Answers

Chapter 1 17. e.g., If social networking sites were the only way to pass information
among people, it is reasonable that everyone would access such a
Lesson 1.1, page 12 site once per day to connect with people or obtain news. Because
of various schedules (e.g., working or sleeping during the day, time
1. e.g., The manager made the conjecture that each type of ski would sell zones), it is reasonable that it would take at least 12 h for the news
equally as well as the others. to reach the whole Canadian population.
2. Tomas’s conjecture is not reasonable. 99(11) 5 1089 18. e.g., Thérèse’s conjecture is possible.
3. e.g., The sum of two even integers is always even. For example, Cut the paper along the red lines.
6 1 12 5 18 34 1 72 5 106 Unfold to form a hole larger than the
4. e.g., The yellow symbolizes the wheat fields of Saskatchewan, the original piece of paper.
green symbolizes the northern forests, and the fleur de lys represents 19. e.g., A conjecture is a belief, and
la Francophonie. inferences and hypotheses are also
5. e.g., Mary made the conjecture that the sum of the angles in beliefs. However, conjectures,
quadrilaterals is 360°. inferences, and hypotheses are validated
6. e.g., The fewest number of triangles in a polygon is the number of differently because they relate to
sides subtracted by 2. different subjects: mathematics/logic,
Polygon heptagon octagon nonagon literature, and science.
20. e.g., The photograph is of a shadow of a
Fewest statue holding a globe.
Number of The photograph is of a shadow of a soccer goalie, near the goal,
Triangles holding the ball above her head.
5 6 7 The picture is of a shadow of a child holding a ball above his head
7. e.g., The result is always an even number ending with a decimal of .25. near a swing set.
8. a) e.g., The sums of the digits of multiples of 3 are always 3, 6, or 9. 21. e.g., The statement is not a conjecture. The company making the
9. e.g., The sum of one odd integer and one even integer is always odd. claim probably surveyed some dentists to get their opinion; however,
31457 these dentists’ opinion may not represent that of all dentists.
211 1 44 5 33 22. e.g., Conjectures about sports may not be accurate because a player
90 1 121 5 211 or a team’s performance may change depending on the health of the
10. e.g., The temperature on November 1 in Hay River never goes player or the constitution of the team.
above 5 °C. My conjecture is supported by the data: none of the
temperatures are above 5 °C. Lesson 1.2, page 17
11. e.g., Paula’s conjecture is reasonable. When you multiply an odd digit
with an odd digit, the result is odd: 1. e.g., The dimensions of the tabletops are the same. A ruler may be
1 112 5 1; 3 132 5 9; 5 152 5 25; 7 172 5 49; 9 192 5 81 used to measure them.
Since the ones of a product are the result of a multiplication of two 2. e.g., The pattern will continue until 12345678987654321; after that,
digits, squaring an odd integer will always result in an odd integer. it will change. I can test my conjecture using a spreadsheet.
12. e.g., The diagonals of rectangles intersect each other at their 3. e.g., When two regular congruent polygons are positioned so that
midpoints. I used my ruler to check various rectangles. there is a common side, the polygon formed will have 2n 2 2 sides,
13. e.g., Text messages are written using small keypads or keyboards, where n is the number of sides in one original polygon. My conjecture
making text entry difficult. Abbreviations reduce the difficult typing is invalid. The resulting figure is 4-sided:
that needs to be done, e.g., LOL is 3 characters, “laugh out loud” is 14.
14. e.g., Nick made the conjecture that the medians of a triangle always
intersect at one point.

Lesson 1.3, page 22

1. e.g.,
a) 0 is a number that is not negative, and is not positive.
15. e.g., If March comes in like a lamb, it will go out like a lion. People
b) 2 is a prime number that is not odd.
may have noticed that when the weather was mild at the beginning of
c) Muggsy Bogues was an NBA player who was 1.6 m (5 ft 3 in.) tall.
March, or near the end of winter, there would be bad weather at the
end of March, or near the beginning of spring.
16. e.g., The town will be in the bottom right of the map near the mouth
of the large river. People tend to live near bodies of fresh water, and
this is one of the few flat areas on the map.

NEL Answers 527

 d) The height of a triangle can lie outside the triangle. 17. e.g.,
a) The number picked and the final result are the same.
b) I cannot find a counterexample. This does not imply that the
conjecture is valid, but it does strengthen it.
h 18. e.g., Inductive reasoning can be used to make a conjecture; a
conjecture is supported by evidence and can be invalidated by a
counterexample.
b 19. Disagree. e.g., 42 2 3 5 13
20. a) e.g.,
e) If a city’s shape is roughly rectangular and it lies along a northeast-
southwest axis, then the map will be set to accommodate the city’s 0% There won’t be rain, even if it’s cloudy. Perfect for a day at the
shape, and the north arrow would instead point toward a corner of lake.
the map. 10% Little chance of rain or snow. A good day for a hike.
f ) !0.01 5 0.1 20% No rain is expected; good weather for soccer.
g) 210 1 5 5 25
30% There’s a small chance of rain. I’ll risk a game of ultimate at the
h) Travelling north in the southern hemisphere generally results in a local park.
warmer climate.
40% It might rain, but I might skateboard close to home.
2. Disagree. e.g., The sides of a rhombus are equal, but its angles may
not be 90°. 50% It’s a good idea to bring an umbrella or rain jacket on the way
to school.
3. Disagree. e.g., 1 1102 5 10
4. Disagree. e.g., 9 1 12 5 21 60% It’s a very good idea to bring an umbrella or rain jacket on the
way to school.
5. Disagree. e.g., 99. 9 1 9 5 18. 18 2 9
6. Disagree. e.g., a kite with angles of 90°, 45°, 90°, and 135° 70% The chance for no rain is 3 out of 10—I’ll stay inside and watch
a movie.
7. e.g., Claire’s conjecture seems reasonable because so many
80% Rain is likely. I’ll read a book.
combinations are possible. I tried a few examples.
90% It will almost certainly rain. I’ll spend time surfing the Internet.
Number Expression
100% It will definitely rain. I’ll play a game of basketball indoors.
6 6
17 2 52
!4 b) e.g., For probabilities of 30% or less, I’d definitely go outside
because of the low chance of rain. For probabilities of 40%–50%,
10 6 152
I would still go outdoors because it’s about a 1 in 2 chance it will
724
rain. For 60% or more, which is closer to a two-thirds chance that
19 4 152 2 7 1 6 it will rain, I would definitely stay indoors.
21. Agree. e.g., If n is odd, its square will be odd. Two odd numbers and
8. e.g., My evidence strengthens George’s conjecture. For example,
one even number added together result in an even number. If n is
123456789 # 4 1 9 5 493827165
even, then three even numbers are added together, and that results in
1234567891011 # 4 1 11 5 4938271564055
an even number.
9. e.g., The sum of digits in any multiple of 9 greater than zero will
be divisible by 9.
10. e.g., Patrice’s conjecture is reasonable. Integers separated by a value Lesson 1.4, page 31
of 2 will both be odd or both be even, and their squares will both be
1. e.g., Let n be any number.
odd or both be even. Adding two even numbers together and adding
1n 2 32 1 1n 2 22 1 1n 2 12 1 n 1 1n 1 12
two odd numbers together result in an even number.
1 1n 1 22 1 1n 1 32 5 7n
11. e.g., Geoff’s conjecture is not valid. Kites and rhombuses have
Since n is the median, Chuck’s conjecture is true.
perpendicular diagonals.
2. Austin got a good haircut.
12. e.g., Amy’s conjecture could be changed to “When any number
3. e.g., The angles formed at the intersection of the diagonals are two
greater than 1 is multiplied by itself, it will be greater than the
pairs of opposite, equal angles.
starting number.”
4. e.g., Let 2n and 2m represent any two even numbers.
13. e.g., Any real number is divisible by another real number.
2n 1 2m 5 2 1n 1 m2
425.353 p
5 315.076... 3 5 1.510... Since 2 is a factor of the sum, the sum is even.
1.35 !9 5. Let 2n 1 1 represent an odd number and 2m represent an even number.
Counterexample: 0 is a real number for which division is not defined.
2m 12n 1 12 5 4mn 1 2m
14. Disagree. e.g., The number 2 cannot be written as the sum of
2m 12n 1 12 5 2 12mn 1 m2
consecutive numbers.
Since 2 is a factor of the product, the product is even.
15. e.g., Blake’s claim is not valid. The number 3 cannot be written as the
6. e.g., Using the Pythagorean theorem, we can show that the first and
sum of three primes.
third triangles have a right angle opposite the hypotenuse.
16. e.g.,
42 1 32 5 16 1 9 62 1 82 5 36 1 64
a) 18 5 5 1 13 2 2
4 1 3 5 25 62 1 82 5 100
54 5 11 1 43
42 1 32 5 52 62 1 82 5 102
106 5 5 1 101
So, angles a and c are 90°.
b) A counterexample would be an even number that is not equal to
Angle b and the right angle are supplementary. Angle b is 90°.
the sum of two primes.
Since angles a, b, and c are all 90°, they are equal to each other.

528 Answers NEL

 7. a) e.g., 13. e.g., Let abcd represent any four-digit number.
abcd 5 1000a 1 100b 1 10c 1 d
n 5 0 2 11
abcd 5 2 1500a 1 50b 1 5c2 1 d
34 20 0 2 44 The number abcd is divisible by 2 only when d is divisible by 2.
1 10 30 10 2 34
14. e.g., Let ab represent any two-digit number.
ab 5 10a 1 b
42 15 5 2 17
ab 5 5 12a2 1 b
25 10 0 2 22 The number ab is divisible by 5 only when b is divisible by 5.
42 5 0 2 11 Let abc represent any three-digit number.
abc 5 100a 1 10b 1 c
13 8 3 28
abc 5 5 120a 1 2b2 1 c
b) The number abc is divisible by 5 only when c is divisible by 5.
15. e.g., Let ab represent any two-digit number.
n n ab 5 10a 1 b
34 4n ab 5 9a 1 1a 1 b2
The number ab is divisible by 9 only when 1a 1 b2 is divisible by 9.
1 10 4n 1 10

Answers
Let abc represent any three-digit number.
42 2n 1 5 abc 5 100a 1 10b 1 c
25 2n abc 5 99a 1 9b 1 1a 1 b 1 c2
42 n The number abc is divisible by 9 only when 1a 1 b 1 c2 is divisible
by 9.
13 n13
16. e.g.,
8. e.g., The premises do not exclude other pants from being expensive. 52 112 232
5 6.25 5 30.25 5 132.25
9. e.g., 4 4 4
When an odd number is squared and divided by four, it will always
n n result in a decimal number ending with 0.25.
32 2n Let 2n 1 1 represent any odd number.
16 2n 1 6
12n 1 12 2 4n 2 1 4n 1 1
5
4 4
32 4n 1 12
12n 1 12 2 4 1n 2 1 n2 1 1
24 4n 1 8 5
4 4
44 n12 12n 1 12 2 1
5 1n 1 n2 1
2
22 n 4 4
12n 1 12 2
10. e.g., Let 2n 1 1 represent any odd integer. 5 1n 2 1 n2 1 0.25
4
12n 1 12 2 5 4n 2 1 2n 1 2n 1 1 An odd number squared, then divided by four, will always result in a
The numbers 4n 2 and 2n are even. The addition of 1 makes the decimal number ending with 0.25.
result odd. 17. e.g., Joan and Garnet used inductive reasoning to provide more
11. e.g., evidence for the conjecture, but their solutions aren’t mathematical
42 2 62 5 16 2 36 52 2 72 5 25 2 49 proofs. Jamie used deductive reasoning to develop a generalization
42 2 62 5 220 52 2 72 5 224 that proves Simon’s conjecture.
Let n represent any number. 18. e.g., Let x represent the original number; let d represent the difference
n 2 2 1n 2 22 2 5 n 2 2 1n 2 2 4n 1 42 between x and its nearest lower multiple of 10.
n 2 2 1n 2 22 2 5 n 2 2 n 2 1 4n 2 4 Step 1: x 2 d
n 2 2 1n 2 22 2 5 4n 2 4 Step 2: x 1 d
n 2 2 1n 2 22 2 5 4 1n 2 12 Step 3: 1x 1 d 2 1x 2 d 2 5 x 2 2 d 2
The difference is a multiple of 4. Step 4: x 2 2 d 2 1 d 2 5 x 2
12. e.g., 19. e.g., n 2 1 n 1 2 5 n 1n 1 12 1 2
The expression n(n 1 1) represents the product of an odd integer and
Choose a number. n
an even integer. The product of an odd integer and an even integer is
Add 5. n15 always even (see question 5). Adding 2 to an even number results in
Multiply by 3. 3n 1 15 an even number.
Add 3. 3n 1 18
20. e.g., Conjecture: The product of two consecutive natural numbers is
always even.
Divide by 3. n16 The product of two consecutive natural numbers is the product of an
Subtract the number you started with. 6 odd integer and an even integer.

NEL Answers 529

 Let 2n and 2n 1 1 represent any two consecutive natural numbers 9. e.g.,
when the even number is less than the odd number. Let n, n 1 1, n 1 2, and n 1 3 represent any four consecutive
2n 12n 1 12 5 4n 2 1 2n natural numbers.
2n 12n 1 12 5 2 12n 2 1 n2 n 1 1n 1 12 1 1n 1 22 1 1n 1 32 5 4n 1 6
Let 2n and 2n 2 1 represent any two consecutive natural numbers n 1 1n 1 12 1 1n 1 22 1 1n 1 32 5 2 12n 1 32
when the odd number is less than the even number. Since 2 is a factor of the sum, the sum of four consecutive natural
2n 12n 2 12 5 4n 2 2 2n numbers is always even.
2n 12n 2 12 5 2 12n 2 2 n2 10. e.g.,
In both cases, the product has a factor of 2. The product of two 17 1 112 2 5 324 11 1 102 2 5 121 13 1 52 2 5 64
consecutive natural numbers is always even. 72 1 112 5 170 12 1 102 5 101 32 1 52 5 34
17 1 112 2 . 72 1 112 11 1 102 2 . 12 1 102 13 1 52 2 . 32 1 52
Let n and m be any two positive integers.
Mid-Chapter Review, page 35
The square of the sum of two positive integers:
1. e.g., The medicine wheel’s spokes may have pointed toward celestial 1n 1 m2 2 5 n 2 1 2mn 1 m 2
bodies at solstices and equinoxes. The sum of the squares of two positive integers:
2. e.g., The squares follow a pattern of t 1 1 fours, t eights, and 1 nine, n2 1 m2
where t is the term number. For example, the second term, t 5 2, is Since 2mn . 0 for all positive integers,
6672 5 444889 n 2 1 2mn 1 m 2 . n 2 1 m 2
The 25th term in the pattern will be 25 sixes and 1 seven, squared, The square of the sum of two positive integers is greater than the sum
and the result will be 26 fours, 25 eights, and 1 nine. of the squares of the same two integers.
3. e.g., 11. e.g.,
a) The sum of the numbers in the 10th row will be 512. Let 2n 1 1 represent any odd integer.
b) The sum of any row is 21r212, where r is the row number. 12n 1 12 2 2 12n 1 12 5 14n 2 1 4n 1 12 2 12n 1 12
4. e.g., Glenda’s conjecture seems reasonable. For the countries whose 12n 1 12 2 2 12n 1 12 5 4n 2 1 2n
names begin with A, B, C, or S, there are 30 countries whose names 12n 1 12 2 2 12n 1 12 5 2 12n 2 1 n2
end with a consonant and 42 whose names end with a vowel. Since the difference has a factor of 2, the difference between the
5. e.g., Igor Larionov is a Russian hockey player who was inducted into square of an odd integer and the integer itself is always even.
the Hockey Hall of Fame in 2008.
6. Disagree. e.g., The diagonals of parallelograms and rhombuses also Lesson 1.5, page 42
bisect each other.
7. Disagree. e.g., For example, the conjecture “all prime numbers are 1. e.g.,
odd” can be supported by 10 examples (3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 17, 19, a) The statement “all runners train on a daily basis” is invalid.
23, 29), but the conjecture is not valid: 2 is an even prime number. b) The reasoning leading to the conclusion is invalid. Rectangles also
8. e.g., have four right angles.
a) If 5 is chosen, the result is 5. If 2 is chosen, the result is 5. 2. e.g., The first line of the proof is invalid.
Conjecture: The number trick always has a result of 5. 3. e.g., In line 5, Mickey divides by (a 2 b), which is invalid because
n n
a 2 b 5 0.
4. e.g., Noreen’s proof is not valid. Neither figure is a triangle, as in each
13 n13
case what appears to be the hypotenuse is actually two segments not
32 2n 1 6 along the same line (determine the slope of the hypotenuse of each
14 2n 1 10 small triangle to verify). When no pieces overlap, the total area is the
sum of the areas of the individual pieces. That total area is 32 square
42 n15
units.
2n 5 5. Ali did not correctly divide by 2 in line 4.
6. a) e.g., With a street address of 630 and an age of 16:
b) If 7 is chosen, the result is 7. If 4 is chosen, the result is 7.
Conjecture: The number trick always has a result of 7. 630 630
n n 32 1 260
32 2n 17 1 267
19 2n 1 9 3 50 63 350
1n 3n 1 9 1 16 63 366
43 n13 2 365 63 001
14 n17 1 15 63 016
2n 7
b) Connie subtracted the wrong number for days of the year. There
are 365 days in the year. Her final expression should be
100n 1 350 1 a 2 365 1 15 5 100n 1 a
c) The number of the street address is multiplied by 100, making the
tens and ones columns 0. The age can be added in without any
values being carried.
7. e.g., In line 7, there is a division by 0. Since a 5 b, a 2 2 ab 5 0.

530 Answers NEL

 8. e.g., False proofs appear true because each mathematical step involved 8. The brother is a liar.
in the reasoning seems sound. In a false proof, there is one (or more) 9. Bob is the quarterback, Kurt is the receiver, and Morty is the kicker.
incorrect steps that are misinterpreted as being correct. 10. e.g.,
9. e.g., In general, strips of paper have two sides, a back and a front. a) The pair 2, 6 cannot be in envelope 8 because the 6 is required for
A mark made on the front will not continue to the back unless the envelope 13 or 14.
paper is turned over. When joined as described in the question, the b) deductive
piece of paper has only one side and is called a Mobius strip. A single, 11. abcd 5 2178
continuous mark can be made along the paper without turning 12. e.g.,
it over. a)
10. e.g., The question is misleading. Each person initially paid $10 for
the meal, but got $1 back. So, each person paid $9 for the meal. The
meal cost $25. The waiter kept $2.
3 192 2 2 5 25

Lesson 1.6, page 48

Answers
1. a) inductive d) deductive
b) deductive e) inductive
c) inductive
b) The solution is simple and allows for everyone to be heard.
2. e.g., Many solutions are possible. The middle triangle must add up
13. Tamara
to 15 (e.g., 1, 5, 9; 3, 4, 8) and the outer triangle must add up to 30
14. 35
(e.g., 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8; 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 9).
15. a) Suganthy
1 b) deductive
16. Pour water from the second pail into the fifth one.
4 17. e.g., A problem can be solved using inductive reasoning if it has
a pattern that can be continued. A problem can be solved using
8 2 deductive reasoning if general rules can be applied to obtain the
solution. It is not always possible to tell which kind of reasoning is
needed to solve a problem.
6 5 18. 10 days
9 7 3 19. Arlene
20. Pick a fruit from the apples and oranges box. Because the label is
3. incorrect, the fruit picked determines which label goes on this box:
apple or orange. Say an orange was picked. Since the labels are
incorrect on the two remaining boxes, the box with the apples label is
the apples and oranges box, and the box that had the oranges label on
it is the apple box.
4. a) e.g.,
1 2 3
333 666 999
Lesson 1.7, page 55
333 666 999 1. 120; the pattern is n 1n 1 22
333 666 999 2. e.g., triple 20, double 3; double 20, double 10, double 3; triple 10,
1333 1666 1999 triple 10, double 3
1333 2666 3999 3. e.g., To win, you must leave your opponent with 20, 16, 12, 8, and 4
b) three toothpicks.
5. e.g., 4.
a)

5. a) e.g., b) e.g., I determined the possible

b) Different approaches to the problem could include deductive combinations for 9, 8, and 7. I
reasoning or trial and error. 1 identified common addends and
6. e.g., Let A represent one side of the river and B the other. Move goat put those in the triangle’s corners
4 8
to B; return to A. Move wolf to B; return with goat to A. Move hay and completed the sides.
to B; return. Move goat to B. 9 6
7. 28
3 5 7 2

NEL Answers 531

 6. e.g., b)
a) Numbers in each column go up by 3. Numbers in each row go up 6 3 4 8 2 5 7 9 1
by 4.
9 5 8 3 7 1 4 6 2
b)
6 10 14 2 7 1 4 6 9 3 5 8

1 4 5 6 8 3 2 7 9
9 13 17
3 6 7 9 1 2 8 4 5
12 16 20
8 9 2 7 5 4 6 1 3

7 1 3 2 9 6 5 8 4
Selva’s observation that the magic sum is three times the number
in the middle square holds. My magic sum is 39. 4 8 9 5 3 7 1 2 6
c) The numbers in any square follow the pattern below.
5 2 6 1 4 8 9 3 7
n27 n23 n11
11. a) b)
2 7 6 2 9 4
n24 n n14 9 5 1 7 5 3

