Unit No.

9 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Topics:
 Domain and range of trigonometric functions.
 Even/Odd property of trigonometric functions.

Domain:
"The domain of a function 𝑓(𝑥) is the set of all possible values of ′𝑥′ for which the function
𝑓(𝑥) is defined" or"The set of input accepted by the function".

𝐑𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞:
"For a function 𝑓(𝑥), the range include all values 𝑓(𝑥) can take when 𝑥 varies over its domain" or
“The range of 𝑓(𝑥) is the set of all possible output values that a function 𝑓(𝑥) can produce based on its
input values".

Domain and range of trigonometric functions:

Trig. Functions Domain Range

𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ℝ 𝑜𝑟 (−∞ , ∞) −1 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ℝ 𝑜𝑟 (−∞ , ∞) −1 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1

𝜋
𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 {𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ ℝ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 ≠ (2𝑛 + 1) , 𝑛 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟} ℝ 𝑜𝑟 (−∞ , ∞)
2

𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 {𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ ℝ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 ≠ 𝑛𝜋, 𝑛 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟} ℝ 𝑜𝑟 (−∞ , ∞)

𝜋
𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 {𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ ℝ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 ≠ (2𝑛 + 1) , 𝑛 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟} 1 ≤ 𝑦 and 𝑦 ≤ −1
2

𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 {𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ ℝ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 ≠ 𝑛𝜋, 𝑛 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟} 1 ≤ 𝑦 and 𝑦 ≤ −1

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 Unit No.9 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Q#1: Find the domain and range of the following trigonometric functions:

Function Domain Range

a 𝑦 = 17 sin 5𝑥
𝑥
b 𝑦 = −5 cos 3
c 𝑦 = 3 tan 5𝑥

d 𝑦=
1
sec 3𝑥
2
e 𝜋
𝑦 = csc 𝑥
3
f 𝑦 = 9 cot 2𝑥
Even/Odd property:
All functions including trigonometric functions, can be catagorized as even odd or neither.
Odd function:
A function is odd if and only if 𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥) and its graph is symmetric with respect to origin.
Even function:
A function is even if and only if 𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) and its graph is symmetric with respect to y − axis.
Neither even nor odd function:
A function is said to be neither even nor odd if 𝑓(−𝑥) ≠ ±𝑓(𝑥)

By interpret the graphs of trigonometric functions, identify the nature of the function:

𝑦 = sin 𝑥 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 𝑦 = tan 𝑥

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 Unit No.9 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Q#2: Complete the table given below:

sin(−𝑥) = − sin 𝑥 𝑂𝑑𝑑

cos(−𝑥) =
tan(−𝑥) =
coesc(−𝑥) =
sec(−𝑥) =
cot(−𝑥) =

Q#3: Check whether the functions are even or odd?

a) 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
Solution:
let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
Replace ‘𝑥’ 𝑏𝑦 ‘ − 𝑥’
𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(−𝑥) + (−𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠(−𝑥)
𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑓(−𝑥) = −(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)
𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥)
So, 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 Hence given 𝑓(𝑥) is an odd function.

b) 𝑦 = 𝑥 5 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
Solution:

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 Unit No.9 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

x2 cotx
c) y = x+secx

Solution:
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sin2 x
d) y = x+tanx

Solution:
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 Unit No.9 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

! Test Yourself

TEST YOUR
Q#1: Circle the correct option i.e. A / B / C / D. SLEF
i. Domain of 𝑡𝑎𝑛 3𝑥 is?
𝜋 3𝜋
A. ℝ − {𝑥⁄𝑥 = (2𝑛 + 1) 2 , 𝑛𝜖ℤ} B. ℝ − {𝑥⁄𝑥 = (2𝑛 + 1) , 𝑛𝜖ℤ}
2
𝜋 𝜋
C. ℝ − {𝑥⁄𝑥 = (2𝑛 + 1) 3 , 𝑛𝜖ℤ} D ℝ − {𝑥⁄𝑥 = (2𝑛 + 1) 6 , 𝑛𝜖ℤ}

ii. The domain of 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 is

A. (−1,1) B. ℝ
𝜋
C. ℝ − {𝑥 ∕ 𝑥 = (2𝑛 + 1) 2 } D. ℝ − {𝑥 ∕ 𝑥 = 𝑛𝜋}

iii. The domain of csc 𝑥 is:

