Unit No.

2 MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

Topics:
 Apply matrix operations (addition / subtraction and multiplication of matrices) with real and
complex entries.
 Evaluate determinant of 3 × 3 matrices .
 Inverse of a non-singular matrix by Adjoint method.
 Properties of determinants.
Matrices
 Definition: A matrix is a rectangular array of numeric symbols or expressions arranged in rows or
columns, e.g.
𝑥11 𝑥12 𝑥13 ⋯ 𝑥1𝑛
𝑥 𝑥22 𝑥23 ⋯ 𝑥2𝑛
𝑋 = [ 21 ⋮ ]
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮
𝑥𝑚1 𝑥𝑚2 𝑥𝑚3 … 𝑥𝑚𝑛
Usually a matrix is represented by capital letter and entries represented by small latters.
Here horizontal lines are called rows and vertical lines are called columns.
 Order: If number of rows = m , number of columns = n, then order = m by n or m × n
1 2 3
Order of [ ] is 2 − 𝑏𝑦 − 3 𝑜𝑟 2 × 3
4 5 6
 Algebra of matrices:
a. Scalar multiplication:
We can multiply a matrix by a non-zero number:
1 3𝑖 2 6𝑖
2[ ]=[ ]
2 −4 4 −8
b. Addition & Subtraction:
To add or subtract the matrices, the order must be same.
1 1 −2 5 −1 6
[ 3 4𝑖 ] + [ 6 −4] = [ 9 −4 + 4𝑖 ]
2𝑖 7 0 9 2𝑖 16
c. Multiplication of matrices:
Two matrices A and B are said to be comfortable for multiplication if the numbers of
columns in first matrix is equal to number of rows in second mstrix.
Matrix A Matrix B
mxn nxp

These must
be equal

The order of AB is
mxp

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 Unit No.2 MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

3 1
𝐼𝑓 𝐴 = [1 2 3] , 𝐵 = [2 5 ] , then
1 −4
𝐴𝐵 = [1 × 3 + 2 × 2 + 3 × 1 1 × 1 + 2 × 5 + 3 × (−4)] = [10 −1]
d. Transpose of a matrix:
The transpose of a matrix is a new matrix that is created by switching the rows and
columns of the original matrix. Transpose of a matrix A is represented by 𝐴𝑡 .
1 3
1 −1 −5𝑖
𝐴 = [ −1 2] then 𝐴𝑡 = [ ]
3 2 8
−5𝑖 8
Determinant:
The determinant of a matrix is a single number that is calculated from a square matrix. It is used to
solve systems of linear equations and to calculate the inverse of a matrix.
𝑎 𝑏
If 𝐴 = [ ] , then |𝐴| = ad − bc
𝑐 𝑑
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝑒 𝑓 𝑑 𝑓 𝑑 𝑒
If 𝐴 = [𝑑 𝑒 𝑓] , then |𝐴| = a | |−b| |+ c| | (expanding w. r. t 𝑅1 )
ℎ 𝑖 𝑔 𝑖 𝑔 ℎ
𝑔 ℎ 𝑖
we can also expand w. r. t any row or column
 Representation:The determinant of a matrix A is represented by the symbol |𝐴|, or det (A)
 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐞𝐬:
a. A matrix is invertible if and only if its determinant is not zero
b. The determinant of a product of matrices is the product of their determinants
c. The determinant of a triangular matrix is the product of its diagonal entries
 Mionr 𝑴𝒊𝒋 :
In linear algebra, a minor of a matrix is the determinant of a smaller square matrix that
is created by removing 𝑖 𝑡ℎ row and 𝑗 𝑡ℎ column from the original matrix. Minors are used
to calculate the determinant, adjoint, and inverse of a matrix.
 Co-factors 𝑨𝒊𝒋 :
Co − factor of a matrix is 𝐴𝑖𝑗 = (−1)𝑖+𝑗 𝑀𝑖𝑗

Methods to find determinant:

a. Expansion method.
b. Co-factor method.
5 3 2
Q#1: Find the determinant of 𝐴 = [1 6 −7]
2 −3 4
Solution:
i. 𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐝:
5 3 2
|𝐴| = |1 6 −7|
2 −3 4
|𝐴| = 5 | 6 −7| − 3 |1 −7| + 2 |1 6 | expanding w. r. t 𝑅1
−3 4 2 4 2 −3
|𝐴| = 5(24 − 21) − 3(4 + 14) + 2(−3 − 12)
|𝐴| = −69 Ans

