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Waveform Generations: 14-FEB-2012 Experiment No:5

The document summarizes an experiment to generate square, triangular, and sinusoidal waveforms using op-amp circuits. It provides the components, theory of operation, design procedures, and results. Square and triangular waves were generated with 50% and 75% duty cycles at 1 kHz by designing integrator and threshold detector circuits. A Wien bridge oscillator circuit was also designed to generate a 1 kHz sinusoidal waveform. The output waveforms were observed and plotted, showing some distortion when changing component values for the triangular generator or removing diodes from the sine generator.

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44 views14 pages

Waveform Generations: 14-FEB-2012 Experiment No:5

The document summarizes an experiment to generate square, triangular, and sinusoidal waveforms using op-amp circuits. It provides the components, theory of operation, design procedures, and results. Square and triangular waves were generated with 50% and 75% duty cycles at 1 kHz by designing integrator and threshold detector circuits. A Wien bridge oscillator circuit was also designed to generate a 1 kHz sinusoidal waveform. The output waveforms were observed and plotted, showing some distortion when changing component values for the triangular generator or removing diodes from the sine generator.

Uploaded by

azharms
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 14

14-FEB-2012 EXPERIMENT NO:5

WAVEFORM GENERATIONS
AIM

To design and setup op-amp based circuits to obtain a) Square and triangular waveforms b) Sinusoidal waveforms

COMPONENTS REQUIRED

1. LM324 2. Resistors: 6.5K, 1K, 2.6K, 2K, 2.3k, 158k, 9.2K, 25.45K 3. Variable resistors: 10K, 20K 4. Capacitors: 0.1uF, 1nF 5. Diodes

THEORY

1.SQUARE AND TRIANGULAR WAVEFORM GENERATION

The working of the triangle wave generator can be split up into the working of its two main components. The threshold detector in Figure 2 and the integrator in Figure 3 are analyzed separately and then combined to gi ve the final circuit as shown in Figure 1. This figure is for 50% duty cycle.

Fig .1( 50 % dut y cyc le)

Thr eshold Detector with Hysteresis

The output of the threshold detector, VTHR , can be either high (+Vsat) or low (-Vsat). When the input voltage (Vin ) is below a certain threshold, the output is low; when the input is above a certain higher threshold, the output is high; and when the input is between the two thresholds, the output retains its value until the input changes sufficiently to trigger a change. This delayed action is called hysteresis. The threshold detector in Figure 2 exhibits hysteresis. We get a square wave as output.

Op-Amp Integrator circuit

The integrator in Figure 3 is an op amp resistor circuit with a feedback capacitor, C1. The capacitor C1 ties the op amps input to its output. The integrator, as its name indicates, integrates its input signal. The input signal in the final circuit, as seen in Figure 1, is provided by the threshold detector. Since its an inverting circuit, we get negative slope for positive input. Let Vr be its maximum output.

An example for figure1 output:

Fig 4

For mul as:

Wh en volt age changes from +Vsat to -Vsat, voltage at pin3 of op-amp2 is 0V. Then,

Therefore peak to peak voltage of triangular wave,

The time taken for triangular wave to swing between +Vr and -Vr is

Therefore taking capacitor output, we get,

=>

Substituting value Vpp, we get ,

Triangular wave for different duty cycle

Fig5

Here when op-amp2 has Vo = +Vsat, D2 is ON and R3 decides time(T1)

for negative slope. For -Vsat, T2 decided by R4.

2.SINUSOIDAL WAVEFORM GENERATOR (WIEN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR)

The wien bridge oscillator circuit is shown below:

Fig6

Here we have a positive feedback circuit with R-C combination as shown. Output voltage for a positive feedback circuit is,

A-Output gain B-Feedback factor

For this circuit to oscillate, |A*B|=1 and angle(A*B)=0. These conditions are called Barkhausen stability criterion. When these conditions are satisfied, the circuit oscil lates and we get a cosin e outp ut.

Give n belo w is a pract ical circu it. Diod es

are for limiting amplitude

Fig7

Derivation

Let voltage at pin 3 be Vf.

We get,

were,

Zp = R ||

Zs = R +

Therefore,

And

Put angle(A*B) = 0, We get w = 1/RC

and |A*B| = 1, we get R2 = 2*R1

Design

1.SQUARE AND TRIANGULAR WAVEFORM GENERATION

a) 50% duty cycle

We have,

For Vsat = 13V and Vpp = 10V,

R1 = 2.6K and R2 = 1K

And,

For f = 1KHz, R2 = 1K and R1 = 2.6K, choose C1 = 0.1uF

We get R3 = 6.5K

b) 75% duty cycle

We have,

For Vsat = 13V and Vpp = 10V, R1 = 2.6K and R2 = 1K

And with R1 = 2.6K and R2 = 1K,

For T1 = 0.25 mS, R3 = 3.3K For T2 = 0.75 mS, R4 = 10K

2.SINUSOIDAL WAVEFORM GENERATION (WIEN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR)

we have

For f = 1KHz and choose C = 1nF, we get R = 159K

And R2 = 2*R1, choose R1 = 5K and R2 = 10K(Fig6). We can use variable resistors instead of R1, R2 and R3 in fig7.

PROCEDURE

a. Square and triangular waveform generation

1. Design the circuit in fig1 to generate a triangular waveform of 1KHz frequency

with 50 % duty cycle and peak to peak voltage of 10V.


2. Observe and record the voltages Vo1, Vo2 and Vo3. 3. Design the circuit in fig5 for 75% duty cycle, 1KHz frequency and Vpp = 10V. 4. Repeat step 2. 5. Replace the capacitor with 10nF and observe the outputs. 6. Change the resistance values R4 and R3 and observe the change in output.

b. Sinusoidal waveform generation

1. Design the circuit given in fig7 for 1KHz frequency. 2. Observe and record the output waveform. 3. Vary R3 in fig7 and record the waveform. 4. Observe the output withought the amplitude stabilization circuit.

OBSERVATIONS

The output waveforms are observed and drawn on a graph paper which are shown in next page. When we change C, R3 and R4 for triangular wave generation, we get a slightly destorted waveform. For sine wave generation, we get a distorted wave on removing the diodes.

RESULT

The output waveforms have been observed, studied and plotted.

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