Scribd
Upload
2 views

Chapter2_part2

The document discusses solid-state relays, highlighting their advantages such as accuracy and compactness, alongside disadvantages like limited environmental tolerance. It details types of solid-state relays, including analog and digital logic circuits, and explains the operation of solid-state instantaneous over-current and distance relays. Additionally, it covers design considerations for relays, including contact definitions, targets, seal-in circuits, and control circuits.

Uploaded by

mohamed elboray
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
2 views

Chapter2_part2

The document discusses solid-state relays, highlighting their advantages such as accuracy and compactness, alongside disadvantages like limited environmental tolerance. It details types of solid-state relays, including analog and digital logic circuits, and explains the operation of solid-state instantaneous over-current and distance relays. Additionally, it covers design considerations for relays, including contact definitions, targets, seal-in circuits, and control circuits.

Uploaded by

mohamed elboray
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 24

Power System Protection

Dr. Ibrahim El-Amin


Chapter 2

RELAY OPERATING
PRINCIPLES
2.5 Solid-State Relays

Advantages :-
 More accurate

 settings repeatable & closer tolerance

 Characteristic shaped by logic changes

 Not affected by vibrations / dust


 compact & less space
Disadvantages
 Limited capability of temp, humidity, over-
voltage and over-currents

 Requires independent power supplies.


Types of Solid-State Relays

1. Analog Relays
a. Fault sensing circuits
b. Measuring circuits

2. Digital Logic Circuits


A. Solid State Instantaneous
Over- current Relay
 Input current I is passed through
R
 The corresponding voltage is
rectified .
 The voltage is filtered through the
R-C filter.
 The voltage is applied to a
summing amplifier.
 A reference voltage is the second
input of the amplifier.
 When er is exceeded ,the output
is high.
 A time delay circuit can be used.
Typical Waveforms at different Points
B. Solid State Distance (MhO) Relay

 The Mho characteristics:

Z  ( K / K ) sin(   )
3 2

Let
Z r  ( K3 / K 2 )
Then the Relay Performance is given by
Z  ( Z r sin(   )
 Multiply both sides by
I and replace IZ by E
Then the relay equation
is: E  IZ r sin(   )  0
Mho Characteristics

 All points inside circle : Trip

 All points outside circle : block

 outside circle : angle E &( IZr-E) > 90 deg.

 inside circle : angle E &( IZr-E) < 90 deg.


Mho Characteristics

 Inside circle : angle (E-IZr) &E) > 90 deg.

 Outside circle: angle (E-IZr) &E) ) < 90 deg.


Possible Circuit Configuration
 Input current is passed through impedance.
 The negative of this voltage and Relay input
voltage are into amplifiers.
 Output of amplifier is rectangular waves.
 Negative & positive are isolated by rectifiers.
 The output is sent into AND gate.
 For Steady state, the output of AND gates is
High( level 1) for duration equal to angle
between (E-IZr) & E
 If the angle is greater than 90 (1/4 cycle),
relay should operate.

 For external faults, output shall be “0”.


2.6 Computer Relays
Microprocessor-based Relay
2.7 Other Relay Design Considerations

1. Contact Definitions:
Relays make contact assume
a condition when the relay
is completely De-
energized.
 A contact which is closed
under this condition
“normally closed” “b”
 If relay is open under this
condition, it is “normally
open” – a
2.Targets

 An indication of whether the relay operates


or not is needed.
 Targets are used.

 They are electrical or mechanical flags


3. Seal-In Circuit
 Relays contacts are not
designed to interrupt breaker
trip coil current.
 Contacts provided with
holding mechanism.
 A coil in series with relay
contacts but its contact is
parallel.
 As trip coil energized
electromagnet coil & contacts
closed. Drop out
when breaker opens
4.Operating time
5.Ratio of Pickup to Reset
 The relays requires less current to keep it
picked-up than it took to pick-up

 Reset value is very small relays may not


reset after breaker operates.
2.8 Control Circuit

 Lamps are arranged to glow at ½


brilliance
 If one pole is grounded one lamp
goes off & other is full bright.
 TC is connected in series with
auxiliary contact “a”, to the – ve
pole always
 breaker normally closed, when
power is ON
 TC is connected to – ve pole
always.
 Seal-in & target TC connected in
series to + ve thro’ Relay contact
 Sea-in contacts bypass the relay
contacts to protect for tripping TC
current.
 Breaker trip coil is interrupted by
auxiliary “a” contact.

You might also like