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 Unit No.2 MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

ii. 𝐂𝐨 − 𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫 𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐝:

6 −7
𝐴11 = (−1)1+1 𝑀11 = (−1)2 | | = 24 − 21 = 3
−3 4
1 −7
𝐴12 = (−1)1+2 𝑀12 = (−1)3 | | = −(4 + 14) = −18
2 4
1 6
𝐴13 = (−1)1+3 𝑀13 = (−1)4 | | = −3 − 12 = −15
2 −3
|𝐴| = 𝑎11 𝐴11 + 𝑎12 𝐴12 + 𝑎13 𝐴13 = 5(3) + 3(−18) + 2(−15) = −69 Ans.

Inverse of a non-singular matrix by Adjoint method:

2 3 −1
Q#1: If 𝐴 = [1 −1 1 ] Find 𝐴−1 if exists:
1 2 −1
Solution:
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 Unit No.2 MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

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Properties of determinant:
i. Interchange Property: The value of a determinant remains unchanged if the rows or the columns of a
determinant are interchanged |𝐴𝑡 | = |𝐴|
ii. Sign Property: The sign of the value of determinant changes if any two rows or any two columns are
interchanged.
iii. Zero Property: The value of a determinant is equal to zero if any two rows or any two columns have the
same elements. If all elements of a row or column are zero then determinant is also zero.
iv. Multiplication Property: The value of the determining becomes k times the earlier value of the
determinant if each of the elements of a particular row or column is multiplied with a constant k.
v. Sum Property: If a few elements of a row or column are expressed as a sum of terms, then the
determinant can be expressed as a sum of two or more determinants.
vi. Property of Invariance: If each element of a row and column of a determinant is added with the equi-
multiples of the elements of another row or column of a determinant, then the value of the determinant
remains unchanged. This can be expressed in the form of a formula as 𝑅𝑖 → 𝑅𝑖 + 𝑘𝑅𝑗 , or as 𝐶𝑖 →
𝐶𝑖 + 𝑘𝐶𝑗
vii. Triangular Property: If the elements above or below the main diagonal are equal to zero, then the
value of the determinant is equal to the product of the elements of the diagonal of the matrix.

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 Unit No.2 MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

6 −2 4
a. A = [3 7 1] Verify property (iii)
3 −1 2
4 −2 4
b. 𝐴 = [0 7 1] Verify property (i), (ii), (iv), (v)& (𝑣𝑖)
3 −2 2
4 0 0
c. 𝐴 = [1 7 0] Verify property (vii)
3 −2 2
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 Unit No.2 MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

! Test Yourself

Q#1: Circle the correct option i.e. A / B TEST YOUR

/ C / D. (From FBISE past papers)
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 SLEF
i. If 𝐴 = [𝑑 𝑒 𝑓 ], then det A is equal to:
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
A. 0 B. 1 C. (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑐 − 𝑎) D. 𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑏 2
ii. If two rows of any square matrix are identical , then the value of determination is__________
A. 1 B. −1 C. 0 D. 2
iii. If all entries of a row (column) of a square matrix A are zero, then |𝐴| = __________
A. 1 B. 0 C. −1 D. A
2 3 0 2 1 0
iv. |3 9 6| = 𝛼 |1 1 2| 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝛼 = __________
2 15 1 2 5 1
A. 3 B. 6 C. 9 D. 12
1 2 3𝑥
v. Let 𝐴 = [2 3 6𝑥] then |𝐴| =__________
3 5 9𝑥
A. 1 B. 3 C. 2 D. 0
1 12 25
vi. The value of |0 3 15| is
0 0 8
A. 0 B. 1 C. 8 D. 24
vii. If two rows of a square matrix A are interchanged then determinant of resulting matrix is:
A. Remain un change B. Have opposite sign
C. 0 D. None of these
a b c d
viii. If | | = 2 then | | = _________
c d a b
A. 2 B. −2 C. ±2 D. 0
ix. If A is a square matrix, then which of the folloiwng arguments is true?
A. |𝐴| = |−𝐴| B. |𝐴| = |𝐴𝑡 | C. |𝐴| = |−𝐴𝑡 | D. |𝐴2 | = |𝐴|
1 2 3x
x. The value of the determinant |2 3 6x| = ________
3 3 9x
A. 6 B. 11 C. 18𝑥 D. 0
xi. If A is any Matrix of order m × n then minor of matrix of any one element has order:
A. 𝑚×𝑛 B. (𝑚 − 1) × 𝑛 C. 𝑚 × (𝑛 − 1) D. (𝑚 − 1) × (𝑛 − 1)
1 4 7
xii. In a matrix A = [2 5 8] what is value of A12 ?
3 6 9
A. 9 B. −9 C. 6 D. −6
7 −4 4
Q#2: If 𝐴 = [ 2 0 −3] find 𝑀11 , 𝑀12 , 𝑀13 , 𝐴11 , 𝐴12 , 𝐴13 , |𝐴| and 𝐴−1
−1 2 −5