A. (−1,1) B. ℝ
𝜋
C. ℝ − {𝑥 ∕ 𝑥 = (2𝑛 + 1) 2 } D. ℝ − {𝑥 ∕ 𝑥 = 𝑛𝜋}

iv. The domain of cot 𝑥 is:

A. (−1,1) B. ℝ
𝜋
C. ℝ − {𝑥⁄𝑥 = (2𝑛 + 1) 2 } D. ℝ − {𝑥 ∕ 𝑥 = 𝑛𝜋}

v. Range of sine function is

A. ℝ B. {𝑥⁄𝑥 ∈ ℝ ˄ − 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1}
C. {𝑥⁄𝑥 ∈ ℝ ˄ − 1 < 𝑥 < 1} D ℝ − {𝑥/−1 < 𝑥 < 1}

vi. The range of function 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝜃 is: (FBISE)

A. −3 < 𝑦 < 3 B. −1 < 𝑦 < 1
C. −1 < 𝑦 ≤ 0 D. −1 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1

vii. The range of function 2𝑠𝑖𝑛7𝑥 is;

−7 7
A. [−1,1] B. [−7,7] C. [−2,2] D [ 2 , 2]

viii. Amplitude of −17𝑠𝑖𝑛14𝑥 =? (FBISE)

A. 14 B. −14 C. 17 D −17

ix. The range of 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 is ; (FBISE)

A. −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 B. −∞ < 𝑥 < +∞
C. −1 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1 D. −∞ < 𝑦 + +∞

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 Unit No.9 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

x. Which of the given functions is odd: (Model paper)

A. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 B. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − cos 𝑥
C. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + cos 𝑥 D. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + sin 𝑥

Q#2: Complete the table given below:

Q.No Function Domain Range

𝜋
7 sin 4 𝑥
i)
3 2𝜋
𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥
ii) 2 3

𝑥
2 sin 3
iii)
3
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥
iv) 2

5𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥
v)
1 2𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛
vi) 2 3

5 4𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠
vii) 3 3

3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋𝑥
viii)

7𝑠𝑖𝑛5𝑥
ix)
1 2𝜋
𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥
x) 3 4

Q#3: Check whether the functions are even or odd?

i. 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
ii. 𝑦 = 3 sin 𝑥 + 10 cos 𝑥
𝑥 4 +tan2 𝑥
iii. 𝑦= 𝑥 3 +csc 𝑥

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 Unit No.9 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Topics:
 Periodicity of trigonometric functions.
 Maximum and minimum values of trigonometric functions.
Period of trigonometric functions:
All trigonometric functions repeat itself at regular intervals, or periods. The values of trigonometric functions
𝜃 and 𝑝 ± 𝜃 where 𝜃 ∈ ℝ and 𝑝 > 0 are same. This periodic behavior of trigonometric functions is called
periodicity. Period of a trigonometric function is the smallest positive which when added to angle of the
trigonometric function , gives the same value.
𝟏
 If “p” is the period of a periodic function 𝒇(𝒙), then 𝒇(𝒙) is also a periodic function and will have the
same period “p” as 𝒇(𝒙).

By analyzing the graphs given below, guess the periods of sine, cosine and tangent and their reciprocal
functions.