4 3 8 6 1 8
n21 n13 n17
12. 20
If n 2 7 is chosen, n and n 1 7 may be chosen, or n 1 3 and 13.
30 3 36 3 24 18 1
n 1 4 may be chosen. All possible choices are listed below. 6 5 3 2 1 4
1n 2 72 1 n 1 1n 1 72 5 3n
1n 2 72 1 1n 1 32 1 1n 1 42 5 3n 31 71
1n 2 42 1 1n 2 32 1 1n 1 72 5 3n 1 2 6 4 3 5
1n 2 42 1 1n 1 32 1 1n 1 12 5 3n
1n 2 12 1 1n 2 32 1 1n 1 42 5 3n 20 3 52
1n 2 12 1 n 1 1n 1 12 5 3n 2 4 5 1 6 3
All choices result in the magic sum, which is three times the
12 22 13 1
number in the middle square.
5 3 1 6 4 2
7. e.g.,
a) 3 (or 24 for all permutations) 71 22
b) The number in the middle is always odd. 4 1 2 3 5 6
c) Show that the number in the middle must be odd and that there
are eight solutions for each odd number in the middle. 24 32
8. e.g., Put the two coins on the same diagonal. 3 6 4 5 2 1
9. Player O started the game.
10. a) 14. e.g., Using inductive reasoning, I can observe a pattern and use it to
5 1 3 2 6 4 determine a solution. Using deductive reasoning, I can apply logical
rules to help me solve a puzzle or determine a winning strategy for a
2 6 4 5 1 3 game.
15. e.g.,
1 5 2 3 4 6 a) I would play in a spot with the fewest possibilities for placing three
of my markers in a row.
3 4 6 1 5 2 b) Inductive reasoning helps me guess where my opponent will play;
deductive reasoning helps me determine where I should play.
6 3 5 4 2 1

4 2 1 6 3 5 Chapter Self-Test, page 58

1. e.g.,
a) Figure 4 would have one additional cube at the end of each arm,
requiring 16 cubes in all. Figure 5 would have 5 cubes more
than Figure 4, with one at the end of each arm, requiring 21 cubes
in all.
b) The nth structure would require 5n 2 4 cubes to build it.
c) 121 cubes

532 Answers NEL

 2. His conjecture isn’t reasonable: the chance of the coin coming up b) m m
heads is 50%.
35 5m
3. e.g., A pentagon with sides of length 2 has a perimeter of 10.
4. Let 2n 1 1 and 2n 1 3 represent two consecutive odd integers. 17 5m 1 7
Let P represent the product of these integers. 34 20m 1 28
P 5 12n 1 12 12n 1 32
1 13 20m 1 41
P 5 4n 2 1 8n 1 3
P 5 2 12n 2 1 4n2 1 3 35 100m 1 205
2 12n 2 1 4n2 is an even integer, 3 is an odd integer, and the sum of 1d 100m 1 205 1 d
any even and odd integer is an odd integer, so the product of any two 2 205 100m 1 d
consecutive odd integers is an odd integer.
5. e.g., The birth month is multiplied by 100, leaving enough space for a
n n two-digit birthday.
32 2n 11. a) e.g., Twice the sum of the squares of two numbers is equal to the
sum of the squared difference of the numbers and the squared sum
1 20 2n 1 20 of the numbers.

Answers
42 n 1 10 b) Let n and m represent any two numbers.
2 1n 2 1 m 22 5 2n 2 1 2m 2
2n 10
2 1n 2 1 m 22 5 n 2 1 n 2 1 m 2 1 m 2 1 2mn 2 2mn
6. Darlene, Andy, Candice, Bonnie 2 1n 2 1 m 22 5 1n 2 2 2mn 1 m 22 1 1n 2 1 2mn 1 m 22
7. The proof is valid; all the steps are correct. 2 1n 2 1 m 22 5 1n 2 m2 2 1 1n 1 m2 2
2 1n 2 1 m 22 5 a 2 1 b 2
Chapter Review, page 61 Let a represent n 2 m and b represent n 1 m.
A sum of two squares, doubled, is equal to the sum of two squares.
1. e.g., The diagonals of parallelograms always bisect each other. The 12. e.g., On the fourth line there is a division by zero, since a 5 b.
diagrams in the question support my conjecture. 13. Julie did not multiply 10 by 5 in the third line.
2. e.g.,
a) The difference between consecutive triangular numbers increases n Choose a number.
by 1: 2, 3, 4, … The next four triangular numbers are 15, 21, 28, n 1 10 Add 10.
and 36.
5n 1 50 Multiply the total by 5.
b) Each of the products is double the first, second, third, and fourth
triangular numbers, respectively. 5n Subtract 50.
c) The nth triangular number could be determined using the formula 5 Divide by the number you started with.
n 1n 1 12
.
2 14. One of the women is both a mother and a daughter.
3. e.g.,
a) The sum of the cubes of the first n natural numbers is equal to the 15. Penny Pig straw small Riverview
square of the nth triangular number.
Peter Pig sticks large Hillsdale
b) The next equation will be equal to 152, or 225.
n 1n 1 12 2 Patricia Pig brick medium Pleasantville
c) The sum of the first n cubes will be equal to a b .
2
4. e.g.,
16. e.g., Player X should choose the bottom left corner, then the top left
a) 37 3 15 5 555
corner, then the middle left or middle, depending on where Player X
b) The conjecture is correct.
was blocked.
c) The breakdown occurs at 37 3 30 5 1110.
17. e.g.,
5. e.g.,
a) yes
a) A counterexample is an example that invalidates a conjecture.
b) There is no winning strategy in the game of 15. An experienced
b) Counterexamples can help refine a conjecture to make it valid.
opponent will always succeed in blocking you.
6. Disagree. e.g., Rhombuses and parallelograms have opposite sides of
equal length.
7. Disagree. e.g., 5 2 5 5 0
8. Six is an even number; therefore, its square is also even.
9. e.g.,
Let 2m 1 1 and 2n 1 1 represent any two odd integers.
12m 1 12 12n 1 12 5 2mn 1 2m 1 2n 1 1
12m 1 12 12n 1 12 5 2 1mn 1 m 1 n2 1 1
The first term has a factor of 2, making it an even number. Adding
1 makes the product odd.
10. a) The result is the birth month number followed by the birthday,
e.g., 415.

NEL Answers 533

Chapter 2 5. e.g., D C

Lesson 2.1, page 72

1. e.g., A B
a) Horizontal beams are parallel.
I drew AB and used a protractor to create a 60° angle at A and at B.
Vertical supports are parallel.
I drew BC and created a 120° angle at C, so that CD would be parallel
Diagonal struts are transversals.
to AB. Then I drew AD to intersect CD.
b) No. The bridge is shown in perspective. Parallel lines on the bridge
6. e.g.,
will not be parallel when they are traced, so corresponding angles
a) H O b) /S 5 50°
will not be equal in the tracing.
/H 1 /S 5 180°
2. /EGB 5 /GHD, /AGE 5 /CHG, /AGH 5 /CHF,
/H 5 130°
/BGH 5 /DHF , /EGA 5 /HGB, /EGB 5 /HGA,
/H 1 /O 5 180°
/GHD 5 /FHC, /GHC 5 /FHD, /EGA 5 /FHD,
S E /O 5 50°
/EGB 5 /FHC, /GHD 5 /HGA, /GHC 5 /BGH
/S 5 /O
Yes, the measures are supplementary.
3. e.g., Draw a line and a transversal, then measure one of the angles
between them. Use a protractor to create an equal corresponding 7. a) e.g., The horizontal lines in the fabric are parallel and the diagonal
angle elsewhere on the same side of the transversal. Use that angle to lines are transversals. The diagonal lines falling to the right are
draw the parallel line. parallel and the diagonal lines rising to the right are transversals.
4. e.g., The top edge of the wood is the transversal for the lines that are b) e.g., A pattern maker could ensure that lines in the pattern are
drawn. Keeping the angle of the T-bevel the same makes parallel lines parallel by making the corresponding, alternate exterior, or
because corresponding angles are equal. alternate interior angles equal, or by making the angles on the same
5. a) No. Corresponding angles are not equal. side of a transversal supplementary.
b) Yes. Corresponding angles are equal. 8. a) The transitive property is true for parallel lines but not for
c) Yes. Corresponding angles are equal. perpendicular lines.
d) No. Corresponding angles are not equal. b) If AB'BC and BC'CD, then AB i CD.
6. Disagree. The lines are equidistant from each other. It is an optical 9. e.g., Theoretically, they could measure corresponding angles to see if
illusion. they were equal.
10. e.g., errors: interior angles should be stated as supplementary, not
equal. Since /PQR 1 /QRS 5 180°, the statement that QP i RS is
Lesson 2.2, page 78 still valid.
1. KP, LQ, MR, and NS are all transversals for the parallel lines WX 11. e.g., The bottom edges of the windows are transversals for the vertical
and YZ. edges of the windows. The sloped roof also forms transversals for the
/WYD 5 90°; /WYD and /AWY are interior angles on the same vertical parts of the windows. The builders could ensure one window
side of KP. is vertical and then make all the corresponding angles equal so the rest
/YDA 5 115°; /YDA and /WAL are corresponding angles. of the windows are parallel.
/DEB 5 80°; /DEB and /EBC are alternate interior angles. 12. e.g.,
/EFS 5 45°; /EFS and /NCX are alternate exterior angles. SR i XO /FOX and /FRS are equal
2. a) Yes. Corresponding angles are equal. corresponding angles
b) No. Interior angles on the same side of the transversal are not /FPQ and /FXO are equal
PQ i XO
supplementary. corresponding angles.
c) Yes. Alternate exterior angles are equal. Transitive property
PQ i SR
d) Yes. Alternate exterior angles are equal.
3. e.g., 13. e.g.,
a) Alternate interior angles are equal. a) A
b) Corresponding angles are equal.
c) Alternate exterior angles are equal.
d) Vertically opposite angles are equal.
e) /b and /k and /m are all equal in measure; /b and /k are P Q
corresponding angles, /k and /m are corresponding angles.
f) /e and /n and /p are all equal in measure; /e and /n are
corresponding angles, /n and /p are corresponding angles.
B C
g) /n and /p and /d are all equal in measure; /n and /p are
b) /APQ 5 /ABC
corresponding angles, /p and /d are alternate exterior angles. Corresponding angles
h) /f and /k are interior angles on the same side of a transversal. /AQP 5 /ACB Corresponding angles
4. a) /x 5 60°, /y 5 60°, /w 5 120°
/PAQ 5 /BAC Same angle
b) /a 5 112°, /e 5 112°, /b 5 55°, /d 5 55°,
/f 5 55°, /c 5 68° ^APQ , ^ABC Corresponding angles in the two triangles
are equal.
c) /a 5 48°, /b 5 48°, /c 5 48°, /d 5 48°,
/e 5 132°, /f 5 132°, /g 5 132°

534 Answers NEL

14. a) /x 5 120°, /y 5 60°, /z 5 60° 3. e.g., The red lines are parallel since any of the black lines can be used
b) e.g., Isosceles trapezoids have two pairs of congruent as a transversal to prove that corresponding angles are equal.
adjacent angles. 4. e.g., A D
15. /PTQ 5 78°, /PQT 5 48°, /RQT 5 49°, /QTR 5 102°,
/SRT 5 54°, /PTS 5 102°
16. /ACD 5 /ACF 1 /FCD
/BAC 5 /ACF B C
/CDE 5 /FCD
I drew /ABC. I measured it and drew /BCD supplementary to
/ACD 5 /BAC 1 /CDE
it. Then I measured AB, made CD the same length, and connected
17. a) Alternate straight paths will be parallel.
A to D.
b) B 5. a) /FEB 5 69°, /EBD 5 69°, /FBE 5 36°,
/ABF 5 75°, /CBD 5 75°, /BDE 5 75°
b) Yes. e.g., /FEB and /EBD are equal alternate interior angles.
A 6. e.g.,
C a) AC i ED /ABE and /BED are equal alternate interior
angles.

Answers
D
/BED 5 55° and /BFG and /BED are corresponding
c) AB i CD, BC i DE b) /BFG 5 /BED, angles in ^BFG , ^BED.
d) Yes, the pattern will continue until the ball comes to rest. therefore /BFG 5 55°

18. e.g., FG i ED /BFG and /BED are equal

corresponding angles for FG and ED.
/PQR 5 /QRS Alternate interior angles
1 1
c) AC i FG /ABF and /BFG are equal alternate interior angles.
Equality
/PQR 5 /QRS
2 2
1 Angle bisector 7. e.g., In each row of parking spots, the lines separating each spot are
/TRQ 5 /PQR parallel. The line down the centre is the transversal to the two sets of
2
1 Angle bisector parallel lines.
/RQU 5 /QRS 8. e.g., Yes, the sides are parallel. The interior angles are supplementary
2
and so the lines are always the same distance apart.
/TRQ 5 /RQU Transitive property

QU i RT Alternate interior angles are equal.

Lesson 2.3, page 90
19. e.g.,
a) Disagree; it is enough to show that any one of the statements 1. No. It only proves the sum is 180° in that one triangle.
is true. 2. Disagree. The sum of the three interior angles in a triangle is 180°.
b) Yes. Other ways are 3. a) /YXZ 5 79°, /Z 5 37°
/MCD 5 /CDQ, /XCL 5 /CDQ, /LCD 1 /CDQ 5 180°, b) /DCE 5 46°, /A 5 85°
/LCD 5 /QDY, /MCD 5 /RDY, /XCM 5 /QDY, or 1
4. /R 5 1180° 2 n°2
/XCL 5 /RDY. 2
20. a) 8 b) 7 5. e.g.,
21. e.g., /CDB 5 60° ^BCD is equilateral.
a) Measure the top angle of the rhombus at the left end of the bottom
/CDB 1 /BDA 5 180° /CDB and /BDA are supplementary.
row; it will be the same size as the angle at the peak. /BDA 5 120°
b) Opposite sides of a rhombus are parallel, so the top right sides of
1 Since ^BDA is an isosceles triangle,
all the rhombuses form parallel lines. The top right side of the peak /A 5 1180° 2 120°2 /A and /B are equal.
2
rhombus and the top right side of the bottom left rhombus are
/A 5 30°
parallel. The left edge of the pyramid is a transversal, so the angle
at the peak and the top angle of the bottom left rhombus are equal 6. 120°
corresponding angles. 7. e.g.,
/ASY 5 53° Sum of angles in triangle is 180°.
Mid-Chapter Review, page 85 /SAD 5 127° Given
1. a) Yes. Alternate interior angles are equal. /ASY 1 /SAD 5 180° Property of equality
b) No. Interior angles on the same side of the transversal are not
SY i AD Interior angles on the same side of the
supplementary. transversal are supplementary.
c) Yes. Alternate exterior angles are equal.
d) Yes. Vertically opposite angles are equal and interior angles on the
same side of the transversal are supplementary.
2. Quadrilateral PQRS is a parallelogram because interior angles on the
same side of the transversal are supplementary.

NEL Answers 535

 8. e.g., 17. e.g., Drawing a parallel line through one of the vertices and parallel
a) The sum of /a, /c, and /e is 360°. to one of the sides creates three angles whose sum is 180°. The two
b) Yes. /b 5 /a, /d 5 /c, /f 5 /e outside angles are equal to the alternate interior angles in the triangle.
c) The middle angle is the third angle in the triangle. Therefore, the
/x 1 /a 5 180° /x and /a are supplementary.
/a 5 180° 2 /x three angles in the triangle add up to 180°.
/PAB 5 /ABC
/y 1 /c 5 180° /y and /c are supplementary.
/c 5 180° 2 /y /QAC 5 /ACB
/z 1 /e 5 180° /z and /e are supplementary. A
/e 5 180° 2 /z P Q
/a 1 /c 1 /e I substituted the expressions for
/a, /c, and /e.
5 1180° 2 /x2 1
1180° 2 /y2 1 1180° 2 /z2
/a 1 /c 1 /e B C
5 540° 2 1/x 1 /y 1 /z2
18. e.g.,
/a 1 /c 1 /e 5 540° 2 180° /x, /y, and /z are the angles of
/a 1 /c 1 /e 5 360° a triangle so their sum is 180°. /DAB 1 /ABD 1 /BDA 5 180° The sum of the angles of
^ABD is 180°.
9. e.g.,
a) /D 2 /C 2/x 1 (90° 1 /y) 1 /y 5 180°
b) 2/x 1 2/y 5 90°
/DKU 5 /KUC /DKU and /KUC are
alternate interior angles. /x 1 /y 5 45°
/DKU 5 35°
/AEB 5 /x 1 /y /AEB is an exterior angle
/DUK 5 180° 2 (100° 1 35°2 The sum of the angles of for ^AED, so it is equal to
^DUK is 180°. the sum of the non-adjacent
/DUK 5 45° interior angles.
/UKC 5 45° /DUK and /UKC are /AEB 5 45° Substitute /x 1 /y 5 45°.
alternate interior angles.
/UCK 5 100° Opposite angles in a
parallelogram are equal. 19. e.g.,
10. e.g., /DLR 5 /LMN Corresponding angles

MA i HT /MTH and /AMT are equal alternate interior angles. /RLN 5 /LNM Alternate interior angles

MH i AT /MHT 5 70° and /HTA 5 45° 1 65° are supplementary /LMN 5 /LNM Isosceles triangle
interior angles on the same side of transversal HT.
/DLR 5 /RLN Transitive property
11. /a 5 30°, /b 5 150°, /c 5 85°, /d 5 65°
12. e.g., D
a) Disagree. /FGH and /IHJ are not corresponding angles, alternate
interior angles, or alternate exterior angles.
b) L R
/GFH 5 180° 2 (55° 1 75°) The sum of the angles of ^FGH
is 180°.
/GFH 5 50°

FG i HI /GFH and /IHJ are equal

corresponding angles. a a
M N
13. /J 5 110°, /M 5 110°, /JKO 5 40°, /NOK 5 40°,
/KLN 5 40°, /LNM 5 40°, /MLN 5 30°, /JOK 5 30°,
/LNO 5 140°, /KLM 5 70°, /JON 5 70° Lesson 2.4, page 99
14. /UNF 5 31°, /NFU 5 65°, /FUN 5 84°
1. a) 1800° b) 150°
15. a) /AXZ 5 145°, /XYC 5 85°, /EZY 5 130°
2. 3240°
b) 360°
3. 19
16. e.g.,
4. e.g., The interior angles of a hexagon equal 120°. Three hexagons will
MO and NO are angle bisectors. Given fit together since the sum is 360°.
/LNP is an exterior angle for ^LMN. 5. Yes. e.g., You can align parallel sides to create a tiling pattern; the angles
that meet are the four angles of the parallelogram, so their sum is 360°.
/L 1 2a 5 2b An exterior angle is equal to
the sum of the non-adjacent
/L 5 2b 2 2a interior angles. a b a b
/L 5 2(b 2 a) b a b a
/ONP is an exterior angle for ^MNO. a b a b
/O 1 a 5 b An exterior angle is equal to b a b a
the sum of the non-adjacent
/O 5 b 2 a interior angles. 6. about 147°
/L 5 2(b 2 a) Substitution
/L 5 2/O

536 Answers NEL

 7. e.g., 20. Yes, e.g., A tiling pattern can be created by putting four 90º angles
180° 1n 2 22 together or three 120º angles together.
a) 5 140° 21. regular dodecagon
n
180° 1n 2 22 5 140°n
180°n 2 360° 5 140°n Chapter Self-Test, page 104
40°n 5 360°
n59 1. a) a 5 70°, b 5 75°, c 5 75°
b) There are 9 exterior angles that measure b) a 5 20°, b 5 80°, c 5 100°
180° 2 140° 5 40°; 9 140°2 5 360°. 2. a) x 5 19° b) x 5 26°
8. a) 45° c) 1080° 3. a) and c) e.g., G
b) 135° d) 1080°
9. a) Agree 1 2
A C
b) e.g., Opposite sides are parallel in a regular polygon that has an 2 B1
even number of sides. 1 2
D F
10. a) 36° b) isosceles triangle 2 E1
11. The numerator of the formula for S 1102 should be 180° 110 2 22 ;
H

Answers
S 1102 5 144°.
12. a) e.g., A single line drawn anywhere through the polygon. For 4. regular hexagons: six 120° angles; small triangles: three 60° angles;
convex polygons, it intersects two sides only. For non-convex large triangles: one 120° angle and two 30° angles.
polygons, it can intersect in more than two sides. 5. a) G
b) If any diagonal is exterior to the polygon, the polygon is H F
non-convex.
13. a) 60˚ 60˚
A E
120˚ 120˚
b) 67.5˚ 67.5˚ B D
C
112.5˚ 112.5˚
b) 45°
14. 110°, 120°, 90°, 110°, 110°
c)
15. 360° Extend BC to form exterior
angles /ABI and /DCJ.
16. a) /a 5 60°, /b 5 60°, /d 5 60°, /c 5 120°
b) /a 5 140°, /b 5 20°, /c 5 60°, /d 5 60° /ABI 5 45° Exterior angle of regular octagon
/DCJ 5 45°
17. 720°
18. e.g., BE i CD Alternate exterior angles are equal.