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 Unit No.2 MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

Topics:
 Evaluation of determinants by using properties.
Q#1: Using the properties of the determinants prove:
𝑥 𝑦 𝑥+𝑦
i) | 𝑦 𝑥+𝑦 𝑥 | = −2(𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 )
𝑥+𝑦 𝑥 𝑦
Solution:
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𝑎 𝑏−𝑐 𝑏+𝑐
ii) |𝑎 + 𝑐 𝑏 𝑐 − 𝑎| = (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)(𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 )
𝑎−𝑏 𝑎+𝑏 𝑐

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 Unit No.2 MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

Solution:
𝑎 𝑏−𝑐 𝑏+𝑐
L.H.S = |𝑎 + 𝑐 𝑏 𝑐 − 𝑎| Multiplying 𝐶1 by 𝑎, 𝐶2 by 𝑏, 𝐶3 by 𝑐
𝑎−𝑏 𝑎+𝑏 𝑐

1
𝑎2 𝑏 2 − 𝑏𝑐 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐 2
= 𝑎𝑏𝑐 |𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑐 𝑏2 𝑐 2 − 𝑐𝑎| ∵ 𝐶1 + (𝐶2 + 𝐶3 )
𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 𝑐2

1
𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 − 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐 2 𝑏 2 − 𝑏𝑐 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐 2
= 𝑎𝑏𝑐 | 𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 − 𝑐𝑎 𝑏2 𝑐 2 − 𝑐𝑎| Taking common (𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 ) from 𝐶1
𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 𝑐2

𝑎2 +𝑏 2 +𝑐 2
1 𝑏 2 − 𝑏𝑐 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐 2 𝑅 − 𝑅
2 1
= 𝑎𝑏𝑐
|1 𝑏2 𝑐 2 − 𝑐𝑎| 𝑅 − 𝑅
3 2
1 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 𝑐2

𝑎2 +𝑏 2 +𝑐 2
1 𝑏 2 − 𝑏𝑐 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐 2
= |0 𝑏𝑐 −𝑎𝑐 − 𝑐𝑏| Expanding w.r.t 𝐶1
𝑎𝑏𝑐
0 𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑐
𝑎2 +𝑏 2 +𝑐 2 𝑏𝑐 𝑐(−𝑎 − 𝑏)
= [1 | |] Taking b common from 𝐶1 and c from 𝐶2
𝑎𝑏𝑐 𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑐
𝑎2 +𝑏 2 +𝑐 2 𝑐 −𝑎 − 𝑏
= ∙ 𝑏𝑐 | |
𝑎𝑏𝑐 𝑎 𝑎
𝑎2 +𝑏 2 +𝑐 2
= ∙ (𝑐𝑎 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏)
𝑎

𝑎2 +𝑏 2 +𝑐 2
= ∙ 𝑎(𝑐 + 𝑎 + 𝑏)
𝑎

= (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)(𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 )

= R.H.S

𝑥 𝑥2 1 + 𝑎𝑥 3
iii) |𝑦 𝑦2 1 + 𝑎𝑦 3 | = (1 + 𝑎𝑥𝑦𝑧)(𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑦 − 𝑧)(𝑧 − 𝑥)
𝑧 𝑧2 1 + 𝑎𝑧 3
Solution:
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 Unit No.2 MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

