300 Java interview questions Set 2 (2022) - javatpoint
300 Java interview questions Set 2 (2022) - javatpoint
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300 Java interview questions | Set 2
1 2 3 4 5
101) What is the difference between compile-time polymorphism and runtime polymorphism?
There are the following differences between compile-time polymorphism and runtime polymorphism.
1 In compile-time polymorphism, call to a method is In runtime polymorphism, call to an overridden method is resolved at runtime.
resolved at compile-time.
2 It is also known as static binding, early binding, or It is also known as dynamic binding, late binding, overriding, or dynamic method
overloading. dispatch.
3 Overloading is a way to achieve compile-time Overriding is a way to achieve runtime polymorphism in which, we can redefine
polymorphism in which, we can define multiple some particular method or variable in the derived class. By using overriding, we
methods or constructors with different signatures. can give some specific implementation to the base class properties in the derived
class.
4 It provides fast execution because the type of an It provides slower execution as compare to compile-time because the type of an
object is determined at compile-time. object is determined at run-time.
5 Compile-time polymorphism provides less flexibility Run-time polymorphism provides more flexibility because all the things are
because all the things are resolved at compile-time. resolved at runtime.
Runtime polymorphism or dynamic method dispatch is a process in which a call to an overridden method is resolved at runtime rather than at
compile-time. In this process, an overridden method is called through the reference variable of a superclass. The determination of the method to
be called is based on the object being referred to by the reference variable.
class Bike{
void run(){System.out.println("running");}
}
class Splendor extends Bike{
void run(){System.out.println("running safely with 60km");}
public static void main(String args[]){
Bike b = new Splendor();//upcasting
b.run();
}
}
Test it Now
Output:
In this process, an overridden method is called through the reference variable of a superclass. The determination of the method to be called is
based on the object being referred to by the reference variable.
More details.
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103) Can you achieve Runtime Polymorphism by data members?
No, because method overriding is used to achieve runtime polymorphism and data members cannot be overridden. We can override the member
functions but not the data members. Consider the example given below.
class Bike{
int speedlimit=90;
}
class Honda3 extends Bike{
int speedlimit=150;
public static void main(String args[]){
Bike obj=new Honda3();
System.out.println(obj.speedlimit);//90
}
Test it Now
Output:
90
More details.
104) What is the difference between static binding and dynamic binding?
In case of the static binding, the type of the object is determined at compile-time whereas, in the dynamic binding, the type of the object is
determined at runtime.
Static Binding
class Dog{
private void eat(){System.out.println("dog is eating...");}
Dynamic Binding
class Animal{
void eat(){System.out.println("animal is eating...");}
}
More details.
class BaseTest
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{
void print()
{
System.out.println("BaseTest:print() called");
}
}
public class Test extends BaseTest
{
void print()
{
System.out.println("Test:print() called");
}
public static void main (String args[])
{
BaseTest b = new Test();
b.print();
}
}
Output
Test:print() called
Explanation
It is an example of Dynamic method dispatch. The type of reference variable b is determined at runtime. At compile-time, it is checked whether that
method is present in the Base class. In this case, it is overridden in the child class, therefore, at runtime the derived class method is called.
The instanceof in Java is also known as type comparison operator because it compares the instance with type. It returns either true or false. If we
apply the instanceof operator with any variable that has a null value, it returns false. Consider the following example.
class Simple1{
public static void main(String args[]){
Simple1 s=new Simple1();
System.out.println(s instanceof Simple1);//true
}
}
Test it Now
Output
true
An object of subclass type is also a type of parent class. For example, if Dog extends Animal then object of Dog can be referred by either Dog or
Animal class.
Abstraction is a process of hiding the implementation details and showing only functionality to the user. It displays just the essential things to the
user and hides the internal information, for example, sending SMS where you type the text and send the message. You don't know the internal
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TOP the message delivery. Abstraction enables you to focus on what the object does instead of how it does it. Abstraction lets you focus
on what the object does instead of how it does it.
◦ Abstract Class
◦ Interface
More details.
Abstraction hides the implementation details whereas encapsulation wraps code and data into a single unit.
More details.
A class that is declared as abstract is known as an abstract class. It needs to be extended and its method implemented. It cannot be instantiated. It can
have abstract methods, non-abstract methods, constructors, and static methods. It can also have the final methods which will force the subclass not to
change the body of the method. Consider the following example.
Test it Now
Output
running safely
More details.