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 Unit No.9 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

 If “p” is the period of a periodic function 𝒇(𝒙), then 𝒇(𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃), 𝒂 > 𝟎 is also a periodic function with
𝒑
period |𝒂|

Q#1: Complete the table given below:

S #No Trigonometric functions Period

1 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑎𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏

2 𝑓(𝑥) = cos 5𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝑓(𝑥) = cos 5𝑥 + 10

3 𝑓(𝑥) = tan 3𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝑓(𝑥) = tan 3𝑥 − 7

4 𝑓(𝑥) = csc 4𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝑓(𝑥) = csc 4𝑥 + 𝑏

5 𝑓(𝑥) = sec 𝑞𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝑓(𝑥) = cos 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟

6 𝑓(𝑥) = cot 2𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝑓(𝑥) = cot 2𝑥 + 𝑏

 If “p” is the period of a periodic function 𝒇(𝒙), then 𝒂𝒇(𝒙) + 𝒃, 𝒂 > 𝟎 is also a periodic function with
period "𝒑"

Q#2: Complete the table given below:

Trigonometric function Period Trigonometric function Period
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎 sin 𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎 csc 𝑥 + 𝑏
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎 cos 𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎 sec 𝑥 + 𝑏
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎 tan 𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎 cot 𝑥 + 𝑏

 Period of sum or difference of trigonometric functions is the L.C.M of the period of individual
trigonometric functions.

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 Unit No.9 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

3𝑥
Q#3: Find the period of 𝑓(𝑥) = tan 4𝑥 + cos 5
Solution:
𝜋 3𝑥 2𝜋 10𝜋
period of tan 4𝑥 = 𝑜𝑟 45° and period of cos = 3⁄ = 𝑜𝑟 600°
4 5 5 3
3𝑥
period of 𝑓(𝑥) = tan 4𝑥 + cos = L. C. M of 45° and 600° = 1800° or 10π
5

Alternative Method:
𝑎 𝑐 𝐿.𝐶.𝑀 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 & 𝑐 L.C.M of numerators
L.C.M of rational fractions & = or
𝑏 𝑑 𝐻.𝐶.𝐹 𝑜𝑓 𝑏 & 𝑑 H.C.F of denominators

Solution:
3𝑥 𝜋 10𝜋 L. C. M of 𝜋 and 10𝜋 10𝜋
period of 𝑓(𝑥) = tan 4𝑥 + cos = 𝐿. 𝐶. 𝑀 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = = = 10𝜋
5 4 3 H. C. F of 4 and 3 1
 Period of trigonometric functions raised to the power “n”
periodicity of cosx
 Periodicity of 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 (𝑥) & 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 (𝑥) = (if ‘n’ is even)
2
 Periodicity of 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 (𝑥) & 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 (𝑥) = 2𝜋 (if ‘n’ is odd)
 Periodicity of tan𝑛 (𝑥) = periodicity of 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 (no matter ‘n’ is even or odd)

Q#4: Find the period of the following:

Function Period Function Period

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛5 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛12 𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛4 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 7 𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠10 𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 + tan 𝑥

Maximum and minimum values of trigonometric functions:

Case I:

 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑)
 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑)
The maximum value (M) and minimum value (m) of the functions in case I can be calculated as under:
Maximum value = 𝑀 = 𝑎 + |𝑏|
Minimum value = 𝑚 = 𝑎 − |𝑏|

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 Unit No.9 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Q#5: Find maximum and minimum value of the following functions:

𝐌𝐚𝐱𝐢𝐦𝐮𝐦 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞(𝐌) 𝐌𝐢𝐧𝐢𝐦𝐮𝐦 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞(𝒎)
Function

𝑓(𝑥) = 2 + 5𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = −3 + 7𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = 2 − 7𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = −11 + 3𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = 8 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛
2

Case II:
1
 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎+𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
1
 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎+𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
1
 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎+𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑐𝑥+𝑑)
1
 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎+𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑐𝑥+𝑑)