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2𝑎𝑏 1 + 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 2𝑏
iv) | 2𝑎 −2𝑏 1 − 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 | = (1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 )3
1 − 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 2𝑎𝑏 −2𝑎
Solution:

2𝑎𝑏 1 + 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 2𝑏
L.H.S =| 2𝑎 −2𝑏 1 − 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 |
1 − 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 2𝑎𝑏 −2𝑎

0 1 + 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 2𝑏
= |𝑎+𝑎 + 𝑎𝑏 2
3
−2𝑏 1 − 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 | ∴ 𝐶1 − 𝑎𝐶3
1 − 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 2𝑎𝑏 −2𝑎
0 1 + 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 2𝑏
= |𝑎(1+𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ) −2𝑏 1 − 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 | Taking (1+𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ) from 𝐶1
1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 2𝑎𝑏 −2𝑎
0 1 + 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 2𝑏
= (1+𝑎2 +𝑏 2)
|𝑎 −2𝑏 1 − 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 | ∴ 𝐶2 − 𝑏𝐶3
1 2𝑎𝑏 −2𝑎
0 1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 2𝑏
= (1+𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ) |𝑎 −𝑏 − 𝑏𝑎2 − 𝑏 3 1 − 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 | Taking (1+𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ) from 𝐶2
1 0 −2𝑎
0 1 2𝑏
= (1+𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ) 2 |𝑎 −𝑏 1 − 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 |
1 0 −2𝑎

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 Unit No.2 MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

0 1 2𝑏
= (1+𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ) 2 |0 −𝑏 1 + 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 | 𝑅2 − 𝑎𝑅3
1 0 −2𝑎
1 2𝑏
= (1+𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ) 2 [0 − 0 + 1 | |]
−𝑏 1 + 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2
1 2𝑏
= (1+𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ) 2 [0 − 0 + 1 | |]
−𝑏 1 + 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2
= (1+𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ) 2 (1+𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 + 2𝑏 2 ) = (1+𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ) 2 (1+𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ) =
= (1+𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ) 3
= R.H.S

1
Q#2: If |𝐴𝐵| = |𝐴| ∙ |𝐵| and |𝐴−1 | = |𝐴| then for a square matrix if order 3x3 ,prove that |𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴| = |𝐴|2

Solution:
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Q#3: If a is matrix of order 3 x 3, such that |𝐴𝑑𝑗𝐴| = 64 then find |𝐴−1 |

Solution:
Given A is matrix of order 3x3 such that
AdjA = 64
∴ |AdjA| = |A|n−1 , where n is order of matrix A
Given that order n = 3 ⇒ |𝐴𝑑𝑗𝐴| = |𝐴|3−1 ⇒ |𝐴𝑑𝑗𝐴| = |𝐴|2
64 = |𝐴|2 ⇒ |𝐴| = ±8
1 1 1
|𝐴−1 | = = = ± Ans
|𝐴| ±8 8

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 Unit No.2 MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

! Test Yourself

TEST YOUR SLEF

Q#1: Prove the following by using properties of determinants.

3𝑎 1 2𝑎 + 1
i. |2𝑎 + 1 1 𝑎 + 2 | = (𝑎 − 1)(𝑎 − 2)
3 1 2

𝑏+𝑐 𝑎 𝑎
ii. | 𝑏 𝑐+𝑎 𝑏 | = 4𝑎𝑏𝑐
𝑐 𝑐 𝑎+𝑏

−𝑏𝑐 𝑏 2 + 𝑏𝑐 𝑐 2 + 𝑏𝑐
iii. 2
|𝑎 + 𝑎𝑐 −𝑎𝑐 𝑐 2 + 𝑎𝑐| = (𝑎𝑐 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐𝑎)2
𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏 𝑏 2 + 𝑎𝑏 −𝑎𝑏

(𝑏 + 𝑐)2 𝑎𝑏 𝑐𝑎
iv. | 𝑎𝑏 (𝑎 + 𝑐)2 𝑏𝑐 | = 2𝑎𝑏𝑐 (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)3
𝑎𝑐 𝑏𝑐 (𝑎 + 𝑏)2

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 Unit No.2 MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

Topics:

 Explain a consistent and inconsistent system of linear equations.