/CBE 5 45° Alternate interior angles

^EOD > ^DOC EO 5 DO and DO 5 CO are
given, and ED 5 DC because /ABE 5 90° Supplementary angles
the polygon is regular.
Similarly, by extending AH and
/ODE 5 /ODC and /ODE 5 /OED ^EOD and ^DOC are following the process above,
congruent and isosceles. /FAB 5 90°.
/ODE 1 /ODC 5 108° The interior angles of a regular /ABE 1 /FAB 5 180°
pentagon are 108°.
AF i BE Interior angles on the same side of
2/ODE 5 108° /ODE 5 /ODC and the transversal are supplementary.
/ODE 5 54° /ODE 5 /OED
6. 720°
/OED 5 54°
/EAD 5 /EDA ^ADE is isosceles because the
polygon is regular. Chapter Review, page 106
180° 5 /DEA 1 /EAD 1 /ADE
1. e.g., The side bars coming up to the handle are parallel and the
180° 5 108° 1 2/ADE handle is a transversal.
180° 2 108° 5 2/ADE 2. a) /a, /e; /b, /g; /c, /f; /d, /h
36° 5 /ADE b) No. e.g., The lines are not parallel, so corresponding pairs cannot
180° 5 /FED 1 /EDF 1 /EFD /EDF 5 /ADE and be equal.
/FED 5 /OED c) 8; e.g., /a, /b
180° 5 54° 1 36° 1 /EFD
180° 2 54° 2 36° 5 /EFD d) Yes; /a, /d; /b, /c; /e, /h; /f, /g
90° 5 /EFD 3. /a 5 35°, /b 5 145°

19. e.g., If a polygon is divided into triangles by joining one vertex to

each of the other vertices, there are always two fewer triangles than the
original number of sides. Every triangle has an angle sum of 180°.

NEL Answers 537

 4. 11. e.g.,
A
C a /ABC 5 108°, /BCD 5 108°, The angles in a regular
b 140˚ /CDE 5 108° pentagon are 108°.

40˚ /BCA 1 /BAC 5 180° 2 108° The sum of the angles of

^ABC is 180°.
c
2/BCA 5 72° ^ABC is isosceles with
/BCA 5 /BAC.
B /BCA 5 36
D /ACD 5 /BCD 2 /BCA /BCA 1 /ACD 5 /BCD

/a 1 /b 5 180° /a and /b form a straight /ACD 5 108° 2 36°

angle. /ACD 5 72°
/a 5 40° Substitution and AC i ED /ACD 5 72° and
subtraction /CDE 5 108° are
supplementary interior angles
/c 5 40° Given on the same side of the
transversal CD.
/a 5 /c Corresponding angles are
equal.

AB i CD
Cumulative Review, Chapters 1−2, page 110
5. a) a 5 104°, b 5 76°, c 5 76°
1. e.g.,
b) a 5 36°, b 5 108°, c 5 108°
a) A conjecture is a testable expression that is based on available
6. e.g.,
evidence but is not yet proven.
a) D
b) Inductive reasoning involves looking at examples, and by finding
A C patterns and observing properties, a conjecture may be made.
B c) The first few examples may have the same property, but that does
E H not mean that all other cases will have the same property. e.g.,
F Conjecture: The difference of consecutive perfect cubes is always a
G prime number.
b) Measure /ABF and /BFH . Measure /DBA and /BFE. Both 23 2 13 5 7 53 2 43 5 61
pairs should be equal. 33 2 23 5 19 63 2 53 5 91,
7. e.g., 43 2 33 5 37 91 is not a prime number.
2. Yes, her conjecture is reasonable.
/QRS 5 /RST Alternate interior angles 3. One. e.g., Conjecture: All prime numbers are odd numbers. 2 is a
/QRS 5 /TRS Given prime number but is not odd.
4. Disagree.
/RST 5 /TRS Transitive property
5. a) Conjecture: The sum of two odd numbers is always an even
TS 5 TR Isosceles triangle number.
b) e.g., Let 2n 1 1 and 2k 1 1 represent any two odd numbers.
8. a) x 5 40°, y 5 95°, z 5 45°
12n 1 12 1 12k 1 12 5 2n 1 2k 1 2 5 2 1n 1 k 1 12
b) x 5 68°, y 5 112°, z 5 40°
2 1n 1 k 1 12 is an even number.
9. e.g.,
6. e.g.,
/OPL 5 /POL ^OPL and ^NOQ are isosceles.
Instruction Result
/OQN 5 /NOQ
Choose a number. x
/PLO 5 180° 2 1/POL 1 /OPL) The sum of the angles in each
triangle is 180°. Double it. 2x
/QNO 5 180° 2 1/NOQ 1 /OQN)
Add 9. 2x 1 9
/PLO 5 180° 2 2/POL Substitute /OPL 5 /POL and
/OQN 5 /NOQ.
/QNO 5 180° 2 2/NOQ Add the number you started with. 2x 1 9 1 x 5 3x 1 9

/PLO 1 /QNO 5 180° 2 90° /PLO and /QNO are the Divide by 3. 13x 1 92
two acute angles in the right 5 x13
/PLO 1 /QNO 5 90° triangle LMN. 3

(180° 2 2/POL) 1 Substitute the expressions for Add 5. x13155x18

(180° 2 2/NOQ) 5 90° /PLO and /QNO.
Subtract the number you started with. (x 1 8) 2 x 5 8
/POL 1 /NOQ 5 135° Isolate /POL 1 /NOQ in the
equation. 7. a) The number of circles in the nth figure is 1 1 5 1n 2 12 5 5n 2 4;
/POQ 5 45° /POQ, /POL, and /NOQ are there are 71 circles in the 15th figure.
supplementary because they b) Inductive. A pattern in the first few cases was used to come up
form a straight line.
with a formula for the general case.
10. a) 2340° 8. Let ab0 represent the three digit number. Then,
b) e.g., The sum of the 15 exterior angles is 360°, so each exterior ab0 5 100a 1 10b 5 10 110a 1 b2 , which is divisible by 10.
angle is 360° 4 15 5 24°.

538 Answers NEL

 9. e.g., Turn one of the switches on for a short period of time and then
turn it off. Turn on another of the switches and leave it on. Enter the
Chapter 3
room. Check which of the two light bulbs that is off is still warm. Lesson 3.1, page 117
This light belongs to the switch that was turned on and then off. The
light bulb that is on belongs to the switch that was left on. The last 1. a) i) L ii) h 5 m sin N, h 5 n sin M
m m n
light bulb belongs to the last switch. 5
10. a) /a 5 75°, /b 5 105°, /c 5 105°, /d 5 105° sin M sin N
n N
b) /a 5 50°, /f 5 50°, /b 5 55°,
/e 5 55°, /c 5 75°, /d 5 75° l
c) /x 5 50°, /y 5 60° M
d) /a 8 128.6°, /b 8 51.4° b) i) X ii) h 5 z sin X, h 5 x sin Z
11. e.g., equal alternate interior angles, /AEF 5 /DFE. x z
12. a) 540° y 5
z sin X sin Z
b) 108°
c) 360° Y x Z
13. e.g. Any convex polygon can be divided into triangles by joining one

Answers
vertex to the other vertices. There will be two fewer triangles than the 2. a) i) X b) i) K
number of sides. Each triangle has an angle sum of 180°. Therefore,
the formula S 1n2 5 180° 1n 2 22 will give the angle sum of any 43°
convex polygon. 8.0 w

9.5
50° 60°
W Y
J 85° L
ii) w 5 7.1 k

ii) k 5 6.5
c) i)
L
?
10.0 6.0

72°
M N
ii) /M 5 34.8°
d) i) Y
?
14.0

88°
X Z
12.5
ii) /Y 5 63.2°
h h
3. Agree. sin X 5 sin Y 5
y x
h 5 y sin X h 5 x sin Y
6 y sin X 5 x sin Y
Z

y
x
h

Y z X
4. e.g., You need two sides and the angle opposite one of the sides or
two angles and any side.

NEL Answers 539

 5. e.g., Yes, the ratios are equivalent. 9. a) Gimli b) 3.6 km

3 8°
55
37° sin 37° 71°
4 26.0 km
55 d
4 5 sin 53°
Grand 18°
5
55 Beach
sin 90°
53°
3 5
5 13
sin 23°
13 67° 12 S S
5 sin 67° 5 13
10. a) e.g.,
23° 13
12 5 13
sin 90° 60°
x y
h
Lesson 3.2, page 124
45°
q r s
1. 5 5 15.0 m
sin Q sin R sin S
2. a) b 5 37.9 cm b) u 5 61° b) The wires are 12.2 m and 16.7 m long, and the pole is 11.8 m
3. a) d 5 21.0 cm d) u 5 64° high.
b) a 5 26.1 cm, b 5 35.2 cm e) u 5 45°, a 5 85° 11. e.g., Use the Pythagorean theorem to determine the value of q, then
c) y 5 6.5 cm f) u 5 25°, a 5 75°, j 5 6.6 m 8 8
use a primary trigonometric ratio to determine /P. sin P 5 5
4. a) e.g., The lake’s length is opposite the largest angle of the triangle q 10
and must also be the longest side. A length of 36 km would not Use the Pythagorean theorem to determine the value of q, then use
make it the longest side. 8 10
b) 48.7 km the sine law to determine /P. 5
sin P sin 90°
5. 32 ft 5 in. 12. 11.4 km
6. a) N b) Q 13. 24.8 m
14. e.g.,
38° P
32°

23 cm
r q

72° 73°
U S Q p R
58 cm R P
u 5 90 cm q 5 13 cm a) /P, /R, q
W b) /P, q, r
c) T d) 15. Agree. Jim needs to know an angle and its opposite side.
60° 16. e.g., You can determine /R since the sum of the three angles of a
65° triangle is 180°; you can use the sine law to determine q and r.
6 cm 10.5 cm 17. 19.7 square units
18. 10.2 cm
19. e.g.,
A M X Y a sin A
8 cm a) b) c) 1
12.0 cm b sin C
/M 5 43° /Y 5 49°
7. a 5 41.9 m, t 5 44.9 m, /A 5 67°
n
Mid-Chapter Review, page 129
8. a) i) sin 36.9 5 , n 5 6.0 cm x y z sin X sin Y sin Z
10 1. 5 5 or 5 5
sin X sin Y sin Z x y z
10 n 2. a) e.g., b) x 5 8.8
ii) 5 , n 5 6.0 cm
sin 90° sin 36.9°
b) e.g., Since sin 90° 5 1, you can rearrange the sine law formula to
give the expression for the sine ratio.

10 x

60° 80°

540 Answers NEL

 3. e.g., Disagree; you can’t rearrange Nazir’s expression so that f and 12. No. e.g., When you put the side lengths into the cosine law
sin F are in one ratio and d and sin D are in the other. expression, you do not get 21 # cos u # 1.
4. a) x 5 5.9 cm, u 5 42.9° 13. 34.4 km
b) x 5 10.6 cm, y 5 9.7 cm, u 5 62.0° 14. e.g., Kathryn wants to determine the length of a pond. From where
5. a) /C 5 60°, b 5 12.2 cm, c 5 13.8 cm she is standing, one end of the pond is 35 m away. If she turns 35° to
b) /L 5 85°, l 5 32.9 cm, m 5 32.7 cm the left, the distance to the other end of the pond is 30 m. How
6. e.g., The value of either /X or /Z is needed to solve the triangle. long is the pond? Use the cosine law to determine the unknown
7. a) The tower at B is closer. e.g., The distance from tower B to the fire side length.
is length a, which is across from the smaller angle. 15. 423 cm2
b) 3.1 km 16. area 8 8.2 cm2; perimeter 8 10.9 cm
8. 631 m 17. e.g., The vertex angle at the handle of the knife is about 110°.
9. a) 84.2 cm b) 82.3 cm Each of the sides of the knife is about 8.5 cm in length.

Lesson 3.4, page 147

Lesson 3.3, page 136
1. a) sine law
1. a) No b) Yes
b) tangent ratio or sine law

Answers
2. 13 cm
c) cosine law
3. /P 5 72°
2. a) part a: u 5 83.9°, part b: c 5 1.9 cm, part c: u 5 39.6°
4. a) 6.9 cm b) 14.7 cm
b) e.g., Using a trigonometric ratio is more efficient because you
5. a) 34° b) 74°
have fewer calculations to do.
6. e.g.,
3. a) Using the cosine law. b) 2.5 km
a) b)
75° 4. 29' 2", 31' 3"
50° 5. a) 43.2 m b) about 13.3 m
15 16 6. a) e.g., Use the properties of parallel lines to determine the angle
32 35 from the shadow up to the horizontal. Subtract that angle from
57° to determine the angle from the horizontal up to the sun. Both
w of these are angles of right triangles with one side along the tree.
Subtract each angle from 90° to determine the third angle in each
w 5 18.9 right triangle. Use the sine law to determine the height of the tree.
k
k 5 28.4
c) Y d) G 48°

45 46 17 15
57°
15°
75°
7m
48 13
/Y 5 63.7° /G 5 47.4° 15°
7. a) f 5 6.3 cm, /D 5 45.9°, /E 5 69.1°
b) 8 m
b) r 5 10.1 m, /P 5 38.6°, /Q 5 61.4°
7. 241.2 m
c) /L 5 86.6°, /M 5 56.6°, /N 5 36.8°
8. 293.9 m
d) /X 5 75.2°, /Y 5 48.0°, /Z 5 56.8°
9. a) 11.1 m b) 18.8 m
8. a) b) 5.5°
10. a) e.g., Connect the centre to the vertices to create congruent isosceles
 triangles and determine the angles at the centre. In one triangle,
use the cosine law to determine the pentagon side length and
100.0 cm 100.0 cm multiply that answer by five.
b) 58.8 cm
11. a) 879.3 m b) about 40 s
12. a) 157.0 km
b) The airplane that is 100 km away will arrive first.
9.6 cm
13. 85°, 95°, 85°, 95°
9. 53.0 cm
14. 520.2 m; e.g.,
10. e.g., You can use the cosine law; the 70° angle is one of the acute
Step 1 – Determine /BDC in ^BDC.
angles across from the shorter diagonal. It is contained between an
Step 2 – Use the sine law to determine CD.
8 cm side and a 15 cm side.
Step 3 – In ^ADC , use the tangent ratio to determine h.
11. a) i) about 17 cm
15. e.g., Starr and David leave school from the same spot. Starr walks
ii) about 17 cm
N65°E at 3 km/h while David walks S30°E at 4 km/h. How far
b) e.g., The hour and minute hands are the same distance apart at
apart are they after 20 min? The problem can be solved using the
2:00 and 10:00, and the triangles formed are congruent.
cosine law.

NEL Answers 541

16.
17.
a) 63°
50.0 cm2
b) 52° Chapter 4
Lesson 4.1, page 163
Chapter Self-Test, page 152 1. a) not valid c) not valid e) not valid
1. a) u 5 42.6° b) c = 2.4 cm b) valid d) valid f ) valid
2. /R 5 52°, p 5 25.0 cm, q 5 18.9 cm 2. a) 0.2588, 165° c) 0.7002, 145°
3. 117.0 km b) 0.4695, 118° d) 0.1736, 10°
4. 11.6 cm 3. a) 40°, 140° c) 72°, 108°
5. 130.5 m b) 19°, 161° d) 18°, 162°
6. 28.3 m2 4. a) sin B 5 sin C, sin B 5 sin L, sin C 5 sin L, sin D 5 sin K,
7. e.g., If the angle is the contained angle, then use the cosine law. If it is sin E 5 sin F, sin H 5 sin M, sin H 5 sin N, sin H 5 sin O,
one of the other angles, use the sine law to determine the other non- sin I 5 sin J, sin M 5 sin N, sin M 5 sin O, sin N 5 sin O
contained angle, calculate the contained angle by subtracting the two b) The cosine and tangent ratios for /D and /K, for /M and
angles you know from 180°, then use the cosine law. /H, for /N and /H, and for /O and /H are opposites. The
8. e.g., When two angles and a side are given, the sine law must be used other angles have equal cosine and tangent ratios.
to determine side lengths. When two sides and the contained angle
are given, the cosine law must be used to determine the third side. Lesson 4.2, page 170
1. a) sin 32° and sin 100° should be reversed.
Chapter Review, page 154 b) On the left side of the equation, change 12 for x; on the right
1. No. e.g., /C 5 90°, so this will be a right triangle. side of the equation, change x for 12.
2. Part d) is incorrect. 2. a) sine law d) sine law
3. a) x 5 23.7 m b) u 5 61.9° b) cosine law e) neither
4. /C 5 55°, a 5 9.4 cm, b 5 7.5 cm c) cosine law
5. 295.4 m 3. a) 8.4 cm b) 16.0 cm c) 3.1 cm
6. Part a) is not a form of the cosine law. 4. a) 35° b) 108° c) 17°
7. a) x 5 7.6 m b) u 5 68.2° 5. a) m 5 15.0 cm, /L 5 46°, /N 5 29°
8. a 5 12.2 cm, /B 5 44.3°, /C 5 77.7° b) t 5 13.9 cm, r 5 15.7 cm, /R 5 32°
9. 58° c) /A 5 98°, /B 5 30°, /C 5 52°
10. 11.1 m d) y 5 8.1 cm, z 5 12.9 cm, /X 5 124°
11. 584 km 6. a) e.g., about 135°
12. 5.5 km, N34.9°W A
4.0 cm 6.4 cm

B C
9.8 cm
b) 139.8°
c) e.g., The estimate was reasonable. It could be improved by
rounding the side lengths and using the cosine law.
7. Wei-Ting made a mistake from line 3 to line 4. The domain of
inverse cosine is 21 to 1; 100 is outside the domain. u 5 130.5°
8. /Q 5 23.8°, /R 5 125.7°, /S 5 30.5°
9. 150 yd
10. within 8.1°
11. f 5 65.3 m, /D 5 22.5°, /F 5 21.5°
12. 15.1 m
13. 257.0 m
14. 4139 m
15. e.g., Use the sine law: write an equation with sin R over r on the left
side, and sin Q over q on the right side. Solve for sin Q. Determine
Q by using sin−1 Q and subtracting from 180°.