The maximum value (𝑀′ ) and minimum value (𝑚′ ) of the functions in case II can be calculated by
finding the
value M & m as it depends on the value of “m”.
1 1
 If then 𝑚 > 0 then 𝑀′ = 𝑚 and 𝑚′ = 𝑀
1 1
 If then 𝑚 < 0 then 𝑀′ = 𝑀 and 𝑚′ = 𝑚
𝟏
Q#6: Find maximum and minimum value of the function 𝒚 = 𝟐−𝟓 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟕𝒙+𝟐𝟎)

Solution:

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 Unit No.9 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

! Test Yourself

TEST YOUR
Q#1: Circle the correct option i.e. A / B / C / D.
SLEF
i. Sine is a periodic function and its period is ________ (FBISE)
π
A. π B. C. 2π D. None of these
2

1
ii. What is primary period of 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥? (FBISE)
π
A. 4π B. π C. 2π D. 2

iii. The period of 3sin3x is: (FBISE)

π π 2π
A. 6π B. C. D.
3 2 3

𝑥
iv. The period of trigonometric functoin 3𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 is _____________ (FBISE)
A. 2π B. 10π C. 5π D. None of these

3x
v. What is the primary period of tan ( 2 ) ? (FBISE)
2π π 3π
A. B. C. D. π
3 2 2

vi. Period of sec 9x = __________ (FBISE)

1 2π
A. 2π B. C. 18π D.
9π 9
B.
vii. Periodof 3 sin 3𝑥 = __________ (Model paper)
π 2π π 3π
A. B. C. D.
3 3 2 2

viii. The minimum value of 3 + 4 sin 𝜃 is: (Model paper)

A. −1 B. 0 C. 1 D. 7

1
ix. The maximum value of 𝑦 = 1+3 sin(2𝜃−15) is:
1 1 1 1
A. B. −4 C. D. −2
4 2

Q#2: Find maximum and minimum value of the function:

a. y = 3 + 7 sin 8𝑥
1
b. y = 4−cos 3𝜃
1
c. 𝑦 = 3 − 5 sin(3𝜃 + 9)

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 Unit No.9 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Q#3: Complete the table given below:

Q.# Function Period

𝜋
i. 7 sin 𝑥
4
1
ii.
1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑥
iii. 2 sin3
3
3
iv. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥
2

v. 5𝑠𝑖𝑛2 3𝑥

1 2𝑥
vi. 𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 3
5 4𝑥
vii. 𝑐𝑜𝑠
3 3

viii. 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋𝑥

ix. 7𝑠𝑖𝑛5𝑥

1 2𝜋
x. 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥
3 4
3 2𝜋
xi. 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥
2 3

xii. 9 cos(3𝑥 − 2)

xiii. 8𝑡𝑎𝑛5 𝑥

𝜋
xiv. 7 + 5 sin (2𝑥 − )
6
𝜋
xv. 6 + 4 cos (2𝑥 + )
3

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 Unit No.9 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Topics:
 Graphs of trigonometric functions.
 Graphical solutions of trigonometric functions.
Q#1: Draw the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 in [0,2𝜋] on the same scale.
𝒙 0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 0 0.26 0.5 0.7 0.89 0.97 1 0.97 0.87 0.7 0.5 0.26
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙 0 0.5 0.87 1 0.87 0.5 0 −0.5 −0.87 −1 −0.87 −0.5

180 195 210 225 240 255 270 285 300 315 330 345 360
0 −0.26 −0.5 −0.7 −0.89 −0.97 −1 −0.97 −0.89 −0.7 −0.5 −0.26 0
0 0.5 0.87 1 0.87 0.5 0 −0.5 −0.87 −1 −0.87 −0.5 0

Y
2

1.5

0.5 𝒚
= 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙
X
0° 30° 60° 90° 120° 150° 180° 210° 240° 270° 30𝟎° 330° 360°