 Solve a system of 3 by 3 non homogeneous linear equations by using matrix inversion method and
Cramer’s Rule.
System of linear equations:
A system of linear equations (or linear system) is a collection of two or more linear equations involving
the same variables.
A linear system may behave in any one of three possible ways:
1.The system has infinitely many solutions.
2.The system has a unique solution.
3.The system has no solution.

Categories:
We divide the system of linear equations in two categories:

i. Homogeneous system of linear equations.

A homogeneous linear system may have one or infinitely many solutions. But it has at least one solution
always.
 Homogeneous system of equations has unique (trivial) solution if |𝐴| ≠ 0
 System of homogeneous equations is always consistent, since it has at least trivial solution.
 Homogeneous system of equations has many solutions (non-trivial) solution if |𝐴| = 0

ii. Non-homogeneous system of linear equations.

 An n x n non-homogeneous system of linear equations has a unique non-trivial solution if and only if
|𝐴| ≠ 0
 The system has either no non-trivial solution or an infinite number of solutions if |𝐴| = 0.

Consistent system of equations:

A system of equation which has at least one solution is called consistent system of equations.
The rank of the coefficient matrix is equal to the rank of the augmented matrix.

In – Consistent system of equations

A system of linear equations which has no solution at all is called in – consistent system of equations.
The rank of the coefficient matrix is less than the rank of the augmented matrix.

𝑨𝒃 =Augmented matrix explained in next lecture

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 Unit No.2 MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

Matrix inversion method to solve a non – Homogeneous system of linear equations:

Q#2: Solve the system of non-homogenous linear equation by inversion method.
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 – 𝑧 = 1 ; 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 3 ; 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧 = 1
Solution:
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Cramer’s rule to solve a non – Homogeneous system of linear equations:

Q#3: Solve the given system of non – homogeneous linear equations by Cramer’s rule

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 Unit No.2 MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 1 ; 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 3; 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 4 = 0
Solution:

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 Unit No.2 MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

Solution of homogeneous equations:

Q#3: Solve the following system of homogenous linear equations:

𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 0 ⟶ (1)
2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 0 ⟶ (2)
𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0 ⟶ (3)

Solution:
The coefficients matrix is:
1 3 2
𝐴 = [2 −1 3]
1 −4 1
|𝐴| = 1 |−1 3| − 3 |2 3| + 2 |2 −1| ⇒ 1(−1 + 12) − 3(2 − 3) + 2(−8 + 1)
−4 1 1 1 1 −4
|𝐴| = 11 + 3 − 14 = 0
So system has non-trivial solution.
Multiplying equation (1) by 2 then subtracting equation (2) from it, we get:
(1) ⟹ 2𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 0
(2) ⟹ −2𝑥 ∓ 𝑦 ± 3𝑧 = 0

7𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0 ⟶ (4)
Subtracting equation (3) from equation (1) , we have:
(1) ⟹ 𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 0
(2) ⟹ −𝑥 ∓ 4𝑦 ± 𝑧 = 0

7𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0 ⟶ (5)
Now equation (4) and (5) are identical
Put 𝑧 = 𝑡 in equation (4)
1
⟹ 7𝑦 + 𝑡 = 0 ⟹ 7𝑦 = −𝑡 ⟹ 𝑦 = − 7 𝑡

Subtracting these values in equation (1) we have:

1
𝑥 + 3 (− 7) + 2𝑡 = 0
3 11 11
⟹ 𝑥 − 7 𝑡 + 2𝑡 = 0 ⟹ 𝑥 + 7
𝑡=0 ⟹𝑥=− 7
𝑡
11 1
Thus (− 𝑡 , − 7 𝑡 , 𝑡 ) are the infinite many solutions. By assigning different values to t, we will have
7

different solutions. Ans

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 Unit No.2 MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

Q#4: Find the value of 𝜆 so that the following system has infinite many solutions.
2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1 ⟶ (I)
𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 𝜆𝑧 = 2 ⟶ (II)
0𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 𝑧 = −1 ⟶ (III)
Solution:
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 Unit No.2 MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