542 Answers NEL

16. a) e.g., Darryl sees his friend Jenna standing on the other road. He Lesson 4.3, page 183
estimates the angle between the road he is on and his line of sight
to Jenna to be 70°. How far is Jenna from the intersection? 255 m 1. a) zero
C
15°
270 m 4m
Darryl
70° x
12 m
Jenna
b) e.g., Darryl sees his friend Jenna standing on the other road. If
Jenna is 104 m from the intersection, how far apart are Jenna
75°
and Darryl? 172 m A B
15°
270 m b) one
Darryl
C
x 104 m
10 m
Jenna 6m

Answers
17. 35 cm 50°
A B

Mid-Chapter Review, page 175 c) zero

1. a) 0.9659, 105° d) 0.1392, 8° C 3.0 m
b) 20.1736, 80° e) 0.7826, 141.5°
c) 0.6249, 148° f ) 21.5818, 57.7°
2. e.g., sin 56° 5 sin 124°
9.0 m
D A
43°
76° 115°
124° 14°
C A B
B
d) two
E 56° 48° C C
F
3. a) 21°, 159° d) 30°, 150°
b) 139° e) 78°
c) 68° f ) 45°
4. a) u 5 45.4° b) y 5 4.9 km c) x 5 1.9 cm 3.0 m 2.8 m 3.0 m 2.8 m
5. 14°
6. a) i) u 5 126.9° ii) a 5 140.0°
b) e.g., The diagram is needed for part i), since the acute angle, 53.1°,
and the obtuse angle, 126.9°, have the same sine ratio. The diagram 62° 62°
A B A B
shows the angle is obtuse.
2. a) SSA d) not SSA
7. e.g.,
b) not SSA e) SSA
a) I cannot use the sine law because the measured angle is not across
c) SSA f ) SSA
from a measured side.
3. a) h 5 7.9 cm, one
A b) h 5 7.9 cm or h 5 8.9 cm, one
2.0 cm c) h 5 3.2 cm, two
d) h 5 9.3 cm or h 5 18.4 cm, one
40° B e) h 5 3.9 cm, two
C 4.5 cm f ) h 5 0.5 cm, one
b) /A 5 117° 4. a) SSA, zero
8. 156° C
9. 147 km
5m
14 m

51°
A B

NEL Answers 543

 b) SSA, one All on same side. Distance to 35° is 11 m:
B a) 19 m b) 24 m c) 7 m
6 mm 12 mm
All on same side. Distance to 66° is 11 m:
30° a) 28 m b) 36 m c) 16 m
C A
c) SSA, two Carol on same side as neither. Distance to 35° is 11 m:
a) 5 m b) 6 m c) 6 m
C C
Carol on same side as neither. Distance to 66° is 11 m:
a) 9 m b) 11 m c) 19 m
12 cm 12 cm 10 cm
10 cm Carol on same side as 66° only. Distance to 35° is 11 m:
40° a) 5 m b) 6 m c) 2 m
40°
B A B A Carol on same side as 66° only. Distance to 66° is 11 m:
d) not SSA a) 28 m b) 36 m c) 63 m
5. a) 9.0 cm 13. 481 m
b) e.g., FD 5 5.0 cm, zero triangles 14. e.g., Two forest fire stations, A and B, are 20 km apart. A ranger at
station B sees a fire 15 km away. If the angle between the line AB and
D the line from A to the fire is 21°, determine how far station A is from
the fire. (two possible triangles)
15. a) h 5 22.5 cm, no triangle since /A is acute with a , h
5.0 cm C
37°
E F 20 cm
15.0 cm 35 cm
h
FD 5 9.0 cm, one triangle
A 40° B
D

9.0 cm b) /A 5 34.8°
c) 0° , /A , 34.8°
37° 16. a) N N
E F
15.0 cm
m l m l
FD 5 12.0 cm, two triangles
L M or L n
M
D n

D l . m, sin L 5 sin M , h 5 m sin L l , m, l 5 h, l 5 m sin L

12.0 cm l m
E 37° F 12.0 cm
15.0 cm b) N
N
37°
E F m
15.0 cm m l
6. a) 515 m l
or L M
b) e.g., The 35° angle is opposite the side that is 430 m long. n
7. a) 7.7 km
L n M
b) e.g., No. From the buoy, the canoe could have travelled 3 km
toward the shore (acute angle) or away from the shore (obtuse h 5 m sin L h 5 m sin L
angle). m sin L , l , m m sin L , m , l
8. a) 109.3° c) N
b) e.g., Yes, there is only one possible answer. The 4.2 cm side must
be opposite the obtuse angle. If it is not, then the triangle is an
acute triangle.
9. 19.5 m and 8.2 m L M
e.g., 19.5 m, because there would be more vertical support h 5 m sin L
10. 80 m or 344 m l,h
11. 3.1 km or 0.2 km 17. a) 81.2 cm2
12. Carol on same side as 35° only. Distance to 66° is 11 m: b) 7.5 cm2
a) 9 m b) 11 m c) 5 m c) 73.7 cm2
Carol on same side as 35° only. Distance to 35° is 11 m: d) e.g., Subtract the area of nDEF2 from nDEF1.
a) 19 m b) 24 m c) 24 m

544 Answers NEL

Lesson 4.4, page 193 Chapter Self-Test, page 198
1. a) i) sine law ii) sine law iii) cosine law 1. a) 76.4° d) 138.6°
b) i) 51.7 m ii) 140.1° iii) 86.2° b) 66.6° e) 30° or 150°
2. tower A: 7.4 km; tower B: 16.5 km c) 0.9° or 179.1° f ) 36.9° or 143.1°
3. 110 m 2. a) zero
4. 19.4 ft b) one
5. a) e.g., Bijan is about 5.5 km from camp and should still be in range. 10°
B
camp
60° 10 m
5 km 30° 25° 7.4 m
2 km
145°
A 3m C
b) 5.4 km. Yes, he is less than 6 km away.
6. a) c) two
Earth
L L

Answers
0.99 AU  0.99 AU
59°
11°
Sun Dawn
1.84 AU
11.6 km 10.4 km 11.6 km 10.4 km
b) 137°
7. 280 m
8. 12 206 ft 55° 114°
55° 66° J K
9. e.g., Yes. Bert can use the sine law and the triangle with vertices A, B, J K
10.9 km 2.4 km
and the base of the tree to determine the distance from A to the base
of the tree. He can then use the tangent ratio and the 28° angle to d) one
determine the height of the tree. Q
10. Chester’s fire department is closer by 13 km. 26 mm 110° 9.5 mm
11. 4410 m
P 17° 53° R
12. e.g., I used a 3-D diagram that was made up of two right triangles.
30.6 mm
The tangent ratio can be used to determine the distance from Brit
to the sailboat. This is the same distance that Tara is from the boat. e) zero
I would then use the cosine law and the triangle with vertices Brit, 3. 9 ft or 36 ft
Tara, and the sailboat, to determine the angle between the boat as 4. 75.0 m
seen from Brit’s position. 5. 4 cm, 11 cm, 12 cm
13. e.g., I assumed that the point 12 m from the base of the smaller tree 6. 17 paces or 39 paces
is between the two trees, and the angle of elevation to the smaller 7. 30 m
tree is 33°.
Chapter Review, page 200
1. e.g., For any obtuse angle u, sin u 5 sin(180° 2 u), sin 60° 5 sin 120°;
cos u 5 2cos(180° 2 u), cos 60° 5 2cos 120°;
tan u 5 2tan(180° 2 u), tan 60° 5 2tan 120°.
2. a) 0.8480; 58° c) 20.1736; 80°
b) 0.8480; 122° d) 0.2679; 165°
33° 35° 3. a) 53.1° b) 80.8°
12 m 4. /C 5 25°, a 5 15.5 cm, b 5 9.5 cm
35 m 5. a) zero
b) 36 m b) two
14. about 13° C C
15. e.g., /A 5 140°, b 5 7.2 cm, c 5 6.0 cm 6 m
6m 5m 27°
A 5m
c b 27°
A B A B
B 22° 18°
C c) one
12.4 cm
C
16. a) 4 km from lighthouse A, 13 km from lighthouse B 23.0 m
b) 3 km 6.0 m
17. 290.2 km 115°
A B
6. a) 1.5 m b) 40.5°
7. a) 4.8 m or 3.5 m b) 1.1 m
8. 1.1 km or 4.5 km

NEL Answers 545

Chapter 5 300 000
Average Housing Prices

Lesson 5.1, page 211 1996

250 000 1998
1. a) 200 000 2000

Price ($)
Average Daily Temperatures
25 150 000
Langley, BC 100 000
20
Windsor, ON
15 50 000
Temperature (°C)

10 0

Halifax

Edmonton

Victoria

Mean
St. John’s

Toronto
Winnipeg
Regina
Calgary

Vancouver

Whitehorse
Yellowknife
5

0
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.
-5 The range between the maximum and minimum average prices
-10 in the 11 cities is the greatest in 1998, so that year some prices
Month were much lower than average and some were much higher. Both
the mean and the median of the average price in the 11 cities has
b) Langley, BC (°C) Windsor, ON (°C)
steadily increased over the 5-year period. In all the cities except for
Range 14.8 27.2 Regina and Victoria, there has been an increase in price over the
Mean 9.4 9.4 5-year period. Also, Yellowknife has had the greatest increase in
Median 9.2 9.6 average price over the 5-year period.
b) e.g., if you were comparing housing costs in cities you are
c) e.g., The mean temperature for each city is the same, and the contemplating moving to
medians are close; however, the temperature in Windsor has
a much greater range: it gets colder in winter and warmer in
Lesson 5.2, page 221
summer.
d) e.g., if you were living in one of the locations and moving to the 1. a) Frequency of Earthquakes
other location by Magnitude
2. a) 70 000
Unit 1 Test (%) Unit 2 Test (%)
60 000
Range 24 61 2005–2009
50 000
Frequency

Mean 71.2 71.2 40 000

Median 73 73 30 000
20 000
Mode 73 73
10 000
2000–2004
b) e.g., The class performed better on the Unit 1 test because the 0
range of scores was smaller, with the mean, median, and mode 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
being equal. Magnitude on Richter scale
c) e.g., The modes were not very useful to compare in this context
b) e.g., From 2005 to 2009, there were more earthquakes than from
because they only tell me which mark occurred most often, not on
2000 to 2004. The earthquakes in 2005–2009 tended to be of
which test the class performed better.
greater magnitude than those in 2000–2004. 2000–2004 had
3. a) e.g.,
many more earthquakes that rated less than 3.0, although both
1996 ($) 1998 ($) 2000 ($) periods had roughly the same number of earthquakes that rated
more than 7.0.
Range 95 567 127 616 98 952
2. a) 10–15 min interval
Mean 163 440 176 937 187 434
Median 157 677 167 396 172 503

The data distribution is scattered fairly widely during each year;

some cities are much lower or much higher than the mean.

546 Answers NEL

 b) e.g., Most of the data is distributed in the 20–25 min interval and c) ATM Withdrawals
30–35 min interval. 9
8
Frequency of Walks by Length
12 7
6

Frequency
10
5
Frequency
8
6 4
4 3
2 2
1
0
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 0
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Walk length (min)
Amount ($)
3. e.g.,
a) d) There are a lot more withdrawals under $100 than there are over
Tree Height (in.) Frequency $100. Withdrawals between $40 and $80 are the most frequent.
60–65 3 Not many people made withdrawals over $160.

Answers
65–70 3 5. e.g,
a)
70–75 8 Final Scores Frequency
75–80 9 30–40 1
80–85 5 40–50 8
85–90 2 50–60 10
60–70 8
b) Cherry Tree Heights 70–80 3
9
8
7 b) Women’s Figure Skating Scores
6 12
Frequency

5 10
4
Frequency
8
3
2 6
1 4
0 2
60 65 70 75 80 85 90
Height (in.) 0
30 50 40 60 70 80
c) The range of heights 75–80 inches occurs most frequently. Score
The range of heights 85–90 inches occurs least frequently. c) No. It shows that three women scored between 70 and 80, but
4. e.g., it does not show the range of scores for a top-five placement.
a) Most withdrawals are multiples of 20. An interval width of 20 6. a)
would give a good representation of the distribution of the data.
b) Population by Gender and Age Group in 2009
Withdrawal ($) Frequency 9

0–20 4 8
male
20–40 5 7
40–60 8 6 female
Population (%)

60–80 9
5
80–100 6
4
100–120 4
3
120–140 6
2
140–160 4
160–180 2 1

180–200 2 0
4 9 14 19 24 29 34 39 44 49 54 59 64 69 74 79 84 89 90+
Age (years)
b) e.g., There are more males than females for all age groups up
to 54 years. Starting at age 55, there are more women than men.

NEL Answers 547

7. a) Production Errors 9. Serious Injuries in Car Accidents
40 40
35 1st hour 35
Passenger

Frequency (%)
2nd hour 30
30
25
Frequency

25 3rd hour Driver

4th hour 20
20 15
15 10
10 5
5 0 4 14 24 34 44 54 64 65+
0 Age (years)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Errors e.g., Younger drivers are involved in more accidents where there
are serious injuries. Also, the greatest number of serious injuries for
b) e.g., As the day progresses, the number of errors on a vehicle passengers is in the 15 to 24 age group; perhaps these passengers were
decreases. Fewer vehicles have large numbers of errors. in the same accidents as the young drivers who were seriously injured
8. e.g., (i.e., out driving with friends).
a) I chose interval sizes that created five interval spaces that worked 10. e.g., Using intervals of equal width enables you to see the distribution
for both tables. more easily and to compare the data more effectively.
11. e.g.,
Holly’s Program a) Grouping raw data into intervals makes it easier to interpret the
data accurately and to see the distribution. It also makes the data
Kilometres Frequency
more manageable.
0–8 33 b) Histograms compare data intervals side by side using bars, while
8–17 34 frequency polygons compare data intervals using lines. Frequency
17–26 3 polygons are useful when comparing two or more sets of data,
because you can easily combine them on the same graph, making it
26–35 0
easier to see differences or similarities in the data sets.
35–44 0 12. e.g.,
a) 5116. I eliminated all rows in the table with a frequency of 0. Then
I determined the midpoint for each remaining interval. Next, I
Jason’s Program
multiplied the frequency of each row by the midpoint to estimate the
Kilometres Frequency total population for each row. I determined the mean of the products.
0–8 39 b) 3115. The city with the median population is the 76th one, which
occurs in the first row of the table. The 76th city out of 122 might
8–17 29
have a population of
17–26 9
76
26–35 6 ∙ 5000 5 3114.754… or 3115.
122
35–44 1 c) I assumed that 61 cities would be below 2500 and 61 cities would
be between 2500 and 5000. Since 75 cities have a population of
b) Training Programs less than 1700, the estimates for both the mean and the median are
45 higher than they should be.
40
Jason
35
Holly Lesson 5.3, page 233
30
Days

25 1. a), b) class A: 14.27; class B: 3.61

20 c) Class B has the most consistent marks over the first five tests since
15 it has the lowest standard deviation.
10 2. mean: 130.42 points; standard deviation: 11.51 points
5 3. a) mean: 130.36 points; standard deviation: 12.05 points
0 b) e.g., Ali’s mean and standard deviation are close to his team’s.
8 17 26 35 44 53
He is an average player on his team.
Distance (km) 4. e.g.,
c) Holly’s program involves more short distance running, while a) The mean number of beads in company B’s packages is much less
Jason’s program involves more long distance running. consistent than the mean number of beads in company A’s packages.
b) company A
5. Group 1: mean: 71.9 bpm; standard deviation: 6.0 bpm
Group 2: mean: 71.0 bpm; standard deviation: 4.0 bpm
Group 3: mean: 70.4 bpm; standard deviation: 5.7 bpm
Group 4: mean: 76.9 bpm; standard deviation: 1.9 bpm
Group 3 has the lowest mean pulse rate. Group 4 has the most
consistent pulse rate.

548 Answers NEL

 6. a) Diko b) Nazra 3. e.g.,
7. a) mean: 10.5 TDs; standard deviation: 5.6 TDs a) 5
b) e.g., He probably played fewer games in his rookie year (his first b) Text Messages Jackson Jillian
year) and his last year.
c) mean: 11.7 TDs; standard deviation: 5.2 TDs 0–4 5 4
d) The mean is higher and the standard deviation is lower. 5–9 10 7
8. a) mean: 1082 yards gained; standard deviation: 428.8 yards gained 10–14 6 9
b) Allen Pitts 15–19 3 7
9. a) Fitness Express: mean: 18.3 h; standard deviation: 4.9 h
20–24 3 3
Fit For Life: mean: 19.1 h; standard deviation: 5.3 h
b) Fitness Express 25–29 3 0
10. Jaime’s mean travel time is about 21.2 minutes and her standard c)
deviation is 3.5 minutes. Since her mean time is more than 20 minutes, Daily Text Messages
12
Jaime will lose her job. Jackson
11. yes; mean: 45.0 calls; standard deviation: 7.1 calls 10

Frequency
8
12. a) Games Played Goals Assists Points Jillian
6

Answers
Mean 57.5 12.5 16.1 28.6 4
Standard 2
Deviation 11.4 11.6 13.1 24.5
0
4 149 19 24 29 34
b) e.g., The standard deviation should decrease for games played and
Text Messages
should increase for goals, assists, and points.
c) 4. Jackson: mean: 11.6 messages; standard deviation: 7.4 messages
Games Played Goals Assists Points Jillian: mean: 11.7 messages; standard deviation: 6.0 messages
Mean 60.1 13.4 17.2 30.7 e.g., Jillian and Jackson send about the same number of text messages,
but Jillian is more consistent with her daily amount.
Standard
5. a) range: $42.00; mean: $21.95; standard deviation: $8.24
Deviation 8.7 11.8 13.3 24.9
b) range: $15.00; mean: $21.35; standard deviation: $4.54
d) e.g., The means and standard deviations increased and decreased as c) Removing the greatest and least amounts reduces the standard
I predicted. deviation.
e) e.g., The statement is true for data, and for means because we 6. females: mean: $27 391.30; standard deviation: $7241.12
can add fractions with the same denominator together. However, males: mean: $41 614.79; standard deviation: $19 542.92
standard deviations cannot be added because of how they are e.g., Males tend to have larger salaries, but their salaries are less
calculated. consistently close to the mean, suggesting a greater range.
13. e.g., One twin is more consistent, while the other is less consistent,
resulting in the same mean (85.0%) with different standard deviations
(2.6%, 12.0%).
Lesson 5.4, page 251
Jane’s scores: 80%, 85%, 82%, 87%, 86%, 1. a) 47.5% b) 15.85% c) 0.15%
84%, 87%, 85%, 85%, 89% 2. a)
Jordana’s scores: 78%, 92%, 99%, 64%, 72%,
82%, 77%, 95%, 98%, 93%
14. a) group A: mean: 8.56 s; standard deviation: 7.99 s
group B: mean: 5.55 s; standard deviation: 4.73 s
b) yes; group B (the group given visual information)

Mid-Chapter Review, page 239

1. Paris: 15.6 °C; Sydney: 17.8 °C
2. e.g., Wayne Gretzky tended to score between 0 and 60 goals per
season. He infrequently scored more than that.
Goals per Season
4
Number of seasons

0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
NEL Goals Answers 549
 b) e.g., Test 1 and test 2 have different means, but the same standard c) e.g., No. 80% of the data is within 1 standard deviation of the
deviation. Test 1 and test 3 have the same mean, but different mean.
standard deviations. 5. a) i) mean: 45.2 °C; median: 45.5 °C; standard deviation: 1.7 °C
c) test 1: 84.8%; test 2: 79.1%; test 3: 99.2% ii) e.g., Indian Monsoon Daily Maximum
3. e.g., Temperatures
a) Yes. A graph of the data has a rough bell shape. 14
Frequency by Interval 12
25
10

Frequency
20
Frequency

8
15
6
10
4
5
2
0
10–19 20–29 30–39 40–49 50–59 60–69
0
Interval 40 41.7 43.4 45.1 46.8 48.5 50.2
Temperature (°C)
b) No. A graph of the data does not have a bell shape.
iii) e.g., The median is close to the mean, but the frequency
Frequency by Interval
9 polygon is not symmetric around the mean, so the data is
not normally distributed.
8
b) i) mean: 8.6; median: 8; standard deviation: 2.8
7 ii) e.g., Class Marks
6 14
Frequency

5 12
4 10

Frequency
3
8
2
6
1
4
0 2
6–9 10–13 14–17 18–21 22–25
2–5
Interval
0
c) Yes. A graph of the data has a rough bell shape. 3 6 9 12 15 18
Mark
Frequency by Interval
18 iii) e.g., The shape of the graph is roughly symmetrical with
16 one peak in the middle tapering off to either side. The mean
14 and median are fairly close to each other. The distribution is
approximately normal.
12
Frequency

6. about 3 years
10 7. a) mean: 10.5; standard deviation: 2.96
8 b) e.g.,
6 Sum of Rolling Three Dice
4 30
2 27
24
0
10–24 25–39 40–54 55–69 70–84 85–99 21
Interval 18
Frequency

4. a) mean: 104.5 min; standard deviation: 22.3 min 15

b) e.g., 12
9
Movie Length (min) Frequency
6
59.5–82.0 3
3
82.0–104.5 33
104.5–127.0 7 0
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
127.0–149.5 3 Sum
149.5–172.0 3
c) e.g., Yes, when you determine the percent of data in the various
172.0–194.5 1 sections of the graph, they match the percent of data in a normal
distribution.