-0.5
𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝒙
-1

-1.5

-2

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Q#2: Solve graphically:

a) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

𝑥
sin 𝑥
cos 𝑥

Y
2

1.5

0.5

X
0° 30° 60° 90° 120° 150° 180° 210° 240° 270° 30𝟎° 330° 360°

-0.5

-1

-1.5

-2

Point of intersection:

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 Unit No.9 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

b) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 𝑥

𝑥 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

sin 𝑥 0 0.5 0.87 1 0.87 0.5 0
𝑥(radians) 0 0.52 1.05 1.57 2.09 2.62 3.14

Y
-3

2.5

2
𝒚= 𝒙
1.5

0.5 𝒚
= 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙
X
0° 30° 60° 90° 120° 150° 180° 210° 240° 270° 30𝟎° 330° 360°

Point of intersection:

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 Unit No.9 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

! Test Yourself

Q#1: Circle the correct option i.e. A / B / CTEST

/ D. YOUR
i.The graph 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 lies between the horizontalSLEF
lines 𝑦 = 1 and: (FBISE)
1
A. y = −1 B. y=0 C. y=2 D. y = −2
ii.If 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 𝑥 , then the value of 𝑥, in a radians =? (FBISE)
π π π
A. 4
B. 2
C. 0 D. 3

iii.If 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 , then the value of 𝑥, in radians =? (FBISE)

π π π π
A. B. C. D.
2 3 6 4

iv. Graph of cotangents function is

A. B.

C. D.

v. Graph of secant function is

A. B.

C. D.
vi. Which graph is of cosecant function?

A. B.

C. D.

Q#2: Draw the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 in [0,2𝜋] on the same scale.
Q#3: Solve graphically:
i. cos 𝑥 = 𝑥 ii. tan 𝑥 = 𝑥

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 Unit No.9 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Topics:
Apply the concepts of trigonometric functions, identities, graphs, periodicity, even & odd functions and
extreme
values to real world problems such as distance, elevation, and direction of tall structures, navigation and
mapping, lengths of irregular shapes, graphs to visualize and predict patterns in data, frequency and periodic
length of
Ferris wheel, forces on a see-saw or lever, the ideal angle for solar panel placement.

Ferris wheel problems:

Q#1: A Ferris wheel is 60 ft. in diameter. It makes one revolution every 100 seconds. rider climb up 6 feet of stairs to
get on the wheel at its lowest point.
a) Graph one complete period of the graph that models the height in relation to time. Assume a rider starts at the
lowest point.
66
Solution: Amplitude
30
ft = a = 30ft
O 36
Amplitude Vertical shift
30
ft = a = 30ft = d = 36ft
6
6
ft
25 50 75 100

b) Find equation of graph using cosine function.

Solution:
Let ℎ(𝑡) = 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑏𝑡 + 𝑐) + 𝑑

𝑎 = amplitude = 30

We take 𝑎 = −30 because the graph resembles negative cosine function.

𝑏 =?

As given, period = 𝑇 = 100

2𝜋
∵𝑇 = 𝑏

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 Unit No.9 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

2𝜋
100 = 𝑏

2𝜋 𝜋
𝑏 = 100 = 50 𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑟 3.6°

𝑐 = 0 ∵ there is no horizontal shift.

𝑑 = vertical shift = 36

Thus, ℎ(𝑡) = −30 𝑐𝑜𝑠(3.6𝑡) + 36

c) What is the height of rider at 75 seconds?

Solution:
ℎ(𝑡) = −30 𝑐𝑜𝑠(3.6𝑡) + 36
ℎ(75) = −30 𝑐𝑜𝑠(3.6 𝑥 75) + 36
ℎ(75) = 36 𝑓𝑡 𝐀𝐧𝐬.

d) At what time or times, the rider is at a height of 21 ft ?