! Test Yourself

TEST YOUR SLEF

Q#1: Circle the correct option i.e. A / B / C / D.
i. System of homogeneous linear equations has non-trivial solution if:
A. |𝐴| > 0 B. |𝐴| < 0 C. |𝐴| = 0 D. |𝐴| ≠ 0
ii. For non-homogeneous system of linear equations; the system is in-consistent if:
A. Rank A < no of variables B. Rank A = no of variables
C. Rank A = Rank Ab D. Rank A ≠ Rank Ab
iii. For a system of non-homogeneous equations with three variables, system will have unique solution if:
A. Rank A < 3 B. Rank A𝑏 < 3
C. Rank A = Rank Ab < 3 D. 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝐴 = Rank Ab = 3
iv. A system of non-homogeneous equations having infinite many solutions if:
A. |𝐴| > 0 B. |𝐴| < 0 C. |𝐴| = 0 D. |𝐴| ≠ 0

Q#2: Solve the system of equations by matrix invesion method:

𝑥1 − 2𝑥3 + 𝑥3 = 4
2𝑥1 − 3𝑥3 + 2𝑥3 = 6
2𝑥1 + 2𝑥2 + 2𝑥3 = 5
Q#3: Use Crammer ′ s rule to solve the system:
3𝑥1 − 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = −4
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 − 2𝑥3 = −4
−𝑥1 + 2𝑥2 − 𝑥3 = 1
Q#4: Solve the following systems of homogeneous linear equations.
𝑥1 + 4𝑥2 + 2𝑥3 = 0
2𝑥1 + 𝑥2 − 3𝑥3 = 0
3𝑥1 + 2𝑥2 − 4𝑥3 = 0

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 Unit No.2 MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

Topics:
 Echelon and reduced echelon forms of the matrix
 Use row operations to find the inverse and the rank of a matrix.
 Augmented Matrix

Echelon form:
A matrix is in row echelon form if it has the following properties:
 Zero rows: All rows of zeros are at the bottom of the matrix
 Leading entries: The first non-zero entry in each row is a 1, called a leading 1
 Leading 1s move left: The leading 1 in a higher row is further left than the leading 1 in a lower row
 Entries below leading entries are zero: All entries below a row's leading entry are zero
Reduced echelon form:
A matrix is in reduced row echelon form if it meets the following conditions:
 Zero rows: Each row has zeros until the first non-zero entry, which is a 1
 Leading entries: The leading 1 in each row is in a column to the right of all leading 1s in the rows
above it.
 Leading 1s: Any rows with all zeros are below rows with leading 1s
 Entries above and below the leading 1:All entries above and below the leading 1 are zero

3 1 2
Q#1: Reduce the matrix 𝐴 = [−2 4 1] into the echelon form.
1 0 2
Solution:
3 1 2
𝐴 = [−2 4 1]
1 0 2
1 0 2
𝑅 [−2 4 1] ∴ 𝑅13
3 1 2
1 0 2
𝑅 [0 4 5] ∴ 𝑅2 + 2𝑅1 , 𝑅3 − 3𝑅1
0 1 −4
1 0 2
𝑅 [0 1 −4] ∴ 𝑅23
0 4 5
1 0 2
𝑅 [0 1 −4] ∴ 𝑅3 − 4 𝑅2
0 0 21
1 0 2
1
𝑅 [0 1 −4] ∴ 21 𝑅3 which is the required echelon form of matrix A.
0 0 1

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 Unit No.2 MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

Convert the above matrix in reduced echelon form.

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Rank of a matrix:
The numbers of non zero rows in echelon or reduced e3chelon form is called rank of the matrix.
Q#3: What is the rank of the matrix given in Q#1
Solution:

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2 5 7
Q#4: Find the rank of the matrix [ 1 2 −1]
−3 −6 3
Solution:
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Inverse of matrix by row operation:

Using Row Operation to Find the Inverse of a Non-Singular Matrix
Row operations can be performed on a non-singular matrix A to find its inverse. For this consider an identity
matrix I of same order as that of A. write A and I parallel to each other. Now performed some
row operations on A and I so that matrix A reduce to I, consequently the matrix I will also reduce to
some new matrix which is the inverse of A. we can also perform column operation to find 𝐴−1 .