550 Answers NEL

 8. a) 12. a) Yes
Video Game Scores
180
160
140
120

Frequency
100
80
b) 60
40
20

27 0
36 0
45 0
54 0
63 0
72 0
81 0
90 00
99 0
10 00
117 00
12 00
12 0
0
00
00
00
00
00
00
00

00

 00
00
0

0
0
0

Answers
18

6
6
Score
c) b) Yes; mean: 72 010 points; standard deviation: 18 394 points.
The percent of scores within 1, 2, and 3 standard deviations are
very close to the expected values for a normal distribution:
μ ± 1σ 5 68.35%
μ ± 2σ 5 94.94%
μ ± 3σ 5 99.53%
13. a) 68%, or about 41 dogs c) 99.7%, or about 60 dogs
b) 95%, or about 57 dogs d) 50%, or about 30 dogs
14. mean: 482 kg; standard deviation: 17 kg
15. e.g., The 10 students could all have the highest marks in the class, so
9. e.g., they would not be normally distributed.
a) Yes, when I determine the percent of the data within 1, 2, 3, and 4 16. e.g., No. The male dog would have been over 10 standard deviations
standard deviations of the mean, they agree with the percents for a heavier than average, and the female dog would have been over
normal distribution. 13 standard deviations lighter than average. These masses are improbable.
b) The mean is 72.25, the median is 72, and the mode 73. The
values are close together, so the golf scores appear to be normally Lesson 5.5, page 264
distributed.
10. 2.5%, or about 3 dolphins 1. a) 4 c) 21.92
11. a) 44.6 kg–99.0 kg b) 20.75 d) 2.455…
b) 31.0 kg–112.6 kg 2. a) 89.25% c) 98.50%
c) e.g., Julie assumed that the masses of North American men and b) 0.94% d) 26.11%
women is normally distributed about the mean. However, men 3. a) 6.88% b) 75.18%
and women have different mean masses. 4. a) 21.28 c) 0.25
b) 1.28 d) 20.25
5. a) 1.892… c) 0.505…
b) 22.6875 d) 1.666…
6. a) 71.23% c) 0.14%
b) 3.92% d) 99.16%
7. a) 91.15% c) 24.83%
b) 0.43% d) 99.92%
8. a) 39.95% b) 89.90%
9. a) 20.439… b) 0.841…
10. a) English: 2.352… Math: 3.148…
b) Math
c) e.g., the job market, her preferences, whether absolute or relative
marks are more important for university applications
11. 92.70%
12. water walking
13. a) 90.60% or 91.24%, depending on method used
b) 3.11% or 3.14%, depending on method used

NEL Answers 551

 c) 0.88%; e.g., Someone might want to see if the percentage of high- c) With such a high percent of Canadians polled opposing the
school age mothers with young children is decreasing or increasing. rewording, and the relatively tight confidence interval, I agree
Someone might use this data to justify funding for social programs with the conclusion of the poll.
targeting this group. 8. a) confidence interval: 174.8 g to 175.2 g
14. mean: 180 cm; standard deviation: 15.6 cm margin of error: 60.2 g
15. a) 0.38% b) 37.81% c) 5.29 b) 135
16. a) about 2 b) 10.56% c) 55
17. 50 months, or round down to 4 years d) 78
18. 76% 9. a) With 90% confidence, it can be said that 49.5% to 58.5% of post-
19. e.g., For the high-priced car, the z-score is 0.5, which means that secondary graduates can be expected to earn at least $100 000/year
about 69% of the repairs will be less than $3000; thus, 31% of the by the time they retire.
repairs will be more than $3000. For the mid-priced car, the z-score b) With 99% confidence, it can be said that 60.9% to 65.1% of
is 1.25, which means that about 89% of the repairs will be less than online shoppers search for coupons or deals when shopping on the
$3000; thus, 11% of the repairs will be more than $3000. Internet.
20. a) 131 b) 140 c) at least 108 c) With 95% confidence, it can be said that Canadians spend an
21. A z-score is a value that indicates the number of standard deviations average of 17.5 h to 18.7 h online, compared to 16.3 h to 17.5 h
of a data value above or below the mean. It is calculated by watching television per week.
subtracting the mean from the data value, and then dividing by the d) With 95% confidence, it can be said that 36% to 42% of decided
standard deviation. Knowing the z-score of two or more pieces of data voters will not vote for the political party in the next election.
in different data sets allows you to compare them, which is useful for 10. a) As the sample size increases, a larger proportion of the population
making decisions. is sampled, making the results more representative of the
22. a) 5.02 kg population, therefore reducing the margin of error.
b) 62.1%; e.g., No; too many bags will have more than 5 kg of sugar. b) For the confidence level to increase, the size of the confidence
23. a) mean: 150; standard deviation: about 9.6 interval must increase; therefore, the more confident you are that a
b) 1.1% value falls within the range, the more the margin of error increases.
24. e.g., If the ABC Company wants its process to meet 6-Sigma 11. a)
Sample Size Pattern Margin of Error
standards, that is, to reject fewer than 1 bungee cord per 300
produced, what standard deviation does the company need to have 100 9.80%
in its manufacturing process? Answer: The ABC Company needs 400 1
to reduce its standard deviation to 1.0 cm if it wants to reject only
100
5
1 9.80% # 5 4.90%
Å 400 2 2
0.33% of bungee cords.
900 400 2 2
5 4.90% # 5 3.27%
Å 900 3 3
Lesson 5.6, page 274
1600 900 3 3
1. a) 95% 5 3.27% # 5 2.45%
Å 1600 4 4
b) 77.9%–84.1%
c) 26.1 million to 28.2 million 2500 4
1600
5
4 2.45% # 5 1.96%
2. a) 540.1 g to 543.9 g Å 2500 5 5
b) 50: 3.9 g; 100: 2.7 g; 500: 1.2 g
3600 5
3. a) 90% 2500
5
5 1.96% # 5 1.63%
Å 3600 6 6
b) 60.6%–67.4%
c) about 19–22 students
4. a) With 95% confidence, it can be said that 78.8% to 83.2% of b) i) 1.40% ii) 2.19%
Canadians support bilingualism in Canada and that they want c) e.g., The margin of error gets smaller at a much faster rate than the
Canada to remain a bilingual country. sample size grows. Therefore, a relatively small sample is needed to
b) e.g., I disagree with Mark. Without having more information get a small margin of error.
about how the poll was conducted, it is impossible to tell if the poll
was flawed. Chapter Self-Test, page 277
5. a) 54.9%–61.1%
b) e.g., Swift Current, Saskatchewan, has a population of 16 000 1. a) 1999: mean: 43.4 in.; standard deviation: 3.0 in.
residents. Between 8784 and 9776 people would have answered 2011: mean: 67.8 in.; standard deviation: 5.6 in.
the question correctly. b) The heights for 2011 have a greater standard deviation. Children
6. a) 99%; 84.7% to 93.3% are much closer in height than teenagers, which is why there is
b) 19 904 500 to 21 925 500 greater deviation in the teenagers’ heights.
7. e.g.,
a) The Canadian Press Harris-Decima surveyed Canadians in early
2010 to find out how people felt about a proposed rewording
of “O Canada.” The poll found that 74% of Canadians opposed
the rewording, with a margin of error of 2.2 percentage points,
19 times out of 20.
b) 71.8%–76.2%

552 Answers NEL

 2. a) e.g., The graph of the data shows a normal distribution. 2. e.g., More people aged 25 to 34 years old have higher levels of
Chest Circumferences of Scottish Militiamen education.
1200 Level of Education by Age
35
1100 25–34 year-olds
30
1000 55–64 year-olds
25
900

Percent
20
800
15
Frequency

700
10
600
5
500
0
400

ol

ate

a
dip ate

ee
300

om

om

a
cho

egr
lom
ific

ific
ipl
ipl
200

yd
hs

er t

ert
ed
ld
hig

Answers
rsit
sc

yc
oo
100

lleg

or
de

ive
an

rsit
sch

Co
Tra
s th

Un
ive
0

h
Hig
32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48

Les

Un
Circumference (in.)
b) 1.06 3. a) e.g., Twila’s data will have the lowest standard deviation.
3. e.g., Edmonton’s temperature is lower on average, but less The numbers are closer to the mean.
consistently close to the mean. b) Twila: 7.8 min; Amber: 26.9 min; yes
4. a) If the poll was conducted with a random sample of 1009 4. a) Level of Mean Standard Deviation
Canadians 100 times, you can be confident that 95 times the Education ($1000) ($1000)
results would be that
No Diploma 18.8 2.6
• 84.9% to 91.1% of people would say that the flag makes them
proud of Canada High School 23.8 4.1
• 76.9% to 83.1% of people would say that hockey makes them Post-Secondary 36.8 5.5
proud of Canada
b) post-secondary
• 40.9% to 47.1% of people would say that our justice system
c) post-secondary
makes them proud of Canada
5. bag of sunflower seeds
b) 26 160 611 to 28 269 789 people
6. female bear
c) The margin of error would increase since the confidence level that
7. a) Refuelling Intervals
would be used in the new poll increased to 99% from 95%.

Chapter Review, page 280

1. Twila: mean: 46.5 min; range: 25 min
Amber: mean: 45.5 min; range 75 min
e.g., Each girl spent about the same amount of time on homework
every day, but Amber spends a greater range of times on homework
than Twila.

0 712 740 768 796 824 852 880 908 936

3 2 1  1 2 3
Kilometres per tank
b) 68%
c) 16%
d) 768 km and 880 km

NEL Answers 553

 8. a) mean: 36.9 °C; standard deviation: 0.4 °C 8. a)
b) e.g., Yes. About 69% of the data is within one standard deviation
tree
of the mean, about 94% of the data is within two standard
deviations of the mean, and about 99% of the data is within three
standard deviations of the mean, which is close to the percents 20°
expected for a normal distribution.
9. 10.6% 80° 30°
10. Computers For All 100 m
11. a) Internet: 60.5% to 63.3% b) 19.4 m
Friends/family: 67.5% to 70.3% 9. e.g.,
Health line: 16.5% to 19.3% a)
b) Internet: 208 725 to 218 385 people Lifespan (years) Frequency
Friends/family: 232 875 to 242 535 people 9.5–10.0 1
Health line: 56 925 to 66 585 people
10.0–10.5 1
12. a) The margin of error of company A is larger than the margin of
error of company B. 10.5–11.0 0
b) Company A’s sample was larger than company B’s sample. 11.0–11.5 1
11.5–12.0 1
12.0–12.5 0
Cumulative Review, Chapters 3–5, page 287
12.5–13.0 7
1. a) x 5 12.6 cm c) d 5 9.4 cm, e 5 12.7 cm
13.0–13.5 9
b) p 5 7.6 m d) m 5 16.9 m
2. a) 40° c) 43° 13.5–14.0 5
b) 104° d) 117° 14.0–14.5 3
3. ∠H 5 66.7°, h 5 11.1 cm, ∠J 5 65.3° or 14.5–15.0 2
∠H 5 17.3°, h 5 3.6 cm, ∠J 5 114.7°
4. d 5 12.2 cm, ∠E 5 44.2°, ∠F 5 77.7°
5. 3.5 km, N39.0°W Lifespans of Dogs
10
6. 261 m
7. a) S 8
Frequency

6
q
r 4
2

Q R 0
s
10 5
.0
.5
0
12 5
.0
.5
.0
14 5
.0
15 5
.0
.5
9.

11.

.
11.
10

13

14

15
12
13

h 5 r sin Q, q , h Lifespan (years)

b) S b) No
q c) range: 5.2 years; standard deviation: 1.1 years. e.g., The data does
r not deviate very much from the mean.
10. e.g., Winnipeg and Whitehorse have approximately the same
Q R temperature in January, but the temperature varies more in
s
Whitehorse.
sin Q sin R
q . r or q 5 r, 5 , h 5 r sin Q 11. a) 97.7% b) 2.3%
q r 12. a) 2.3% b) 15.7%
c) S 13. a) 3.1%
S
b) 95%
or q r c) i) 20.0%–26.2% ii) 9.5%–15.7%
q 14. e.g.,
r
R Q a) The confidence level decreases as the margin of error decreases
s because we can be less certain that the true mean is in the range
R Q specified.
s b) The confidence level decreases as the sample size decreases because
h 5 r sin Q h 5 r sin Q there is more chance that the mean of a particular sample will fall
r sin Q , r , q r sin Q , r , q outside the confidence interval.
∠Q obtuse ∠Q acute

554 Answers NEL

Chapter 6 c) 8
y

Lesson 6.1, page 303 4

y6
1. a) y x
8 0
-8 -4 4 8
yx4 -4
4
x
-8
0
-8 -4 4 8
-4 d) y
8
-8 4x  8  4
4
x
b) y
4 0
y  6x  3 -8 -4 4 8

Answers
-4
2
x -8
0
-4 -2 2 4
-2 e) y
12
-4
6
x
2. a) dashed 0
b) shaded above boundary -12 -6 6 12
c) i) No ii) No iii) Yes -6
3. a) b represents the number of hours Betsy usually works; f represents 10x  12  y
the number of hours Flynn usually works. -12
b) real numbers; f and b must be greater than zero.
c) i) dashed green line along 3b 1 2f 5 25 f) y
8
ii) Below; (0, 0) is a solution. 4x  3y  12
iii) No; time cannot be negative. 4
d) A solution represents a possible combination of hours usually
x
worked by Betsy and Flynn that satisfy the given conditions.
0
4. a) ii b) i c) iii -8 -4 4 8
5. a) y -4
8
y  2x  8
-8
4
x
0
-8 -4 4 8
-4

-8

b) y
8
3y  9x  12
4
x
0
-8 -4 4 8
-4

-8

NEL Answers 555

6. a) no solution 7. a) Let x represent the number of movies Grace sees. Let y represent
b) y the number of times Grace goes skating.
8 {(x, y) | 9x 1 5y 1 25 # 75, x [ W, y [ W}

4 b) The variables must be whole numbers. x [ W, y [ W

x c) Grace’s Activities
0 y
-8 -4 4 8 10
-4
x  6y  14  0 8

Skating outings
-8
6
c) y
10 5x  y  4 4

8 2
9x  5y  25  75 x
6 0
2 4 6 8
4 Movie outings
i) e.g., see 3 movies and go skating 4 times
2 ii) e.g., see 5 movies and go skating once
x iii) e.g., see 3 movies and go skating 6 times
0
8. a) Let x represent the number of jerseys. Let y represent the number
2 4 6 8
of sticks.
d) y {(x, y) | 50x 1 85y # 3000, x [ W, y [ W}
4 b) Hockey Equipment
2x  2  5  x Purchases
2
x y
40
-4 -2 0 2 4
Hockey sticks

-2 30

-4 20

10
50x  85y  3000
e) y x
4 0
x 20 40 60
0 Jerseys
-4 -2 2 4 c) e.g., Eamon can buy 20 practice jerseys and 20 sticks for his team for
-4
$2700. It’s reasonable to have a few extra jerseys and a few extra sticks.
-8 9. a) Let x represent the number of teddy bears sold. Let y represent the
number of tickets sold.
-12 {(x, y) | 10x 1 32y $ 5000, x [ W, y [ W}
2y  20
b) The variables must be whole numbers. x [ W, y [ W
c) Fundraising Banquet Sales
f) y
4 y
4x  5y  10 200
10x  32y  5000
2
160
x
Tickets

0 120
-4 -2 2 4
-2
80
-4
40
x
0
100 200 300 400 500
Teddy bears
i) not a solution
ii) Yes, this is a solution.
iii) not a solution

556 Answers NEL

10. a) Let x represent the number of maple trees sold. Let y represent the 13. a) e.g., The boundary is a straight line and a half plane is shaded.
number of birch trees sold. b) e.g., Only discrete whole number points in the shaded region and
{(x, y) | 75x 1 50y . 1500, x [ W, y [ W} on the axes are included; the domain and range is the set of whole
The variables must be whole numbers. x [ W, y [ W numbers; the linear inequality is
b) Tree Sales 7
{(x, y) | y . 2 x 1 7, x [ W, y [ W}
y 3
75x  50y  1500 14. a) Moving Boxes
25
y
8
20

Sets of 6 ft3 boxes

6
Birches

15
4
10
2
16x  24y  162
5 x
0

Answers
x 4 8 12
0
5 10 15 Sets of 4 ft3 boxes
Maples b) 7 sets of the larger boxes
c) i) Yes, because (13, 13) is in the solution region.
ii) No, because (14, 9) lies on the dashed boundary and is not included in Lesson 6.2, page 307
the shaded region; the point (9, 14) is also not in the solution region.
11. a) The boundary would be stippled. The number of plants would 1. a) x [ R, y [ R
have to be a discrete number. b) x [ I, y [ I
b) Let x be the number of tulips planted. Let y be the number of c) x [ I; y [ I
crocuses planted. 2. a) y
Planting Bulbs yx
8
y x  2y  4
250
4
200 x
0
Crocuses

-4 4 8 10
150
-4
100
-8
50
12x  9y  1800
x
0
50 100 150 200 b) y
y  6x  1
Tulips
8
e.g., 75 tulips and 100 crocuses
12. a) Let x represent the number of rectangular tables. Let y represent 4
the number of circular tables. x
{(x, y) | 12x 1 8y # 660, x [ W, y [ W} 0
-8 -4 4 8
Banquet Room -4
2x  3y  9
Tables
y -8
100

80
Circular

60

40
12x  8y  660
20
x
0
20 40 60 80
Rectangular
b) The organizers can use 33 of each type of table to give 660 seats.

NEL Answers 557

Lesson 6.3, page 317 3. a) boundary y $ 22x included; boundary 23 , x 2 y not included;
intersection not included
1. a) e.g., (2, 2) b) boundary x 1 y # 22 points with integer coordinates included;
y boundary 2y $ x points with integer coordinates included;
xy2
intersection point does not have integer coordinates and is not
8 included
x4 c) boundary x 1 3y $ 0 points with integer coordinates included;
4
boundary x 1 y . 2 not included; intersection not included
x
4. a) e.g., (22, 3)
0
-8 -4 8 y
-4
4
-8
y2
2
x
b) e.g., (24, 2)
0
y -4 -2 2 4
-2
xy xy3
8
-4
x  2y  6 4
x
b) e.g., (2, 6)
0
-8 -4 4 8 y
-4 yx
10
-8
8

c) e.g., (2, 24) 6

y
4
8
2y  3x  7 2
2x  y  0
4 x
2x  4  y
x
2 4 6 8 10
0
-8 -4 4 8 c) e.g., (8, 2)
-4
y
-8 2y  3x  6
10

2. a) The solution set is the overlapping region with a boundary along 6

3y  2x  6
the line x 5 6 and points along the boundary are included. The
4
other boundary is 3y 2 x 5 6, but points along it are not included.
y 2
8
x6 x
6
2 4 6 8 10
4 d) no solution
y
2
3y  x  6
x 4
yx3
0 2
-4 -2 2 4 6 8
-2 x
0
-4 -4 -2 2 4
-2
y2x
b) i) No ii) No iii) Yes iv) No
-4

558 Answers NEL

 5. i) a) y d) e.g., 50 egg salad and 300 ham and cheese;
12 100 egg salad and 200 ham and cheese
7. a) e.g., possible solution: (0, 23)
10
y
xy5 8
8
6
6
4
4
y4 3x  6y  18
2
2
x
x
0
0
-2 2 4 6 8 10 -4 -2 2 6 8 10
-2 -2

-4
b) region below and on y # 4, and above x 1 y . 5 9x  18y  18

Answers
c) e.g., (6, 3) -6
ii) a) y
8 b) i) No ii) No iii) Yes iv) No v) Yes vi) Yes
8. a) Let x represent the number of school friends. Let y represent the
6
number of rugby friends.
4 {(x, y) | x 1 y # 500, x [ W, y [ W}
{(x, y) | x $ 3y, x [ W, y [ W}
2 xy1 b) The variables must be whole numbers. x [ W, y [ W
2  x  2y x c) e.g., 200 school friends and 50 rugby friends;
0 350 school friends and 100 rugby friends
2 4 6 8
Social Network Friends
b) points with natural number coordinates above the line 2 5 x 2 2y,
y
and on and above the line x 1 y 5 1 500
c) e.g., (2, 2)
iii) a) y 400
Rugby friends

8
300
6
200
4 x  y  500
100 x  3y
2 2x  6  3y 4x  11y  44 x
x 0
0 100 200 300 400 500
2 4 6 8 10 School friends
b) points with whole number coordinates above 4x 1 11y 5 44
and above or on 2x 2 6 5 3y 9. e.g., (23, 8), (24, 10)
c) e.g., (6, 4)
y
6. a) Let x represent the number of egg salad sandwiches. Let y represent 16
the number of ham and cheese sandwiches.
{(x, y) | x 1 y # 450, x [ W, y [ W} 12
{(x, y) | 2x # y, x [ W, y [ W}
8
b) The variables must be whole numbers. x [ W, y [ W
c) Cafeteria Sandwiches 4
y 2y  3x  1
x
500
2x  y 0
-8 -4 4 8
400 -4
Ham and cheese

300 -8
3x  y  2
200

100 10. e.g., 28 songs for young listeners and 4 songs for older listeners;
x  y  450
x 18 songs for young listeners and 8 songs for older listeners;
0 24 songs for young listeners and 6 songs for older listeners
100 200 300 400 500
Egg salad
NEL Answers 559
11. e.g., 4. a) Let x represent the number of kilograms of tomatoes.
a) {(x, y) | x 1 y $ 3, x [ R, y [ R} Let y represent the number of kilograms of red peppers.
{(x, y) | 2x 2 y # 4, x [ R, y [ R} x 1 y # 25
b) {(x, y) | x 1 y . 7, x [ W, y [ W} y $ 2x
{(x, y) | 2x 2 y , 4, x [ W, y [ W}
b) e.g., 5 kg tomatoes and 15 kg peppers; 3 kg tomatoes and
12. no solution
18 kg peppers; 2 kg tomatoes and 10 kg peppers
y
Red Pepper and
8 Tomato Soup
y
4 30 y  2x

Red peppers (kg)

3x  y  3  3(1  x) x
20
-8 -4 0 4 8
4  y  x  0
-4 10
x  y  25 x
-8 0
2y  8  x 10 20 30
Tomatoes (kg)
5. a) y
Mid-Chapter Review, page 323 100
1. a) Let x represent the number of kilograms of white chocolates. 80
Let y represent the number of kilograms of dark chocolates.
x 1 y $ 70 60
b) e.g., 40 kg white, 50 kg dark; 20 kg white, 60 kg dark;
40
50 kg white, 30 kg dark x  3y
School Fundraiser Sales 20 x  y  60
y x
80 0
Dark chocolates (kg)

20 40 60 80 100
60 x  y  70 b) The animal shelter can accommodate up to and including 60
40 dogs (x) and cats (y) in total. There are, at most, cages for three
times as many dogs as cats. How many dogs and cats can be
20 accommodated?
x 6. e.g., length 75 cm and width 25 cm; length 60 cm and width 20 cm;
0 length 70 cm and width 30 cm
20 40 60 80
Flag Dimensions
White chocolates (kg)
y
2. a) e.g., The variables are real numbers. The points below the 160
boundary are part of the solution region. The points on the
boundary are not part of the solution region. The inequality 140
is y , 2x 1 2.
120
b) i) Yes ii) Yes iii) No iv) No
3. a) Let x represent the number of hours Horst volunteers.
Length (cm)

100
Let y represent the number of hours Lev volunteers. y  100
{(x, y) | x 1 y # 30, x [ W, y [ W} 80
b) e.g., Horst 10 h and Lev 5 h; Horst 5 h and Lev 20 h;
60
Horst 15 h and Lev 7 h
Volunteer Hours 40
y
40 20
2x  2y  400
x
30
Lev’s hours

