symmetry conditions on its Fourier
transform.
Using the rectangular form and e jω = cos ω + j sin ω, we have
∞
X
XR (ω) = [xR (n) cos ωn + xI (n) sin ωn]
n=−∞
∞
X
XI (ω) = − [xR (n) sin ωn − xI (n) cos ωn]
n=−∞

and
Z π
1
xR (n) = [XR (ω) cos ωn − XI (ω) sin ωn]dω
2π −π
Z π
1
xI (n) = [XR (ω) sin ωn + XI (ω) cos ωn]dω
2π −π

Liang Dong (Baylor University) Frequency Analysis of Signals II April 6, 2017 6 / 25

Symmetry Properties of the Fourier Transform

Real signals. xR (n) = x(n) and xI (n) = 0.

∞
X
XR (ω) = x(n) cos ωn
n=−∞
∞
X
XI (ω) = − x(n) sin ωn
n=−∞

It follows that

XR (−ω) = XR (ω)
XI (−ω) = −XI (ω)

=⇒ X ∗ (ω) = X (−ω). The spectrum of a real signal has Hermitian

symmetry.

Liang Dong (Baylor University) Frequency Analysis of Signals II April 6, 2017 7 / 25

Symmetry Properties of the Fourier Transform

Real signals. xR (n) = x(n) and xI (n) = 0.

XR (−ω) = XR (ω) (even)

XI (−ω) = −XI (ω) (odd)

|X (−ω)| = |X (ω)| (even)

∠X (−ω) = −∠X (ω) (odd)

Liang Dong (Baylor University) Frequency Analysis of Signals II April 6, 2017 8 / 25

Symmetry Properties of the Fourier Transform

Real and even signals. xR (n) = x(n), xI (n) = 0 and x(−n) = x(n).

∞
X
XR (ω) = x(0) + 2 x(n) cos ωn (even)
n=1
XI (ω) = 0

It has real-valued spectrum, which is even function of the frequency ω.

Liang Dong (Baylor University) Frequency Analysis of Signals II April 6, 2017 9 / 25

Symmetry Properties of the Fourier Transform

Real and odd signals. xR (n) = x(n), xI (n) = 0 and x(−n) = −x(n).

XR (ω) = 0
∞
X
XI (ω) = −2 x(n) sin ωn (odd)
n=1

It has imaginary-valued spectrum, which is odd function of the frequency

ω.

Liang Dong (Baylor University) Frequency Analysis of Signals II April 6, 2017 10 / 25

Symmetry Properties of the Fourier Transform

Purely imaginary signals. xR (n) = 0 and jxI (n) = x(n).

∞
X
XR (ω) = xI (n) sin ωn (odd)
n=−∞
X∞
XI (ω) = xI (n) cos ωn (even)
n=−∞

Liang Dong (Baylor University) Frequency Analysis of Signals II April 6, 2017 11 / 25

Symmetry Properties of the Fourier Transform

Purely imaginary and odd signals. xR (n) = 0, jxI (n) = x(n) and
xI (−n) = −xI (n).

∞
X
XR (ω) = 2 xI (n) sin ωn (odd)
n=1
XI (ω) = 0

It has real-valued spectrum, which is odd function of the frequency ω.

Liang Dong (Baylor University) Frequency Analysis of Signals II April 6, 2017 12 / 25

Symmetry Properties of the Fourier Transform

Purely imaginary and even signals. xR (n) = 0, jxI (n) = x(n) and
xI (−n) = xI (n).

XR (ω) = 0
∞
X
XI (ω) = xI (0) + 2 xI (n) cos ωn (even)
n=1

It has imaginary-valued spectrum, which is even function of the frequency

ω.

Liang Dong (Baylor University) Frequency Analysis of Signals II April 6, 2017 13 / 25

Symmetry Properties of the Fourier Transform
Summary of symmetry properties for the Fourier Transform