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 Unit No.2 MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

2 1 0
Q#5: Find 𝐴−1 if 𝐴 = [4 3 1] by using row operations.
1 0 2
Solution:
2 1 0
|𝐴| = |4 3 1| = 2 |3 1 4 1 4 3
| − 1| | + 0| | = 2(6 − 0) − 1(8 − 1) + 0(0 + 3)
0 2 1 2 1 0
1 0 2
= 12 − 7 + 0 = 5 ≠ 0 So A is non-singular, now consider
2 1 0 : 1 0 0
[𝐴/𝐼] = [4 3 1 : 0 1 0]
1 0 2 : 0 0 1
1 0 2 : 0 0 1
|4 3 1 : 0 1 0| ∴ 𝑅13
2 1 0 : 1 0 0
1 0 2 : 0 0 1
[0 3 −7 : 0 1 −4] ∴ 𝑅2 − 4𝑅1 , 𝑅3 − 2𝑅1
0 1 −4 : 0 0 −2
1 0 2 : 0 0 1
[0 1 −4 : 0 0 −2] ∴ 𝑅23
0 3 −7 : 0 1 −4
1 0 2 : 0 0 1
[0 1 −4 : 0 0 −2] ∴ 𝑅3 − 3𝑅2
0 0 5 : −3 1 2
1 0 2 : 0 0 1
1
[0 1 −4 : 0 0 −2]
3 1 2
∴ 5 𝑅3
0 0 1 : −5 5 5
6 2 1
1 0 0 : −5
5 5
7 4 2
0 1 0 : −5 −5 ∴ 𝑅1 − 2𝑅3 , ∴ 𝑅2 + 4𝑅3
5
3 1 2
[0 0 1 : −5 5 5 ]
6 2 1
−5
5 5
−1 7 4 2
Thus 𝐴 = −5 5
−5
3 1 2
[− 5 5 5 ]
Augmented Matrix
For a given system of linear equations; matrix consisting of the coefficients of the unknowns together with
the constant on the right side of equations is called augmented matrix.I t is usually denoted by Ab. for the
system of linear equations;
𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 𝑧 = 𝑘1 ; 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 𝑧 = 𝑘2 ; 𝑎3 𝑥 + 𝑏3 𝑦 + 𝑐3 𝑧 = 𝑘3
the augmented matrix is:
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 ⋮ 𝑘1
𝐴𝑏 = [𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 ⋮ 𝑘2 ]
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3 ⋮ 𝑘3

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 Unit No.2 MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

! Test Yourself

TEST YOUR SLEF

Q#1: Circle the correct option i.e. A / B / C / D.
1 0
i. Rank of the matrix [ ] is __________
0 1
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
ii. The rank of the matrix [1 0 3] is:
A. 0 B. 1 C. 2 D. 3
1 0 0
iii. Rank of matrix [0 1 0] is__________
0 0 1
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
1
iv. Rank of the matrix [1] is:
1
0

A. 0 B. 1 C. 2 D. 3

Q#2: Find the rank of the following matrices.

1 −1 2 1
𝑖) [2 −6 5 1 ]
3 5 4 −3
1 −4 −7
𝑖𝑖) [2 −5 1 ]
1 −2 3
3 −7 4

Q#3: Find the inverses of the following matricesby using row operations.
1 2 −3
i) [ 0 −2 0 ]
−2 −2 2
1 −3 2
iii) [2 1 0]
0 −1 1

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 Unit No.2 MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

Topics:
 Solve a system of three homogeneous linear equations in three unknowns using the Gaussian
Elimination method.
 Conditions for consistent and inconsistent system of equations.
Gaussian elimination method.
In this method, we reduce the associated augmented matrix for a given system of linear equations to its
echelon form.
Q#1: solve the system of equations by using Gauss Elimination method
2𝑥1 − 3𝑥2 + 4𝑥3 = 1 ; 𝑥1 + 2𝑥2 − 𝑥3 = 2 ; 3𝑥1 + 5𝑥2 − 3𝑥3 = 5
Solution:
2 −3 4 : 1
𝐴𝑏 = [1 2 −1 : 2]
3 5 −3 : 5
First, we reduce it into augmented matrix is;
1 2 −1 : 2
[2 −3 4 : 1] ∴ 𝑅12
3 5 −3 : 5
1 2 −1 : 2
[0 −7 6 : −3] ∴ 𝑅2 − 2𝑅1 , 𝑅3 − 3𝑅1
0 −1 0 : −1
1 2 −1 : 2
[0 −1 0 : −1] ∴ 𝑅23
0 −7 6 : −3
1 2 −1 : 2
[0 1 0 : 1] ∴ −1𝑅2
0 −7 6 : −3
1 2 −1 : 2
[0 1 0 : 1] ∴ 𝑅3 +7𝑅2
0 0 6 : 4
1 2 −1 : 2
1
[0 1 0 : 1]
2
∴ 6 𝑅3
0 0 1 : 3