0
40 80 120 160 200 240
20
Width (cm)
10
x  y  30 x
0
10 20 30 40
Horst’s hours

560 Answers NEL

 7. a) e.g., 20 hours for Pali and 10 hours for Meg; 15 hours each 2. Let x represent the number of hamburgers. Let y represent the
Work Hours number of hot dogs. Let R represent the sales revenue.
y {(x, y) | x # 150, x [ W, y [ W}
50 {(x, y) | y # 200, x [ W, y [ W}
{(x, y) | x 1 y # 300, x [ W, y [ W}
40
18x  10y  470 Objective function: R 5 4.75x 1 3.25y
Meg’s hours

30 Fast-Food Stand Sales

y
20 400
x  150
10

Hamburgers
x  y  30 300
x
0 200
10 20 30 40
100 y  200
Pali’s hours
b) i) The solution region will be similar in shape but smaller, so x  y  300 x
0

Answers
the possible combinations will be reduced. 100 200 300 400
ii) The solution region will be reduced to a quadrilateral region
Hot dogs
between the x-axis, 18x 1 10y # 470, x 1 y # 30, and 2y # x.
3. Let x represent the number of cans of pop. Let y represent the
number of cans of juice. Let R represent the revenue.
Lesson 6.4, page 330 {(x, y) | y $ 2x, x [ W, y [ W}
{(x, y) | x 1 y # 240, x [ W, y [ W}
1. a) number of apples and number of oranges; whole numbers
b) Let x represent the number of apples. Let y represent the number Objective function: R 5 1.25x 1 y
of oranges. Vending Machine Sales
{(x, y) | x $ 5, x [ W, y [ W} y
{(x, y) | y $ 6, x [ W, y [ W} 320
y  2x
{(x, y) | 20x 1 35y # 700, x [ W, y [ W}
Cans of juice 240
c) Fruit Basket
Contents 160
y
20 80
x5
x  y  240 x
16 0
80 160 240 320
Oranges

12 Cans of pop
8 4. Let x represent the number of letter-size signs. Let y represent the
y6
number of poster-size signs. Let C represent the cost.
4 {(x, y) | x # 15, x [ W, y [ W}
20x  35y  700 x {(x, y) | y # 15, x [ W, y [ W}
0 {(x, y) | x 1 y $ 15, x [ W, y [ W}
10 20 30 40
Objective function: C 5 9.8x 1 15.75y
Apples
Dance Sign Order
d) Let N represent the number of pieces of fruit in the basket.
y
Objective function: N 5 x 1 y x  15
20
Poster-size signs

15
y  15
x  y  15
10

5
x
0
5 10 15 20
Letter-size signs

NEL Answers 561

5. Let x represent the number of lower deck tickets. Let y represent the 8. e.g., What is the quantity that must be optimized? What are the
number of upper deck tickets. Let R represent the revenue. quantities that affect the quantity to be optimized? Define these with
{(x, y)| x # 20 000, x [ W, y [ W} variables. Are there any restrictions on these variables? What is the
{(x, y) | y # 30 000, x [ W, y [ W} system of linear inequalities that describes all the constraints of the
{(x, y) | x 1 y $ 30 000, x [ W, y [ W} problem? What is the objective function?
Objective function: R 5 120x 1 80y 9. Let x represent time on the long course. Let y represent time on
the short course. Let T represent the total time.
Ticket Sales
Upper deck tickets (thousands)

x$0
y
40 y$0
x  20 x # 16
30 y # 12
y  30 x 1 y # 25
20
Objective function: T 5 x 1 y
10 x  y  30 Orienteering Course
x Times
0 y
10 20 30 40 x  16

Short course (min)

24
Lower deck tickets (thousands)
6. a) Let s represent the number of hours Sung works. Let f represent the 16
number of hours Faith works. Let B represent the total number of
8 y  12
boats painted.
{( f, s) | s # 14, s [ W, f [ W} x  y  25 x
0
{( f, s) | f # 18, s [ W, f [ W} 8 16 24
{( f, s) | s 1 f # 24, s [ W, f [ W} Long course (min)
s f
Objective function: B 5 1
3 4 Lesson 6.5, page 334
Hours Painting Boats
1. a) Model A: maximum: (11, 3), minimum: near (24, 212)
s s  14
24 b) Model B: maximum: near (5, 4), minimum: near (0, 9)
2. (24, 4); e.g., The objective function is the difference of x and y and
Sung’s hours

18 the other two points have a positive difference.

f  18
3. a) (50, 200); e.g., farthest point from both axes
12 b) No. These points are not in the feasible region.
c) (50, 100)
6
d) (50, 200); 75 in.
s  f  24 f e) (0, 0) would require no shelving
0
6 12 18 24
Lesson 6.6, page 341
Faith’s hours
s f 1. minimum: (0, 0), maximum: (8, 5)
b) The new objective function would be B 5 1 .
3 2 2. (1.5, 0)
7. Let x represent the number of hectares of barley. Let y represent the 3. a) 12 cars b) 48
number of hectares of wheat. Let R represent the revenue. 4. a) 20 spiders, 25 crickets b) 20 crickets
x$0 5. (0, 5)
y$0 6. (5, 0)
x 1 y # 1000 7. (0, 6)
y $ 3x 8. (h, g) 5 (3 000 000, 6 000 000); $11 850 000
Objective function: R 5 (5.25)50x 1 (3.61)38y 9. a) e.g., Let x represent the number of bags of almonds.
Let y represent the number of bags of walnuts.
Wheat and Barley Fields
i) {(x, y) | x $ 3000, x [ W, y [ W}
y ii) {(x, y) | y # 5000, x [ W, y [ W}
1000 y  3x
iii) {(x, y) | x 1 y $ 6000, x [ W, y [ W}
Hectares of wheat

800 b) The variables must be whole numbers. x [ W, y [ W

600

400

200
x  y  1000 x
0
200 400 600 800 1000
Hectares of barley

562 Answers NEL

 c) Bags of Nuts Chapter Self-Test, page 347
y
8000 1. a) The shading for 4 1 2x # 3y should be above the boundary; the
x  3000
shading for 5x 2 2y . 6 should be to the right of the boundary.
Bags of walnuts
6000 b) The boundary for x 2 3y # 4 2 3y should be stippled with no
y  5000 solid line. There should be no stippling on the dashed boundary of
4000 2y . x 1 7.
23
2000 2. minimum: a , 0b; maximum: (1, 5)
2
x  y  6000 x
0 3. 50 ribbon flowers and 0 rosettes; 5 hours
2000 6000 4. 12 vans and 0 minibuses; maximum value: $6600; 120 people
Bags of almonds
d) The feasible region is the set of whole number coordinates that lie Chapter Review, page 349
on or to the right of the vertical line x 5 3000, on or below the 1. a) y
horizontal line y 5 5000, and on or above the line x 1 y 5 6000.
6x  y  12
e) Let C represent the total cost. Let x represent the cost per bag of 8

Answers
almonds. Let y represent the cost per bag of walnuts.
C 5 11.19x 1 13.1y 4
f ) 3000 bags of walnuts and 3000 bags of almonds at $72 870. x
10. e.g., question 4: minimum cost: 15 letter-size signs; $147.00; question 5:
0
maximum revenue: 20 000 lower and 30 000 upper; $4 800 000 -2 2 4 6
11. 137 economy seats and 8 business seats; -4
maximum revenue: $38 485
12. 1500 min or 25 h; 11 250 min or 187 h 30 min
13. 12 h at $8.75/h and 20 h at $9.00/h; $285 b) y c) y
14. 96 small earrings and 24 large earrings; $112 800 16 8
15. 1600 bundles of asphalt shingles and 200 bundles of cedar shakes
16. e.g., What is the graph of the system of linear inequalities? What is 12 4
the feasible region? What are the vertices of the feasible region? How x
8 0
does the value of the objective function at each vertex compare? 10  2y  7x -8 -4 4 8
17. e.g., Problem: A library is buying both hardcover and paperback 4 -4
books. It plans to purchase at most four times as many paperbacks  7y  14
x
as hardcover books. Altogether the plan is to purchase no fewer than 0 -8
200 books. Hardcover books average $35.75 in cost while paperbacks 4 8 12 16
average $12.20. How can the library minimize its costs?
Solution: Let x represent the number of hardcover books. Let y 2. a) Let x represent the number of hours Selma works. Let y represent
represent the number of paperback books. Let C represent the total the number of hours Claudia works.
cost of the books. Domain: x $ 0, x [ R
Objective function to minimize: C 5 35.75x 1 12.2y Range: y $ 0, y [ R
Constraints and restrictions: x 1 y # 50
{(x, y) | x 1 y $ 200, x [ W, y [ W} Hours of Work
{(x, y) | 4x $ y, x [ W, y [ W} y
The library should purchase 40 hardcover books and 160 paperback 50
books, for a total cost of $3382.00.
40
Claudia’s hours

Library Book Purchases

y 4x  y 30
400
20
320 x  y  50
Paperback books

10
240
x
0
160 20 30 40 50 10
Selma’s hours
80
x  y  200 b) e.g., (28, 2), (35, 3), (12, 1.5); by substituting them in the
x
0 inequality
80 160 240 320 400
Hardcover books

NEL Answers 563

3. a) Let x represent the mass of raisins. Let y represent the mass of peanuts. b) e.g., 45 m halyards and 65 m sheets, or 20 m halyards and 50 m sheets
Domain: x $ 0, x [ R Sailboat Rope Purchase
Range: y $ 0, y [ R
y
2y # x 120
x  50
x1y#8
b) e.g., below 2y 5 x and x 1 y 5 8 100

Raisin and Peanut Mixture 80

Sheets (m)
y
8 60

7 40

6 20
x  y  120
x
5 0
Peanuts (kg)

xy8 20 40 60 80 100 120

4 Halyards (m)
2y  x 6. a) y 5 2x 2 3 , y 5 22x 1 7
3
b) y 1 2x , 7
2 y 2 2x $ 23
c) e.g., I picked two points on each line to verify. I verified that
1 (2.5, 2), where the boundaries intersect on the graph, satisfied the
x equations for both boundaries. I picked a point in each solution
0 region, which I could verify in my inequalities, to make sure I
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
correctly interpreted the graph.
Raisins (kg) d) There are no restrictions on the variables because the solution
c) (6, 2) represents 6 kg of raisins and 2 kg of peanuts; region is not stippled and it is in all four quadrants.
(4, 1) represents 4 kg of raisins and 1 kg of peanuts; and 7. Let x represent the number of male birds sold. Let y represent
(5.5, 1.5) represents 5.5 kg of raisins and 1.5 kg of peanuts. the number of female birds sold. Let R be the revenue.
4. a) y {(x, y) | x 1 y # 28, x [ W, y [ W}
{(x, y) | 3y # x, x [ W, y [ W}
8 2y  5x  10
Objective function: R 5 115x 1 90y
4 28 male birds and 0 female birds
x Pet Store Bird Sales
0 y
-8 -4 4 8
-4 2x  1  3y 24
Females

-8 16
x  y  28
8
x  3y
b) i) The graph would have a stippled boundary (green) in place of x
the solid one, the solution region of each inequality would be 0
8 16 24
shaded orange, integer points in the system’s solution region
would be stippled green and the dashed line would be orange. Males
ii) The graph would be shaded orange. The dashed line would be
orange, and the graph would be in the first quadrant only. The
graph would also show green stippled whole number points
in the system’s solution region, including points on the x axis.
The solid line would be stippled green.
iii) The regions on the opposite sides of the boundaries would be
shaded.
5. a) The solution belongs to the set of positive real numbers, because
you cannot have negative lengths of rope and measurements are
continuous.

564 Answers NEL

 8.Let x represent the number of herbivore exhibits. Let y represent
the number of carnivore exhibits. Let R represent the revenue.
Chapter 7
{(x, y) | x # 25, x [ W, y [ W} Lesson 7.1, page 360
{(x, y) | y $ 15, x [ W, y [ W}
{(x, y) | x 1 y # 50, x [ W, y [ W} 1. a) not a quadratic relation d) quadratic relation
b) not a quadratic relation e) quadratic relation
Objective function: R 5 15x 1 18y
c) not a quadratic relation f  ) not a quadratic relation
0 herbivore exhibits and 50 carnivore exhibits
2. a) not a quadratic relation d) quadratic relation
Zoo Exhibits b) quadratic relation e) not a quadratic relation
y c) quadratic relation f  ) not a quadratic relation
x  25 3. b) 0 c) 17 d) 26
50
4. e.g., If a 5 0, then y 5 bx 1 c, which is a linear relation, not a
Carnivore exhibits

40 quadratic relation.
5. a) up, a . 0 c) up, a . 0
30 b) down, a , 0 d) down, a , 0
6. a) up c) up
20 y  15 b) down d) down

Answers
10
x  y  50 x Lesson 7.2, page 368
0
10 20 30 40 50 1. a) x 5 4 c) {(x, y) | x [ R, y $ 216, y [ R}
Herbivore exhibits b) (4, 216)
2. a) (0, 8); e.g., (1, 18), (21, 2) b) (0, 0); e.g., (1, 3), (21, 25)
9. minimum: (3, 0); maximum: (0, 6) 3. a) (0, 0), (2, 0); (0, 0); x 5 1; (1, 22); {(x, y) | x [ R, y $ 22, y [ R}
10. The maximum solution of 4.5 occurs at (3, 0). b) (21, 0), (6, 0); (0, 4.5); x 5 2.5; (2.5, 9.2);
11. 72 women’s appointments and 18 men’s appointments; {(x, y) | x [ R, y # 9.2, y [ R}
minimum: 99 h 4. a) x 5 2; (2, 21); {(x, y) | x [ R, y $ 21, y [ R}
b) x 5 4; (4, 28); {(x, y) | x [ R, y # 28, y [ R}
c) x 5 3; (3, 21); {(x, y) | x [ R, y # 21, y [ R}
d) x 5 2.5; (2.5, 212.25); {(x, y) | x [ R, y $ 212.25, y [ R}
5. a) graph d; (2.5, 212.25) c) graph c; (3, 21)
b) graph b; (4, 28) d) graph a; (2,21)
6. a) maximum of 4 b) minimum of 23 c) maximum of 2
7. a)   i) x 24 22 0 2 4

y 23 3 5 3 23

ii) x 24 22 0 2 4

y 22 4 22 4 22

b)   i)

ii)

c)   i) {(x, y) | x [ R, y # 5, y [ R}
ii) {(x, y) | x [ R, y $ 22, y [ R}

NEL Answers 565

 8. a) iv) y
6

2
x
0
-2 2 4 6 8
b) e.g., same vertex, axis of symmetry, and shape. One opens up, the -2
other opens down
c) e.g., vertex for both is (0, 4), original vertex moves up 4 units for -4
each
-6 y  1 x2  4x  3
9. a) x 5 3 c) x 5 22 2
b) x 5 5 d) x 5 21
10. x 5 23 b) i) x 5 0; (0, 3) iii) x 5 3; (3, 0)
11. a) i) y ii) x 5 23.5; (23.5, 16.25) iv) x 5 4; (4, 25)
6 c) i) {(x, y) | x [ R, y $ 3, y [ R}
ii) {(x, y) | x [ R, y # 16.25, y [ R}
4
iii) {(x, y) | x [ R, y $ 0, y [ R}
y  2x2  3 iv) {(x, y) | x [ R, y $ 25, y [ R}
2
12. 1.56 seconds
x
13. a) 31.9 m
0
-4 -2 2 4 b) {(x, y) |0 # x # 5.1, x [ R, 0 # y # 31.9, y [ R}
-2 c) 5.1 seconds
14. {(t, h) | 0 # t # 16.3, t [ R, 0 # h # 326.5, h [ R}
ii) y 15. {(x, f (x)) | 0 # x # 2, x [ R, 4 # f (x) # 13.8, f (x) [ R}
20
y  x2  7x  4
16

12

4
x 16. a) minimum since a . 0
0 b) Method 1: Determine the equation of the axis of symmetry.
-8 -6 -4 -2 2 21 1 5
-4 x5
2
iii) y x52
12 Determine the y-coordinate of the vertex.
y  x2  6x  9
y 5 4(2)2 2 16(2) 1 21
10 y 5 16 2 32 1 21
y55
8
The vertex is (2, 5).
6 Method 2: Create a table of values.
x 22 21 0 1 2 3
4
y 69 41 21 9 5 9
2
The vertex is halfway between (1, 9) and (3, 9), which have the same
x y-value, so the vertex is (2, 5).
0 17. a) The y-coordinates are equal.
-2 2 4 6
-2 b) e.g., Substitute the x-coordinate from the axis of symmetry into the
quadratic equation.
18. e.g., Yes, Gamez Inc.’s profit increased, unless the number of games
sold was 900 000; then the profit is the same. For all points except
x 5 9, the second profit function yields a greater profit.
1
19. y 5 2 x2 2 3x 1 10
2

566 Answers NEL

Lesson 7.3, page 379 3. a) 6a2 2 11a 2 35 5 0

1. a) y  2x2  5x  3 f (a)  6a2  11a  35

y f (a)
4 10
(–1.7, 0) (3.5, 0) a
2 0
-4 -2 2 4 6
(–0.5,
) 0 )
(3, 0 x -10
0
-4 -2 2 4
-2 -20

-4 -30

-6 -40

x 5 20.5, 3 a 8 21.7, 3.5

b) 2p2 1 5p 2 1 5 0

Answers
b) y f(p)
16
4 f(p)  2p2  5p  1
12
2
(0,
) 0 (2.25,
) 0 x 8
0
-1 1 2 3 4
-2 p
(–2.7, 0)
-4 0 (0.2, 0)
y  9x  4x2 -6 -4 -2
-4

x 5 0, 2.25 p 8 22.7, 0.2

4. a) x 5 22, 5 b) x 5 23
2. a) y  24 y
24 5. a) f(x)
(–8, 24) (3, 24) 10
20
5
16 (–0.8, 0) (2.8, 0) x
0
-4 -2 2 4 6
12
-5
8
-10
f (x)  3x2  6x  7
4
x 8 20.8, 2.8
x
b) f (z)
0 15
-8 -6 -4 -2 2
-4 10
y  x2  5x
5
x 5 28, 3 (–6.6, 0) z
(0.6, 0)
b) y
0
-15 -10 -5 5 10
16 -5
(–5.2, 13.3)
f (z)  0.5z2  3z  2
12 -10
y  0.5x2
8 z 8 26.6, 0.6
y  2x  3
4
(1.2, 0.7)
0
-6 -4 -2 2 4 x
-4

x 8 25.2, 1.2

NEL Answers 567

 c) f (b) c) y
8 32
y  4x(x  3) (1.5, 27)
6 24

4 16
y  3(4x  3)
2 8
f(b)  3b2  8b  7 b x
0 0
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 -6 -4 -2 2 4
-8
(–1.5, –9)
no real roots
-16
d) f (x)
4 x 5 1.5, 21.5
f(x)  0.09x2  0.30x  0.25
d) y
2 15 y  x2  3x  8
(–1.7, 0) x
0 10
-6 -4 -2 2 4
5
x 8 21.7 x
6. a) y 0
60 -4 -2 2 4 6
(4.4, 58.5) (4.4, –2.1)
(–0.7, –5.5)
50
-10
40 2
-15 y  2x  8x  1
30
x 8 20.7, 4.4
20 7. a) 16 5 24.9t2 1 8t 1 14
y  3a2
h(t)
10 20
(1.6, 7.5)
a (0.31, 16) (1.32, 16)
0 15 h(t)  16
-5 5
-10 10
y  18a  21
-20 5
t
a 8 1.6, 4.4 0
-4 -2 2 4 6
b) y -5
8
y  5p
h(t)  4.9t2  8t  14
4
(0.5, 2.5) t 5 0.31 s and t 5 1.32 s
p
b) 12 5 24.9t2 1 8t 1 14
0
-4 -2 2 4 h(t)
-4 20
h(t)  4.9t2  8t  14
y  3  2p2
-8 (–0.22, 12) (1.85, 12)
-12 10 h(t)  12
(–3, –15)
-16 5
t
p 5 23, 0.5 0
-4 -2 2 4 6
-5

t 8 20.22, 1.85
t $ 0, t 5 1.85 s
c) No; the maximum height is less than 18.
d) t 8 2.69 s

568 Answers NEL

 8. a) y 9. Yes, solving 120 5 0.0059s 2 1 0.187s indicates that the driver was
20 travelling 127.65 km/h.
y  5x2  2x
15 10. a) y  4x2  3x  2
y (0.89, 3.87)
10 (1.58, 9.32) 4

5 2
(–0.38, 1.48) x x
0 0
-4 -2 2 4 -4 -2 2 4
y  4x  3 -5
(–0.56, –2.43)

x 5 20.38, 1.58 -4
b) y y  2x2  5x  1
15
y  x2  3x  7
(20.56, 22.43), (0.89, 3.87)
10 b) 6x2 2 2x 2 3 5 0