Solution:
ℎ(𝑡) = −30 𝑐𝑜𝑠(3.6𝑡) + 36
21 = −30 𝑐𝑜𝑠(3.6𝑡) + 36
21 − 36 = −30 𝑐𝑜𝑠(3.6𝑡)
−15 = −30 𝑐𝑜𝑠(3.6𝑡)
15
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠(3.6𝑡)
30

𝑐𝑜𝑠(3.6𝑡) = 0.5
There are two possible angles.
𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠⁻¹(0.5) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜃 = 360 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠⁻¹(0.5)
3.6𝑡 = 60 𝑎𝑛𝑑 3.6𝑡 = 360 – 60
3.6𝑡 = 60 𝑎𝑛𝑑 3.6𝑡 = 300
𝑡 = 16.7𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡 = 83.3𝑠
Thus the rider is at 21ft height at 16.7s and 83.3s Ans.

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 Unit No.9 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Q#2: A Ferris wheel at amusement park has a radius of 9.5m and its base is 1.2m above the ground. As the
Ferris wheel turns, its creates a circular motion for the seats attached to its rim, starting from the lowest
point. The Ferris wheel completes one full rotation every 10 minutes.

a) Graph one complete period of the graph that models the height in relation to time. Assume a rider starts at
the lowest point.

Solution:

d(m)
20.2
Amplitude = 9.5
9.5 𝑐 = −2.5
m
10.7
Amplitude Vertical shift
9.5m
= a = 30ft = d = 10.7
1.2
1.2
m
2.5 5 7.5 10 time (mins)

b) Find equation of graph using cosine function.

Solution:

ℎ(𝑡) = 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏(𝑡 + 𝑐) + 𝑑
a = amplitude = 9.5
period = T = 10
2𝜋
∵𝑇= 𝑏
2𝜋 𝜋
𝑏= = 𝑟𝑎𝑑 or 36°
10 5

C = horizontal shift = −2.5

d = vertical shift = 10.7
Thus, ℎ(𝑡) = 9.5 𝑠𝑖𝑛 36(𝑡 − 2.5) + 10.7
ℎ(𝑡) = 9.5 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (36𝑡 − 90) + 10.7 Ans.

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 Unit No.9 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

c) At what time(s) during the first relation will the seat be 8m above the ground?

Solution:

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Some other problems related to periodic motion:

Q#3: The top of the flagpole sways back and forth in high winds, the top sways 8 cm to the right and 8 cm to
the left of its resting position. It moves back and forth 260 times every minute. The pole was momentarily at
its rest position at t = 0, before it started moving to the right.
a) Find equation of sinusoidal function that describes the distance of the top of the pole is from resting
position in terms of time elapsed. (left) 8cm 8cm (right)

Solution:

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 Unit No.9 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

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b) Find the domain and range corresponding to the situation described:

Solution:

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Q#4. A pendulum clock's bob swings back and forth generating a consistent oscillation. The motion of the bob
can be modeled by equation 𝑑 = 1.2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (740𝜋𝑡) where d(t) represents the displacement of the bob in
centi-meters at the time t seconds.

a) Determine the period of oscillation.

Solution:
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b) Calculate the frequency of oscillation.

Solution:

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c) Graph the function d(t)

Solution:

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 Unit No.9 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

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Q#5: Figure shows a mass on a smooth surface attached to a spring. The mass moves in simple
𝜋
harmonic motion described by 𝑑 = 5𝑐𝑜𝑠 8 with time measured in seconds and d in centimeters.

a) Find The maximum displacement

Solution:
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b) The time period:

Solution:

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c) The frequency:

Solution:

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 Unit No.9 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

! Test Yourself

TEST YOUR
Q#1: Circle the correct option i.e. A / B / C / SLEF
D.
i) The horizontal displacement d of a mathematical pendulum relative to its neutral position in time t is
modeled by the following trigonometric function: 𝑑(𝑡) = 10𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝜋𝑡
In this formula, d(t) is measured in centimeters and t is given in seconds. Find the period and interpret it
using the given context. Choose the correct answer.

