Chapter 12

Introduction to Work Measurement

3️⃣ Allowances In Time Standards

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 3️⃣ Allowances In Time Standards
Good to Know

• Allowances are used because there will be • The time to perform

periods during the regular work shift when the one work cycle of a
given manual task
worker is not working. depends on the
worker, the worker’s
• The purpose of the allowance factor is to pace, the method used,
compensate for this lost time by providing a and the work unit.
small increment of “allowance time” in each
cycle. Trainer

• This way, even with the time losses, the

operator will still be able to complete a fair day’s
work during the hours of the shift.

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 3️⃣ Allowances In Time Standards
3.1 Accounting for Lost Time in the Workplace
Good to Know

• There are various reasons why people do not work continuously during a • The time to perform
regular shift. Some of the interruptions are work-related while others are one work cycle of a
given manual task
not. depends on the
worker, the worker’s
pace, the method used,
and the work unit.

Trainer

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 3️⃣ Allowances In Time Standards
3.1 Accounting for Lost Time in the Workplace
Good to Know

• Companies address the allowance issue using two basic approaches, often • The time to perform
in combination: one work cycle of a
given manual task
• (1) scheduled break periods during the shift and depends on the
worker, the worker’s
pace, the method used,
and the work unit.

• (2) a PFD allowance added to the normal time. Trainer

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 3️⃣ Allowances In Time Standards
3.1 Accounting for Lost Time in the Workplace
Good to Know

Scheduled Break Periods. • The time to perform

one work cycle of a
• Scheduled breaks are planned periods set aside during given manual task
the shift as break time from work. depends on the
worker, the worker’s
• Lunch breaks (or supper break for evening and night pace, the method used,
and the work unit.
shifts) are almost always handled this way.
• Many companies treat rest breaks the same way, typically
two 5 to 15 minutes breaks. Trainer

• All workers take their breaks during these specified times,

and the workers are paid during these breaks.

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 3️⃣ Allowances In Time Standards
3.1 Accounting for Lost Time in the Workplace
Good to Know

The PFD Allowance. • The time to perform

one work cycle of a
• In this approach, an appropriate value of the personal given manual task
time, fatigue, and delay (PFD) allowance factor (Apfd) is depends on the
worker, the worker’s
determined for use in converting the normal time into the pace, the method used,
standard time. and the work unit.

• Some companies include rest breaks in the allowance

rather than using a scheduled break time for everyone as Trainer

described above.

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 3️⃣ Allowances In Time Standards
3.1 Accounting for Lost Time in the Workplace
Good to Know

1️⃣Personal time • The time to perform

one work cycle of a
• includes restroom breaks, phone calls, water fountain given manual task
visits, and similar interruptions of a personal nature. depends on the
worker, the worker’s
• A typical allowance for this category of interruption is 5%. pace, the method used,
and the work unit.
A larger value would be appropriate if the work
environment is hot and uncomfortable, and a lower value
would be used for very favorable working conditions. Trainer

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 3️⃣ Allowances In Time Standards
3.1 Accounting for Lost Time in the Workplace
Good to Know

2️⃣The fatigue or rest allowance • The time to perform

one work cycle of a
• Intended to compensate the worker for time that must be given manual task
taken to overcome fatigue due to work-related stresses depends on the
worker, the worker’s
and conditions. pace, the method used,
and the work unit.
• An allowance of 5% is typical for fatigue in light and
medium work. For heavy work it may be much higher,
perhaps 20% or more. Trainer

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 3️⃣ Allowances In Time Standards
3.1 Accounting for Lost Time in the Workplace
Good to Know

3️⃣Delays • The time to perform

• Are unavoidable interruptions from work that occur at one work cycle of a
random times during the day. given manual task
depends on the
• They usually refer to work-related events. The delay category worker, the worker’s
is generally reserved for delays that are ultimately the pace, the method used,
responsibility of management and the work unit.
• Work delays associated with a worker’s personal needs (e.g., a
sudden urge for a cigarette break) should not be counted in
this category of interruption, since they are already included in Trainer

the personal needs category.

• Two techniques are used to collect the data: (check p325)
• (1) intensive observation over several days and
• (2) work sampling. Of the two methods, work sampling is usually
preferred

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 3️⃣ Allowances In Time Standards
3.2 Other Types of Allowances
Good to Know
• In addition to the PFD allowance factor, there are other reasons for • The time to perform
adding allowances to the standard time of a task. one work cycle of a
• These other allowances are applied in addition to Apfd, not as a given manual task
substitute for it. depends on the
• Contingency Allowances. worker, the worker’s
• The contingencies for which these allowances are provided are usually pace, the method used,
because of some kind of problem with the task or the production and the work unit.
equipment used to perform it.
• Contingency allowances should not be greater than 5%.
• Contingency allowances may be needed on a temporary basis to keep
production going, but the long-term solution is to fix the underlying Trainer
problem.
• Policy Allowances. (check p326 for details)
• These allowances are intended to cover special work situations that are
usually associated with a wage incentive system.
• An example is the machine allowance that is added to the machine-
paced portion of a work cycle in the operation of a worker-machine
system.
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‫😀شكرا‬
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