Answers
5 y  6x2  2x  3
x y
4
0
-4 -2 2 4 6
(–0.9, –3.5) 2

(2.2, –8.7) (–0.6,

) 0 (0.89,
) 0 x
-10 0
-4 -2 2 4
y  2x2  x  1
-15 -2

x 8 20.9, 2.2 -4
c) y
20 x 5 20.6, 0.89
c) e.g., I prefer using the method in part b) because there is only one
y 3x2  12x  17
15 function to graph.
11. 9 m by 13 m
10 12. a) Kevin did not determine the values at the point of intersection, but
determined the zeros for the LS function.
5 (2, 5) b) x 5 0.153, 2.181
x 13. a) x 5 223.887, 29.807
0 b) x 5 20.605, 7.631
-2 2 4 6 8
-5 14. e.g., If the function crosses the x-axis at more than one place,
there are two roots; if the function touches the x-axis at one
-10 place, there are two equal roots; if the function does not cross
the x-axis, there are no real roots.
y  4(x  2)2  5
-15 15. y
15 y  2x2  20x  42
x52
10
d) y  5x2  4x  3
y 5
10
(3, 0) (7, 0) x
5 0
2 4 6 8
x -5
0 y  x2  10x  21
-4 -2 2 -10
-5

y  x2  2x e.g., 3x2 2 30x 1 63 5 0, 3x2 2 30x 5 263, x2 2 10x 1 21 5 0

no solution

NEL Answers 569

Lesson 7.4, page 391 5. a) y  (x  1)(x  1) d) y  2(x  2)(x  1)
y y
1. a) iii d) vi 8 4
b) ii e) iv
c) v f) i 6 2
2. a) i) x 5 24, x 5 2 ii) y 5 28 iii) x 5 21 iv) (21, 29) x
v) y  (x  4)(x  2) 4 0
-2 2 4
y -2
2 2
x x
-4
0 0
-4 -2 2 -4 -2 2 4
-2 -2 -6

-4 {(x, y) | x [ R, y $ 21, y [ R} {(x, y) | x [ R, y # 4.5, y [ R}

b) y  (x  2)(x  2) e) y
-6
y y  3(x  2)2
8 10
-8
6 8
-10
4 6
b) i) x 5 0, x 5 3 ii) y 5 0 iii) x 5 1.5 iv) (1.5, 4.5)
v) y  2x(x  3) 2 4
y x
4
0 2
-6 -4 -2 2 x
2 -2
x 0
-2 2 4
0 -2
-2 2 4
-2 {(x, y) | x [ R, y $ 0, y [ R} {(x, y) | x [ R, y $ 0, y [ R}
-4 c) y f) y
10 y  (x  3)(x  3) 8
-6
8 6
c) i) x 5 21, x 5 7 ii) y 5 214 iii) x 5 3 iv) (3, 232) y  4(x  1)2
6 4
v) y
10
y  2(x  1)(x  7) 4 2
x
x
0 2
-2 2 4 6 8 0
-10 x -2 2 4
-2
0
-20 -2 2 4 6
-2
-30
{(x, y) | x [ R, y $ 0, y [ R} {(x, y) | x [ R, y $ 0, y [ R}
3. y 5 (x 1 2)(x 2 4)
4. a) x-intercepts: 21, 1; y-intercept: 21; vertex: (0, 21)
equation of the axis of symmetry: x 5 0
b) x-intercept: 22; y-intercept: 4; vertex: (22, 0)
equation of the axis of symmetry: x 5 22
c) x-intercept: 3; y-intercept: 9; vertex: (3, 0)
equation of the axis of symmetry: x 5 3
d) x-intercepts: 21, 2; y-intercept: 4; vertex: (0.5, 4.5)
equation of the axis of symmetry: x 5 0.5
e) x-intercept: 2; y-intercept: 12; vertex: (2, 0)
equation of the axis of symmetry: x 5 2
f) x-intercept: 1; y-intercept: 4; vertex: (1, 0)
equation of the axis of symmetry: x 5 1

570 Answers NEL

 6. y  3(x  3)(x  1) b) i) e.g., (0, 13), (8, 13) ii) (4, 23)
y iii) y
2 10
x y  x2  8x  13
0 8
-4 -2 2 4
-2 6

-4 4

-6 2
x
-8
0
-2 2 4 6 8
-10 -2

-12 c) i) e.g., (25, 7), (0, 7) ii) (22.5, 25.5)

iii) y  2x2  10x  7

Answers
e.g., If a 5 1 or a 5 2, the graph would be stretched vertically.
If a 5 0, the graph would be linear. If a 5 21 or a 5 22, the graph y
8
would be stretched vertically and reflected in the x–axis. If a 5 23,
the graph would be reflected in the x–axis. 6
7. y  (x  3)(x  3)
y 4
2
x 2
0 x
-4 -2 2 4
-2 0
-6 -4 -2 2
-2
-4
-4
-6
-6
-8
d) i) e.g., (0, 25), (28, 25) ii) (24, 11)
-10 iii) y
y  x2  8x  5 12
e.g.,
If s 5 2, zeros at x 5 3 and x 5 22, the vertex moves to (0.5, 26.25). 10
If s 5 1, zeros at x 5 3 and x 5 21, the vertex moves to (1, 24).
If s 5 0, zeros at x 5 3 and x 5 0, the vertex moves to (1.5, 22.25). 8
If s 5 21, zeros at x 5 3 and x 5 1, the vertex moves to (2, 21).
If s 5 22, zeros at x 5 3 and x 5 2, the vertex moves to (2.5, 20.25). 6
If s 5 23.8, zeros at x 5 3 and x 5 3.8, the vertex moves to (3.4, 20.16).
4
8. a) 312.5 m2 b) {(x, y) | 0 # x # 25, x [ R, 0 # y # 312.5, y [ R}
9. $12, $720 2
10. a) i) e.g., (0, 26), (24, 26) ii) (22, 210) x
iii) y  x2  4x  6 0
y -8 -6 -4 -2 2
2 -2
x
0 e) i) e.g., (0, 23), (4, 23) ii) (2, 21)
-6 -4 -2 2 iii) y
-2 2
x
-4
0
-2 2 4 6
-6 -2

-8 -4

-10 -6

-8
y  0.5x2  2x  3
-10

NEL Answers 571

 f ) i) e.g., (0, 29), (5, 29) ii) (2.5, 3.5) 13. y 5 2x2 2 4x 2 6
iii) y y  2x2  4x  6
4 y  2x2  10x  9 y
2
3
x
2 0
-4 -2 2 4
-2
1
x -4
0
-1 1 2 3 4 -6
-1
-8
-2
14. A quadratic function can have no zeros, one zero, or two zeros.
1 1 e.g., y
11. a) y 5 x2 2 2x 2 6 c) y 5 2 x2 2 x 1 3 12
2 4
b) y 5 x2 2 5x 1 4 d) y 5 2x2 16x
10
12. a) e.g., Method 1: Use partial factoring.
f (x) 5 22x2 1 16x 2 24 8
f (x) 5 22x(x 2 8) 2 24
22x 5 0 x2850 6
x50 x58
4
f (0) 5 224 f (8) 5 224
The points (0, 224) and (8, 224) are the same distance from the 2
y  x2  6x  11
axis of symmetry. x
018 0
x5 -2 2 4 6
2
-2
x54
The equation of the axis of symmetry is x 5 4.
y
f (4) 5 22(4)2 1 16(4) 2 24 8
f (4) 5 8 y  (x  2)2
The vertex is (4, 8). 6

Method 2: Factor the equation to determine the x-intercepts. 4

f (x) 5 22x2 1 16x 2 24
f (x) 5 22(x2 2 8x 1 12) 2
f (x) 5 22(x 2 6)(x 2 2) x
x2650 x2250 0
x56 x52 -6 -4 -2 2
The x-intercepts are x 5 2 and x 5 6. -2

216
x5 y  x2  2x  3
2
y
x54 4
The equation of the axis of symmetry is x 5 4.
f (4) 5 22(4)2 1 16(4) 2 24 2
f (4) 5 8 x
The vertex is (4, 8). 0
b) e.g., I prefer partial factoring because it is easier to determine the -4 -2 2 4
factors. -2

-4

-6

572 Answers NEL

 1 3. a) e.g., If a . 0, then the parabola opens up; if a , 0, then the
15. a) {(x, y) | 0 # x # 4, x [ R, 21 # y # 0, y [ R} b) y 5 x2 2 x
4 parabola opens down.
16. 12.5 feet by 25 feet
b) a . 0
17. a) h 5 25.5t2 133t
y
b) {(t, h | 0 # t # 6, t [ R, 0 # h # 49.5, h [ R} 12
18. e.g., The x-intercepts are x 5 23 and x 5 1. Therefore,
y 5 a(x 2 1)(x 1 3). Substitute a point on the graph, say (3, 6), into 10
1
the equation to obtain a 5 . 8
2
19. a) y 5 20.019x2 1 33
6
b) {(x, y) | 233 # x # 33, x [ R, 12 # y # 33, y [ R}
c) (241.7, 0), (41.7, 0) 4
20. a) y 5 20.0144x2 1 132.279
b) {(x, y) | 267.175 # x # 67.175, x [ R, 0 # y # 132.279, y [ R} 2
The grass closest to first and third base is the largest distance to the y  x2  6x  11
x
left or right. The grass closest to second base is the largest vertical
0
distance. -2 2 4 6

Answers
c) -2

a,0
y
4 y  2x2  10x  9
3

2
21. 50 feet by 94 feet
1
x
Mid-Chapter Review, page 398 0
-1 1 2 3 4
1. a) not a quadratic function c) quadratic function -1
b) quadratic function d) not a quadratic function
2. a) y 5 0 -2
b) y  x2  8x
y 4. a) t 5 0, t 5 24
16 b) 12 seconds, 720 metres
c) 675 metres
12 d) {(t, h) | 0 # t # 24, t [ R, 0 # h # 720, h [ R}
5.
8 y  0.5x2  3x  3.5
y
4 5
x (–7, 0) (1, 0) x
0 0
-4 4 8 -8 -6 -4 -2 2
-4 -5

c) x 5 4; (4, 16); x 5 0, x 5 8; {(x, y) | x [ R, y # 16, y [ R} -10

x 5 27, 1
6. y
10
y  3x2  4x
5
x
0
-4 -2 2 4
-5 (1.9, –3.3)
(–0.9, –6.2)
-10

-15 y  x2  7

x 5 20.9, 1.9

NEL Answers 573

 7. 14 s 11. The first line was incorrectly factored:
8. x 5 21 4r2 2 9r 5 0
1 1 r(4r 2 9) 5 0
9. y 5 x2 1 x 2 2
4 2 r 5 0 or 4r 2 9 5 0
1 2 4r 5 9
10. a) y 5 x 2 3x 2 36 9
2 r5
b) (3, 240.5) 4
c) {(x, y) | x [ R, y $ 240.5, y [ R} 9
r 5 0 or r 5
11. y  3x2  6x  18 4
12. a) e.g., y 5 8x2 1 2x 2 3
y
6 b) e.g., No, we had different functions.
x c) e.g., y 5 16x2 1 4x 2 6, y 5 224x2 2 6x 1 9
0 13. a) She must sell either 600 or 1800 posters to break even.
-4 -2 2 b) She must sell either 800 or 1600 posters to earn a profit of $5000.
-6 c) She must sell 1200 posters to earn $9000.
d) D: n $ 0; R: 227 # P # 9
-12
If Sanela sells 0 posters, she will incur a loss of $27 000; her
-18 maximum profit is $9000.
14. a) 7
-24 b) D: 0 # t # 7, where t is the time in seconds, since the rock begins
to fall at 0 s and hits the water at 7 s
12. $26.25 15. a) e.g., x2 2 2x 2 8 5 0
b) e.g., x2 2 2x 1 9 5 0; I changed the “c” term.
16. a) i) Write the equation in standard form.
Lesson 7.5, page 405 ii) Factor fully.
1. a) x 5 4, 7 c) y 5 25, 20.5 iii) Set each factor with a variable equal to zero (since the product
b) x 5 23, 10 d) t 5 23, 1.25 is zero, one factor must be equal to zero).
2. a) x 5 11, 211 e) s 5 6 iv) Solve.
10 10 b) When the quadratic equation is factorable, solve by factoring;
b) r 5 , 2 f ) p 5 20.25 otherwise, solve by graphing.
3 3
c) x 5 0, 15 g) z 5 0, 2.5 17. a) Since the equation is factorable, I can predict that it is a difference
9 of squares.
d) y 5 216, 0 h) q 5 0, b) x 5 26
5
1 "c
3. a) x 5 25, 14 c) a 5 24, c) a"ax 1 "cb a"ax 2 "cb 5 0, where 56
3 "a
4 5 d) ax 2 c 5 0
2
b) x 5 216, 23 d) t 5 2 , 18. 10 cm, 24 cm, and 26 cm
3 2
3 3
4. a) x 5 24, c) d 5 2
2 7 Lesson 7.6, page 417
3 13 13
b) x 5 23, d) g 5 , 2 1. a) i) upward ii) (3, 7) iii) x 5 3
4 9 9
b) i) downward ii) (27, 23) iii) x 5 27
5. a) x 5 20.75, 1.8
c) i) upward ii) (2, 29) iii) x 5 2
b) e.g., Geeta may have had the wrong signs between the terms within
d) i) upward ii) (21, 10) iii) x 5 21
each factor.
e) i) downward ii) (0, 5) iii) x 5 0
6. a) u 5 27, 9 c) y 5 26, 2
2. a) maximum, 2 x-intercepts
b) x 5 24, 22 d) k 5 25
7. e.g., x2 1 17x 1 60 5 0 f(x)
4
8. The price of the ticket should be either $1.50 or $3.50. (That is, f(x)  x2  3
x 5 25 or x 5 15.) 2
1 8 x
9. x5 ,
4 5 0
10. Going from the second line to the third line, 100 divided by 5 is 20, -4 -2 2 4
not 25. Also, in the final step, it is possible that the final result could -2
be positive or negative. Therefore, the two solutions are a 52"20 -4
or a 5 "20.
-6

-8

574 Answers NEL

 b) maximum, 0 x-intercepts 3. 23
q(x) 4. C. The vertex is (3, 5) and passes through the point (0, 21).
2 5. a) iv; The vertex is (3, 0). c) i; The vertex is (0, 23).
x b) iii; The vertex is (24, 22). d) ii; The vertex is (4, 2).
0 6. If a . 0, the parabola contains a minimum value. If a , 0, the
-6 -4 -2 2
-2 parabola contains a maximum value.
a . 0, y 5 2(x 2 1)2 2 7
-4 y
q(x)  (x  2)2  5 4
-6
2
-8 x
0
-10 -4 -2 2 4 6
-2
c) minimum, 0 x-intercepts
-4
m(x)

Answers
10
-6
8 y  2(x  1)2  7
-8
6
a , 0, y 5 22(x 2 2.5)2 1 3.5
4 y
4 y  2(x  2.5)2  3.5
2
m(x)  (x  4)2  2 3
x
0 2
-8 -6 -4 -2 2
-2
1
d) minimum, 2 x-intercepts x
0
6 n(x) -1 1 2 3 4
-1
n(x)  (x  3)2 6
4
-2
2
x 7. red, y 5 (x 1 4)2; a 5 1 orange, y 5 x2 1 4; a 5 1
purple, y 5 (x 2 4)2; a 5 1 green, y 5 2x2 2 4; a 5 21
0
-2 2 4 6 8 blue, y 5 2(x 2 4)2 2 4; a 5 21
-2 The parabolas are congruent.
8. a) x 5 9 c) 6.5 ft
-4 b) 8 ft d) {h(x) | 6.5 # h # 8, h [ R}
9. a) e.g., y 5 (x 2 3)2 2 1, y 5 2(x 2 3)2 2 1, y 5 23(x 2 3)2 2 1
-6
b) The second graph is narrower than the first graph, and the third
graph opens downward instead of upward.
e) minimum, 0 x-intercepts
c)
r(x)
10

2 e.g., My predictions were accurate.

r(x)  2(x  4)2  2 x
0
-2 2 4 6 8
-2

NEL Answers 575

10. e.g., The vertex is (1, 29), the graph opens upward, the equation of 17. a) y
10
the axis of symmetry is x 5 1, and the y-intercept is (0, 27). I would
draw a parabola that has all of these features. 8
1 2
11. a) y 5 2 x 2 1 36 b) y 5 2 (x 2 3)2 1 2 6
4 9
12. a) y 5 a(x 2 4)2 2 12, a 2 0, a [ R
4
b)
1
y 5 (x 2 4)2 2 12 y   1 (x  40)2  10
3 200
2
c) {(x, y) | x [ R, y $ 212, y [ R} x
d) 1 0
y  (x  4)2  12 20 40 60 80
3
y
10 b) The atlatl dart was 20 yd from Peter as it rose in the air, then
60 yd as it came down.
5
18. a) h(t) 5 5(t 2 10)2 1 20 b) 20 m c) 20 s
x
9
0 19. e.g., 2 (x 2 14) 1 18
2
-5 5 10 15 98
-5 9
y   98 (x  14)2  18
-10 y
20
13. a) zeros; 0, 3 16
y  4.9(x  1.5)2  11.3
y 12
12
8
10
4
8 x
0
6 4 8 12 16 20 24 28

4 11
e.g., 2 (x 2 14)2 1 22
98
2 11
y   98 (x  14)2  22
x
y
0 20
-2 2 4 6
-2
16
b) e.g., One zero represents the location of the sprinkler and the other
12
zero represents where the water lands on the grass.
14. a) y 5 22.4(x 1 3.5)2 1 15 8
b) {(x, y) | x [ R, y # 15, y [ R}
15. a) 0.68(x 2 2.5)2 1 0.5 4
b) 0.68 m x
c) {(x, y) | 0 # x # 5, x [ R, 0.5 # y # 1, y [ R} 0
16. e.g., Agree. It is easier to graph the quadratic function when it is in 4 8 12 16 20 24 28
vertex form because you can determine the vertex, the y-intercept, and
direction of the graph without doing any calculations.

576 Answers NEL

Lesson 7.7, page 427 3. e.g., I preferred factoring because it takes less time and there is less
room for errors.
27 2"69 27 1 "69 25 2"133 25 1 "133
1. a) x 5 , 4. a) x 5 ,
2 2 6 6
y 7 2"1102 7 1 "1102
4 b) x 5 ,
39 39
(–7.7, 0) (0.7, 0) x
0 3 2"3 3 1 "3
-8 -6 -4 -2 c) x 5 ,
2 2
-4 d) no solution
y  x2  7x  5
5. The roots are correct.
-8
3 2 2 "3 3 1 2 "3
6. a) x 5 ,
-12 3 3
b) x 5 242"13, 241"13
-16
22 2"6 22 1 "6
c) x 5 ,

Answers
b) x 5 24, 20.375 4 4
y 2 2"5 2 1 "5
16 d) x 5 ,
3 3
7. a) $0.73, $19.27
8
b) $10
(–4, 0) (–0.4, 0) x 8. a) 5.5 s
0 b) e.g., about 10 s as 250 m is twice 125 m
-4 -2 2 4
-8 c) 7.6 s
d) e.g., My prediction was not close.
-16 9. a) It may be possible, but the factors would not be whole numbers.
y  8x2  35x  12 b) z 5 20.75
-24 c) e.g., I used the formula because I find it most efficient.
10. a) 7.28 s
5 2"17 5 1 "17 b) 1.77 s; The ball would be in flight 5.51 s longer on the Moon.
c) a 5 , 11. 0.25 m
4 4
12. e.g.,
f(a) � 2a2 � 5a � 1 • The quadratic formula can be used to solve any quadratic equation.
f(a) • You can use it to solve a factorable equation if you find it too
15 difficult to factor.
• The radicand can be used to tell you about the solution.
10 - If it is a perfect square, then the equation is factorable. Both roots
are rational numbers.
5
- If it is not a perfect square, then the roots can be given as a
(0.2, 0) (2.3, 0) a decimal approximation, or you can choose to leave the radical in
0 the solution and give the exact values.
-1 1 2 3 4
- If it is negative, then there is no solution.
b
d) p 5 20.25, 0.6 13. a) 2
a
c
f(p) b)
5 a
(–0.25, 0) (0.6, 0) p c) x 5 0.5, 0.8; sum 5 1.3; product 5 0.4
0 d) Yes, the answers match.
-1 -0.5 0.5 1 1.5
-5 7 3
e) 1. d) sum: ; product: 2
20 20
-10 2. a) sum: 25; product: 26
5. sum: 22; product: 215
-15 7. sum: 20; product: 14
f ) e.g., Determine the sum and product of your proposed solutions,
f(p)  20p2  7p  3 then check to see if they match the results obtained from the
formulas in parts a) and b).
2. a) x 5 26, 1
4
b) x 5 2 , 0
9
c) x 5 2.2, 22.2
5 8
d) x 5 2 ,
4 3

NEL Answers 577

Lesson 7.8, page 436 b) f(x)  2(x  1)(x  5)
1. a) e.g., Graph the equations and determine the intersection. 20 f(x)
b) 23.76 m
c) e.g., Factor the equation to determine the x-intercepts. 15
2. a) 4.51 cm
b) 10
y  18x2  1150
y 5
(–4.5, 0) (4.5, 0) x
x
0
-4 -2 2 4 0
-250 -10 -5 5 10 15
-5
-500
e.g., I plotted the x-intercepts and the y-intercept.
-750 c)
4 f(x)
f(x)  0.5(x  2)2  7
-1000
2
x
0
c) e.g., I prefer the method in part a) because it takes less time. -6 -4 -2 2
3. 28, 19 -2
4. 4.24 cm
5. about 1.57 s -4
6. 8:27 a.m.
-6
7. a) E(x) 5 25x2 1 75x 1 5000
b) $40 -8
c) $32.50
8. 214 and 213, or 13 and 14 e.g., I plotted the vertex and the y-intercept.
9. about 29.0 cm d)
10. e.g., Underline key words, write what is given, write what you need
to figure out, draw a picture, use a strategy previously used, and ask
yourself if the answer is probable.
11. 6:30 pm
12. 14.4 cm