1
A. Period = 2, It takes s for a pendulum to make one complete cycle.
2
1
B. Period = , It takes half a second for a pendulum to make a complete cycle.
2
C. Period = 2, It takes 2 seconds for a pendulum to make one complete cycle.
1
D. Period = 2 , A pendulum makes half a cycle in one second.

ii) Ali went with her friends to ride a Ferris wheel. It runs for 300 seconds. When riding the Ferris wheel,
Ali's height in feet above the ground at any time t in seconds can be modeled by the equation:
π
h = 80 sin (t − 7) + 84
25
What is the graph of the function?

iii) The graphs of sine functions and cosine functions are called______________

A. Simple graphs B. Sinusoids C. Cycles D. Smooth graphs

Q#2: Without drawing a graph, find the amplitude, period, and frequency of the function
𝑦 = 3𝑠𝑖𝑛(5𝑥 + 2). (Model Paper)

Q#3: A Ferris wheel with a radius of 25m completes one full revolution in 4 minutes. Calculate the frequency
of the Ferris wheel's rotation, the speed of a passenger at the edge of the wheel, and the time it takes for
the passenger to travel from the bottom to the top of the wheel. (Model Paper)

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 Unit No.9 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Topics:
 Derivation of fundamental law of trigonometry
 Related trigonometric problems.

FUNDAMENTAL LAW OF YRIGONOMEY

Fundamental Law of Trigonometry
This law is stated as:
cos(𝛼 − 𝛽) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽, where 𝛼 > 𝛽

Proof:
Consider a unit circle with centre at O as shown in the figure below. 𝑂𝐶 and 𝑂𝐷 are terminal sides of angles
𝛼 and 𝛽 respectively in standard position where 𝛼 > 𝛽 .
The coordinates of points D and C are respectively (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼, sin𝛼) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 , 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽)
Measure of ∠𝐶𝑂𝐷 is 𝛼 − 𝛽. An angle ∠𝐴𝑂𝐵 is equal to measure of ∠𝐶𝑂𝐷 = 𝛼 − 𝛽 is constructed in
standard position in the same unit circle.
𝐷(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼, 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼) 𝐶(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽, 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽)

𝛼−𝛽
𝐵[cos(𝛼 − 𝛽) , 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 − 𝛽)]
𝛼−𝛽
𝑂(0, 0) 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

√(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽)2 + (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽)2 = √[cos(𝛼 − 𝛽) − 1 ]2 + [sin(𝛼 − 𝛽) + 0 ]2

Taking square on both sides, we have
(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽)2 + (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽)2 = [cos(𝛼 − 𝛽) − 1 ]2 + [sin(𝛼 − 𝛽) + 0 ]2 ‘
⟹ cos 2 𝛼 + cos2 𝛽 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 + sin2 𝛼 + sin2 𝛽 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽 = cos(𝛼 − 𝛽)2 +1 − 2 cos(𝛼 − 𝛽) + sin2 (𝛼 − 𝛽)

⟹ cos 2 𝛼 + sin2 𝛼 + cos 2 𝛽 + sin2 𝛽 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽 = cos(𝛼 − 𝛽)2 + sin2(𝛼 − 𝛽) +1 − 2 cos(𝛼 − 𝛽)
(𝑎𝑠 cos2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃 = 1)
⟹ 1 + 1 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 − 2 = 1 + 1 − 2 cos(𝛼 − 𝛽)
After Simplification, we get

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 Unit No.9 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

cos(𝛼 − 𝛽) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽______________(𝑖)

This law is known as fundamental law of trigonometry.