Which is the echelon form of 𝐴𝑏 . From the last row we have:

2
0𝑥1 + 0𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = 3
2
⟹ 𝑥3 = 3

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 Unit No.2 MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

From second row we have:

𝑥1 + 2𝑥2 − 𝑥3 = 2
2 4 2
𝑥1 + 2(1) − 3 = 2 ⟹ 𝑥1 + 3 = 2 ⟹ 𝑥1 = 3
2 2
∴ 𝑥1 = 3 ; 𝑥2 = 1 ; 𝑥3 = 3

Gauss Jordan Method (Reduced Echelon Form)

In this method, we reduce the associated augmented matrix into reduced echelon form for the given system
of non-homogeneous equations.
Q#2: Solve the system of given non – homogeneous linear equations by using Gauss – Jordian method.
2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 2; 𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 1; 4𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4;
Solution:
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 Unit No.2 MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

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Conditions for consistent and inconsistent system of equations.

Q#3: Determine the value of 𝜆 for which the following system has no solution, unique solution or infinity
many solutions.
Solution:
𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 4
3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 2
4𝑥 + 𝑦 + (𝜆2 − 14)𝑧 = 𝜆 + 2
1 2 −3 𝑥 4
In matrix form [3 −1 5 ] [𝑦 ] = [ 2 ]
4 1 (𝜆2 − 14) 𝑧 𝜆+2
1 2 −3 : 4
Augmented Matrix form 𝐴𝑏 = [3 −1 5 : 2 ]
2
4 1 (𝜆 − 14) : 𝜆+2
1 2 −13 : 4
[0 −7 14 : −10 ] ∴ 𝑅2 − 3𝑅1 , 𝑅3 − 4𝑅1
2
0 −7 𝜆 − 2 : 𝜆 − 14
1 2 −13 : 4
[0 −7 14 : −10 ] ∴ 𝑅3 − 𝑅2
2
0 0 𝜆 − 16 : 𝜆−4
1 2 −13 : 4
10 1
[0 1 −2 :
7
] ∴ − 𝑅2
7
2
0 0 𝜆 − 16 : 𝜆−4
The system has no solution if Rank ≠ Rank 𝐴𝑏
Thus 𝜆2 − 16 = 0 𝜆−4≠0
𝜆2 = 16 ⟹ 𝜆 = ±4
The system has a unique solution if Rank = Rank 𝐴𝑏
Thus 𝜆2 − 16 ≠ 0
𝜆2 ≠ 16 ⟹ 𝜆 = ±4
Q#4: show that the system of equations:
2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 𝛼 ; 3𝑥 + 𝑦 − 5𝑧 = 𝛽 ; −5𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 21𝑧 = 𝛾 ; is inconsistent if
𝛾 ≠ 2𝛼 − 3𝛽
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 Unit No.2 MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

Solution:
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 Unit No.2 MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

! Test Yourself

TEST YOUR SLEF

𝑥1 + 3𝑥3 + 2𝑥3 = 3
Q#2: Solve the system; 4𝑥1 + 5𝑥3 − 2𝑥3 = 3 } , by reducing its augmented matrix to
3𝑥1 − 2𝑥2 + 17𝑥3 = 42
the echelon form (Gaussian elimination method).
𝑥1 + 4𝑥2 + 2𝑥3 = 2
Q#3: Use Gauss Jordan Method to solve: 2𝑥1 + 𝑥2 − 2𝑥3 = 9
3𝑥1 + 2𝑥2 − 2𝑥3 = 12

Q#4: Use Gaussian Elimination method to check whether the system of equations are consistent or
inconsistent:
i. −𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 1 ; 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 2 ; 𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 4𝑧 = 5
ii. 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 1 ; −2𝑥 + 5𝑦 − 4𝑧 = −2 ; 𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 𝑧 = 5

Lecture No. 01

i ii iii iv v vi vii viii ix x xi xii

A C B C D D B A B D D D

Lecture No. 03
i ii iii iv
C D B C

Lecture No. 04
i ii iii iv
B B C B

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