Chapter Self-Test, page 440

e.g., I factored the equation to determine the vertex and
1. a) x-intercepts.
f(x)
8
2. a) x-intercepts: 23, 5; y-intercept: 15; vertex: (1, 16)
f(x)  x2  8x  12 equation of the axis of symmetry: x 5 1
6
b) x-intercepts: 1.5, 24; y-intercept: 212; vertex: (21.25, 215.125)
4 equation of the axis of symmetry: x 5 21.25
3. a) 10 s b) 256 ft c) 400 ft
2 1 2
4. y 5 x 2 2x 2 4
x 3
0 5. $900
-2 2 4 6 8
6. a) x 5 28, 23
-2
1
b) a 5 24,
-4 8
c) c 5 21, 6
e.g., I used partial factoring to determine two points on the 2 1
d) x 5 2 , 2
parabola with the same y-coordinate, then the axis of symmetry, 5 4
and then the y-coordinate of the vertex. 7. a) x 8 26.27, 1.27
b) x 8 20.23, 3.23
3
c) x 5
5
d) no solution
8. a) 56.2 m
b) about 4 m

578 Answers NEL

Chapter Review, page 443 4. a) y

1. a) f(x) 6
10 y  6x2  13x  6
4
8
f(x)  x2  6x  8
2
6
(0.6,
) 0 (1.5,
) 0 x
4 0
0.5 1 1.5 2

2 x 8 0.6, 1.5
x
b) y
0 6
-2 2 4 6 8
-2 y  5x2  8x  3
4

b) g(x)  2(x  1)(x  3) 2

Answers
g(x) (–1.9, 0) (0.3, 0) x
8
0
-3 -2 -1 1 2
6 -2

4 -4

2 -6
x
0 x 8 21.9, 0.3
-4 -2 2 4 6
c) y
-2 8 y n  3

-4 6
y  4n2  1
c) h(x)  0.5(x  4)2 2 4
(0.84, 3.84)
h(x) (–0.59, 2.41)
8 2
n
6
0
-4 -2 2 4
4 -2

2
n 8 20.59, 0.84
x
d) y  c 2  38c  340
0
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 y
-2 40 (11.3, 38.3)
30
2. (2, 7)
3 20
3. a) y 5 2 (x11)2 1 2
2
b) {(x, y) | 21 # x # 0, x [ R, 0.5 # y # 2, y [ R} 10
c
0
-10 10 20 30 40
-10

-20
(17.7, –19.3)
-30
y  3c 2  96c  740

c 8 11.3, 17.7

NEL Answers 579

 5. a) f (x) 5 2(x 2 1)(x 2 5)
b) zeros: x 5 1, x 5 5
Chapter 8
equation of the axis of symmetry: x 5 3 Lesson 8.1, page 458
c) {(x, y) | x [ R, y $ 28, y [ R}
d) f(x) 1. a) store A: $8.50/kg; store B: $7.35/kg; store B has the lower rate
4 b) station A: $0.94/L; station B: $0.98/L; station A has the lower rate
2. a) tank A: 71 L/h; tank B: 69 L/h; tank A has the greater rate
2 b) person A: 5 m/s; person B: 3 m/s; person A has the greater rate
x 3. a) 20 s to 28 s; 28 s to 32 s
0 b) 28 s; 32 s
-2 2 4 6 8
-2 c) distance does not change; speed is zero
4. a) bottles: $0.00 175/mL; boxes: $0.001 66/mL
-4 b) Boxes have the lower unit cost.
5. 925 mL container: $0.022/mL; 3.54 L container: $0.015/mL; The
-6 larger container has the lower unit cost.
6. aerobics: 7 cal/min; hockey: 8 cal/min; She burns calories at a greater
-8 f(x)  2(x  1)(x  5) rate playing hockey.
7. a) 10 lb for $17.40 is the same as $3.83/kg; $3.61/kg is the
6. x 5 21.5, 4 lower rate.
7. a) (1, 2) b) 6 mph is the same as 10 km/h; 2 km in 10 min is the same as
b) (22.5, 0.25) 12 km/h; the first rate is lower.
8. a) s 5 25, 12 c) d 5 3.25, 23.25 c) 35.1 L for 450 km is the same as 7.8 L/100 km; this is the lower
b) a 5 23, 22 d) x 5 4.5, 24.5 rate
9. a) upward d) 30 m/s is the same as 108 km/h; 100 km/h is the lower rate.
b) x 5 3, (3, 27) 8. Farmer’s Co-op: $0.852/lb; pet store: $0.623/lb; pet store has the
c) {(x, y) | x [ R, y $ 27, y [ R} lower rate
d) y 9. telephone company: $24/year; Internet: $28.95/year
6 10.
Paving Rates
Total distance

4 y
paved (km)

15 Monday
2 10
x 5 x Tuesday
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
-2 2 4 6 8
-2 Time (h)
11.
-4 Outdoor Temperature
y  2(x  3)2  7 y
Temperature (°C)

-6 25
20
10. y 5 23(x 1 4)(x 1 2) 15
1 10
11. y 5 2 (x 2 3)2 2 5 5 x
4
0
12. y 5 20.45x2 1 45 2 4 6 8 10 12
11 16
13. a) x 5 , Time (h)
13 9
b) f 8 0.73, 22.73 12. e.g., In the first 10 min, the shuttle was driven away from the airport
to pick up and drop off passengers at three different hotels; the
c) h 8 0.52, 21.38 farthest hotel was about 9 km away. Then the shuttle was driven
d) no solution toward the airport for one more pick-up/drop-off about 7.5 km from
14. The numbers are 1, 3, 5 or 3, 5, 7. the airport. It continued toward the airport and stopped at one more
15. The other side is 45 cm; the hypotenuse is 51 cm. hotel, where David disembarked. The whole trip took about 22 min.
1 1 2 13 13. a) graduated cylinder b) flask c) beaker d) drinking glass
16. e.g., y 5 2 (x 2 65)(x 1 65), y 5 2 x 1 x
360 360 36
17. 1:59 p.m.

580 Answers NEL

14. The rates for 1990–1995 and 1995–2000 are both 4.8 megatonnes/ 10. 867 h
year. Strategy 1: She works 50 h every 3 weeks; therefore, she works
15. The greatest speed difference is in the 700 m to 1100 m segment, by approximately 16.667 h in 1 week (50 h/3 weeks). Since there are
0.113 m/s. 52 weeks in a year, she works approximately 866.7 h in a year
16. e.g., (16.667 h/week 3 52 weeks/year)
a) An estimate is sufficient when you only need to know which rate Strategy 2:
is better, such as which car uses less fuel per kilometre. A precise 50 h x
5
answer is needed if you want to know how much fuel you will save 3 weeks 52 weeks
for a particular trip. Solve for x to get approximately 866.7 h.
b) A graphing strategy is a good approach for comparing rates because 11. a) 65.2 km/h b) 9.8 L/100 km c) $1.09/L
you can visually compare the slopes. For example, a steeper slope 12. $704.50
for one lap of a car race on a graph of distance versus time means 13. a) $817.95
a faster speed. A numerical strategy is better if you want to know b) no, for 8 weeks she would need 844.8 pounds
exactly how much faster one lap was compared to another. c) e.g., What is the food’s shelf-life? How much space will be needed
17. Depth of Water in a Flask to store the food? What are the shipping charges?
y 14. e.g.,
40

Answers
a) about 400 000 ha
Depth of water (cm)

30 b) about $19.2 million

15. store A: $0.416/L; store B: $0.441/L
20 Store A, because it is closer and the water is less expensive per litre.
16. 7:24 a.m.
10 17. 22.2 °C
x 18. a) Bren’s Interior Design
0 b) e.g., The distance to the store or whether a second coat will be
50 100 needed.
Time (s) 19. 1268
18. a) about 14 300 20. 4.7 h
b) e.g., 27 079 MIPS; about 3693
Mid-Chapter Review, page 473
Lesson 8.2, page 466 1. Carol is faster because Jed’s keying rate is 58 words/min.
2. Stan paid less per litre, because Harry paid $0.985/L.
1. a) 9 L c) $12.75 3. a) 4 Cal/min b) 30 L/day c) $8.40/kg d) 5 km in 20 min
b) 3 min d) about 30 mL 4. a) Temperature vs. Time
2. a) Supersaver: $0.25/can; Gord: $0.28/can; Supersaver has the lower y
unit price.
b) e.g., size of container, amount that must be bought 102
Temperature (°F)

3. 56 turns
100
4. 18 games
5. 6% per year 98
6. e.g.,
a) cost for meat in a grocery store 96
b) amount of medicine per body mass x
c) cost for cold cuts at the deli counter 0
d) change in temperature as altitude changes when climbing a 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
mountain Time (h)
e) density of a substance b) interval 0 h to 3 h
f) cost of flooring at a hardware store 5. a) The interval about 28 s to 35 s; the slope is steepest over this
7. 4 min 16 s interval.
8. 44 min b) The interval about 35 s to 60 s; the slope is least steep over this
9. 20 interval.
c) about 19 m/s; about 5 m/s
d) 8.3 m/s
6. a) U.S. store, $114.47
b) e.g., return/exchange/repair policies, service, custom duties,
delivery time, shipping costs
7. 1000 mi
8. $102.20
9. a) 7.28 m/s, 7.17 m/s
b) The average speed is slightly less for the race that is slightly longer.
c) e.g., Longer races typically have lower average speeds.

NEL Answers 581

Lesson 8.3, page 479 10. e.g.,
a) diameters: 1.6 cm, 2.5 cm, 3.4 cm; hexagon side: 2.0 cm
3 3 b), c)
1. a) 5 60% b) 5 150%
5 2
2. a) original smaller b) original larger c) original larger
5
3. a) 5 in. : 6 ft or 5 in. : 72 in. b) cm
72 5.0
4. g 5 4.0 cm, h 8 5.3 cm, x 5 6.0 m, y 5 7.5 m
5. e.g.,
a) 1.2 b) 1.8 c) 0.9
6. a) 1, 4.0 m by 5.0 m; 2, 4.0 m by 4.0 m; 3, 4.0 m by 4.0 m
b) 4.8 m by 4.0 m
c) bedroom 1, 20.0 m2
7. a) e.g., 1 in. : 100 ft
8.5
b) e.g., 6.5 in. cm

4.0 cm

3 in.

6.2 cm
8.
6 cm

2.6 cm

11. 0.25 mm
1 cm
12. a) i) about 629 km
6.4 cm ii) about 557 km
b) Yellowknife and Fort Providence
13. a) 15 m b) 11.8 m2
3.6 cm 1 1
14. a) 3 b) c) 40 d)
20 110
15. e.g., The diagram could be a rectangle measuring 18 cm by 14 cm
1
16. a) 4 m2 b) 2 m c) 5 mm : 2 m d)
1 cm 400
1 cm 17. width 5 36.6 in., height 5 20.6 in.
0.8 cm
18. e.g.
2.4 cm a) b) c)

7 cm

1 cm : 50 cm

9. The diagram should measure 13.5 cm by 9 cm.

582 Answers NEL

19. e.g., The dimensions of the space you actually have for your scale Lesson 8.5, page 497
diagram; how large you want the scale diagram to be in that space;
and a comparison of the ratio of the dimensions of the available space 1. a) similar
to the ratio of the dimensions of the original. b) similar
20. a) 0.65 b) 7.8 in. by 5.2 in. c) similar
d) not similar
2. a) Yes, all spheres are similar.
Lesson 8.4, page 487 25 22
b) i) ii)
1. a) 4 b) 12 cm2, 192 cm2 c) 16 22 25
2. 3. length: 52 m; beam: 8.5 m; height 43 m
4. a) Yes, all dimensions are proportional.
Length Height of Area of scaled triangle b) S: 16 cm; L: 32 cm
of Base Triangle Scale Area
(cm) (cm) Factor (cm2) Area of original triangle 5. length: 8.6 m; height: 3.8 m
6. 1.41 m by 1.68 m by 3.71 m
3.0 4.0 1 6.0 1 7. a) 2 b) length: 180 cm; height: 150 cm
9.0 12.0 3 54.0 9 1
8. a) b) 10 in.

Answers
3
1.5 2.0 0.5 1.5 0.25
9. 16 in. by 2 in.
30.0 40.0 10 600.0 100 10. a) about 3 in. by 5 in. by 2 in.
87
0.75 1.0 25% 0.375 0.0625 b)
160
3. 1050 cm2 1 5 1
c) 3 in. long, 4 in. high, 2 in. wide
4. a) 44 units2 b) 52 units2 c) 50 units2 4 8 8
5. a) 2.5 units2 b) 1.3 units2 11. 2
6. a) 6 in. by 9 in. 12. e.g.,
b) 225% a) 6 m tall, 5 m wide
c) e.g., Enlarge each side by 150%, then multiply the new side b) Measure the metre stick in the photo to determine the scale factor.
lengths, or calculate the area of the smaller photo, then multiply by Then multiply the building measurements by the scale factor to
2.25. determine the building dimensions in metres.
7. Enlarge each side length using a scale factor of 2. 13. 10 cm
2
8. a) b) 64 cm2
3
9. garage: 600 m2, office: 100 m2 5 cm
10. a) $65 000 b) $280 000
11. 120 ft

5 ft

10 ft 20 ft 10 cm
5 mm
5 ft 1 cm
7 cm 4 cm
30 ft 30 ft 5 mm
60 ft
1 cm
12. 8 cm2 and 32 cm2
13. a) 1.5 b) 0.5 5 mm
14. a) 4
b) The perimeter of the large triangle is 4 times the perimeter of the 5 cm
5 mm
small triangle; the area of the large triangle is 42 times the area of
the small triangle. 1 cm 2 cm
15. a) 0.152 m : 7600 m 5 1 m : 50 000 m 4 cm
5 mm
b) 49 ha 1 cm
c) $18 300
5 mm
16. a), b), e.g., If kitchen is about 10 ft by 20 ft and scale diagrams are
1
drawn on 8.5 in. by 11 in. paper, scale factor could be .
48
c) e.g., Estimate or measure the open floor space areas in each
diagram and compare.
17. e.g., The area is divided by 4 in process A.
18. 81%
19. about 46¢ more

NEL Answers 583

14. Top view Side view 11. a) 2.7 cm c) 13.5
1 b) 3.7 d) 49.5
in.
4
3 in. 12. 2.7
13. 72%
14. a) 1.5 c) 3.375
Front view 3 in. b) 2.25 d) 988 cm3, 3334 cm3
15. a) No, it will take about four times as much 1 k 5 2; k 2 5 4 2 .
1 1 1
b) No, it is the volume of the large shoebox ak 5 ; k 3 5 b.
8 2 8
2 in. 1 16. a) Surface area of scaled cylinder 5 k 2(2pr 2 1 2prh)
in.
4 Volume of scaled cylinder 5 k 3(pr 2h)
b) Surface area of scaled cone 5 k 2(pr 2 1 prs)
1
Volume of scaled cone 5 k 3 a pr 2hb
3
3 in. 17. e.g., Consider the relationship between the volumes. The scale factor
is 2, so the larger prism has a volume that is 8 times the volume of
the smaller prism. Eight of the smaller prisms will fit inside the larger
1
15. e.g., Using a scale factor of , the views would have the following prism.
20
dimensions: 18. 9
19. a) 37 914 864 km2 b) 21 952 700 000 km3
Top view rectangle: 6.7 cm by 3.3 cm
20. e.g., $20.16, assuming the heights are the same and that frosting costs
Side view rectangle: 3.3 cm by 4.4 cm
the same as the interior of the cake.
Front view rectangle: 6.7 cm by 4.4 cm
16. e.g., for an eraser measuring 7.0 cm by 2.0 cm by 0.5 cm, using a Chapter Self-Test, page 512
1
scale factor of :
2 1. a) increasing: 1993–1995, 1996–2000, 2001–2004, 2005–2008;
decreasing: 1995–1996, 2000–2001, 2008–mid-2009
3.5 cm b) 2004–2005
1 cm c) 1998–1999; 2007–2008
0.25 cm
1 cm d) e.g., general economic conditions
2. 1250 L
3.5 cm 3. 1 m by 1.5 m
0.25 cm 4. a) 2.4 cm, 6.8 cm c) 41.7 cm2
b) 7.2 cm d) 54.7 cm3
17. a) no; The area of the base increases by the square of the scale factor. 5. 3.5 ft
b) no; The volume increases by the cube of the scale factor. 6. a) no
18. e.g., Both involve multiplying each dimension by a scale factor; shapes b) The largest pizza is the best buy.
have two dimensions while objects have three dimensions.
19. a) 2.25 Chapter Review, page 515
b) $0.02
20. 25 cm2 1. Race Results

3
Distance (laps)

Lesson 8.6, page 508

2
1. a) i) 4 ii) 8
9 27 1
b) i) ii)
4 8
c) i) 16 ii) 64 0
25 125 50 100 150
d) i) ii) Time (s)
9 27
2. a) 50 b) 2500 c) 125 000 2. a) The second rate ($2.26/kg) is lower.
3. 480 cm, 7650 cm2 b) The second rate (29 km/h) is lower.
4. 864 m3 c) The first rate is lower (the second is 6.8 L/100 km).
5. a) 4500 cm2 d) The first rate (36 km/h) is lower.
b) 9; The thickness of the paper will not change. 3. Yes, her projected time is under 2 h 39 min.
6. 3974 cm3 4. a) about 30 sq yards
7. a) 3.375 b) 2.25 c) 1.5 b) locally (she will save about $10)
8. 9 and 27 3
5.
9. 6600 cm3 200
10. a) 1750 b) 25

584 Answers NEL

 6. e.g., 2. No; the second inequality is not satisfied.
1 3. a) Let x represent the number of mountain bikes, and let y represent
a)
2 the number of racing bikes.
b) for a book cover, a rectangle 10.5 cm by 13.2 cm 5 1x, y2 0 3x 1 2y # 120, x [ W, y [ W 6
7. a) N N x y
e 1x, y2 ` 1 # 20, x [ W, y [ W f
4 2
Objective function: P 5 250x 1 210y
B b) 20 mountain bikes and 30 racing bikes
4. a) i) f 1x2 5 x 1x 2 82
x-intercepts: (0, 0), (8, 0)
300 mi
axis of symmetry: x 5 4
20°
vertex: 14, 2162
625 mi
y-intercept: (0, 0)
C ii) f (x) 5 x2 2 8x
y

30° 16

Answers
8
A
x
140 mi
S S 0
-4 4 8 12
b) Use a ruler to measure the distance from C to A on the scale -8
drawing in part (a); then use the scale to calculate the actual
distance. -16
8. a) 96%
b) 18%
c) e.g., Many marketers stretch the truth to make themselves look as iii) domain: x [ R
good as possible, and if the pizzeria owners are like this, then they range: y $ 216, y [ R
probably mean (b). b) i) y 5 1 x 1 5 2 1 x 2 3 2
9. a) about 309 m2 b) 2.84 x-intercepts: (25, 0), (3, 0)
10. a) 5.5 in. by 7.7 in. b) 21% axis of symmetry: x 5 21
11. 2.5 cm vertex: (21, 216)
12. a) 6 b) 9 m y-intercept: (0, 215)
13. 2 ft 2 in., 1 ft 7 in., 5.4 in. ii) y 5 x2 1 2x 2 15
14. 14 580 cm3 y
15. 403 cm2
16
16. 40 mm by 76 mm by 8 mm
8
Cumulative Review, Chapters 6–8, page 520 x
y 0
1. a) -8 -4 4 8
-8
4 y42x -16
x
0
-8 -4 4 8
-4 iii) domain: x [ R
y  4 2 4x range: y $ 216, y [ R
-8

b) y
8
x 1 2y  21
4
x
-8 -4 0 4 8
-4

-8 y12x

NEL Answers 585

5. a) i) axis of symmetry: x 5 3 6. a) up, because the coefficient of x 2 is positive
vertex: (3, 8) b) (23, 25)
y-intercept: (0, 210) c) a minimum value, because it opens up
ii) y 5 22(x 2 3)2 1 8 1 1
7. y 5 2 1 x 1 4 2 1 x 2 8 2 ; y 5 2 x2 1 x 1 8
y 4 4
8. $13
16
1
9. a) 23, 3 b) 2 , 3
8 2
1
x 10. a) 2 , 5 d) 3 6 !19
2
0 b) –4, 8 e) 1, 5
-8 -4 4 8
-8 2 61 6 !3061
c) 2 , 4 f)
3 30
-16 11. a) 4375 m b) 24.5 s
12. 60 min
13. a) 1500 m by 2500 m b) 375 ha
iii) domain: x [ R 14. 65 m by 108 m by 215 m
range: y # 8, y [ R
b) i) axis of symmetry: x 5 22
vertex: (22, 21)
y-intercept: (0, 1)
ii) g(x) 5 0.5(x 1 2)2 2 1
y
16

12

4
x

-8 -4 0 4 8
-4

iii) domain: x [ R
range: y $ 21, y [ R

586 Answers NEL