Deductions:

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=Trigonometric problems:
1
Q#1: If 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛾 = 0 then prove that:𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛾 = 12 (𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝛼 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝛽 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝛾)

Proof:
From algebra, we know that
If 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0 then 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 3𝑥𝑦𝑧

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 Unit No.9 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Given that 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛾 = 0

⟹ cos2 𝛼 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛽 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛾 = 0
⟹ cos2 𝛼 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛽 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛾 = 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛾 ⟶ (1)
1
𝐑. 𝐇. 𝐒 = 12 (𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝛼 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝛽 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝛾) ∴ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝜽 = 𝟒𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑 𝜽 − 𝟑𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
1
= 12 [4𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝛼 − 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 + 4𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝛽 − 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 + 4𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝛾 − 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛾]
1
= 12 [4(𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝛼 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝛽 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝛾) − 3(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛾)]

From equation (1)

1
= 12 [4(3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛾) − 3(0)]
1
= 12 × 12𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛾

= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛾 Proved

Q#2: If 𝑠𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = √2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 , then show that 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = √2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

Proof:

Given that 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = √2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

Taking square on both sides
2
(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)2 = (√2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)

𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃

−2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃−𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
−2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃−𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)

∵ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = √2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = √2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)

2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = √2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)

2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)
√2
2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 Proved
√2

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𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡
Q#3: − = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡(1 + cos 2 𝑡)
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡

Proof:
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡
L.H.S= 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 − 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡

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 Unit No.9 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

! Test Yourself

TEST YOUR
Q#1: Circle the correct option i.e. A / B / C / D.
i.cos(α + β) is equal to SLEF
A. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽 B. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽
C. 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽 D. 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽
ii.sin (α − β) is equal to
A. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽 B. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽
C. 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽 D. 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽
iii.sin (α + β) is equal to
A. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽 B. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽
C. 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽 D. 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽
iv.Fundamental law is:
A. cos(𝑎 + 𝑏) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑏 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑏 B. cos(𝑎 − 𝑏) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑏 +
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑏
C. sin(𝑎 − 𝑏) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑏 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑏 D. sin(𝑎 − 𝑏) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑏 +
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑏
v.Which one is true?
tan 𝛼 − 𝛽
I) 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 + 𝛽) = sin 𝛼 cos 𝛽 + cos 𝛼 sin 𝛽 II) tan(𝛼 − 𝛽) =
1 − tan 𝛼 tan 𝛽
III) cos(𝛼 − 𝛽) = cos 𝛼 cos 𝛽 − sin 𝛼 sin 𝛽
A. I only B. II & 𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 C. I & 𝐼𝐼 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 D. II only
vi.tan(a + b) =?
tan 𝑎+tan 𝑏 tan 𝑎−tan 𝑏 tan 𝑎+tan 𝑏
A. B. C. D.
1+tan 𝑎 tan 𝑏 1+tan 𝑎 tan 𝑏 1−tan 𝑎 tan 𝑏
tan 𝑎−tan 𝑏
1−tan 𝑎 tan 𝑏
vii. tan (α − β) is equal to
tan α−tan β tan α−tan β tan α+tan β
A. B. C. D.
1−tanαtanβ 1+tanαtanβ 1−tanαtanβ
tan α+tan β
1+tanαtanβ
viii.If tan θ + cot θ = 2 then tan 2 θ + cot 2 θ =?
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

Q#2: Drive formula for: 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝛼 − 𝛽) and 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝛼 + 𝛽) by using fundamental laws of
trigonometry and deductions.
𝑆𝑒𝑐 4 𝑥−tan4 𝑥
Q#2: Prove that: = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − tan2 𝑥
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥+tan2 𝑥

tan(𝛼+𝛽)−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽
Q#3: Prove that: = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼
1+tan(𝛼+𝛽)𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽

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 Unit No.9 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

MCQ,s Key:
Lecture No: 01
i ii iii iv v vi vii viii ix x
D C D D A D C C C D

Lecture No: 02
i ii iii iv v vi vii viii ix
C B D B A D B A A

Lecture No: 03
i ii iii iv v vi
A C D C D B

Lecture No: 04
i ii iii
B B B

Lecture No: 05
i ii iii iv v vi vii viii
B D C B A C B B

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