111) Is the following program written correctly? If yes then what will be the output of the program?
Yes, the program is written correctly. The Main class provides the definition of abstract method multiply declared in abstract class Calculation. The output
of the program will be:
Output
384
112) Can you use abstract and final both with a method?
No, because we need to override the abstract method to provide its implementation, whereas we can't override the final method.
No, the abstract class can never be instantiated even if it contains a constructor and all of its methods are implemented.
The interface is a blueprint for a class that has static constants and abstract methods. It can be used to achieve full abstraction and multiple inheritance. It
is a mechanism to achieve abstraction. There can be only abstract methods in the Java interface, not method body. It is used to achieve abstraction and
multiple inheritance in Java. In other words, you can say that interfaces can have abstract methods and variables. Java Interface also represents the IS-A
relationship. It cannot be instantiated just like the abstract class. However, we need to implement it to define its methods. Since Java 8, we can have the
default, static, and private methods in an interface.
More details.
No, because methods of an interface are abstract by default, and we can not use static and abstract together.
No, because an interface needs to be implemented by the other class and if it is final, it can't be implemented by any class.
A Marker interface can be defined as the interface which has no data member and member functions. For example, Serializable, Cloneable are marker
interfaces. The marker interface can be declared as follows.
118) What are the differences between abstract class and interface?
An abstract class can have a method body (non-abstract methods). The interface has only abstract methods.
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An abstract class can have instance variables. An interface cannot have instance variables.
An abstract class can have the constructor. The interface cannot have the constructor.
An abstract class can have static methods. The interface cannot have static methods.
You can extend one abstract class. You can implement multiple interfaces.
The abstract class can provide the implementation of the interface. The Interface can't provide the implementation of the abstract
class.
The abstract keyword is used to declare an abstract class. The interface keyword is used to declare an interface.
An abstract class can extend another Java class and implement multiple Java An interface can extend another Java interface only.
interfaces.
An abstract class can be extended using keyword extends An interface class can be implemented using keyword
implements
A Java abstract class can have class members like private, protected, etc. Members of a Java interface are public by default.
Example: Example:
public abstract class Shape{ public interface Drawable{
public abstract void draw(); void draw();
} }
119) Can we define private and protected modifiers for the members in interfaces?
An object reference can be cast to an interface reference when the object implements the referenced interface.
A class can be made read-only by making all of the fields private. The read-only class will have only getter methods which return the private property of the
class to the main method. We cannot modify this property because there is no setter method available in the class. Consider the following example.
A class can be made write-only by making all of the fields private. The write-only class will have only setter methods which set the value passed from the
main method to the private fields. We cannot read the properties of the class because there is no getter method in this class. Consider the following
example.
◦ By providing only the setter or getter method, you can make the class read-only or write-only. In other words, you can skip the getter or setter
methods.
◦ It provides you the control over the data. Suppose you want to set the value of id which should be greater than 100 only, you can write the logic inside
the setter method. You can write the logic not to store the negative numbers in the setter methods.
◦ It is a way to achieve data hiding in Java because other class will not be able to access the data through the private data members.
◦ The encapsulate class is easy to test. So, it is better for unit testing.
◦ The standard IDE's are providing the facility to generate the getters and setters. So, it is easy and fast to create an encapsulated class in Java.
A package is a group of similar type of classes, interfaces, and sub-packages. It provides access protection and removes naming collision. The packages in
Java can be categorized into two forms, inbuilt package, and user-defined package. There are many built-in packages such as Java, lang, awt, javax, swing, net,
io, util, sql, etc. Consider the following example to create a package in Java.
//save as Simple.java
package mypack;
public class Simple{
public static void main(String args[]){
System.out.println("Welcome to package");
}
}
More details.
If you are using the programming IDEs like Eclipse, NetBeans, MyEclipse, etc. click on file->new->project and eclipse will ask you to enter the name of the
package. It will create the project package containing various directories such as src, etc. If you are using an editor like notepad for java programming, use the
following steps to create the package.
◦ Define a package package_name. Create the class with the name class_name and save this file with your_class_name.java.
◦ Now compile the file by running the following command on the terminal.
javac -d . your_class_name.java
The above command creates the package with the name package_name in the present working directory.
◦ Now, run the class file by using the absolute class file name, like following.
java package_name.class_name
◦ By using the fully qualified name: To access a class in a different package, either we must use the fully qualified name of that class, or we must import
the package containing that class.
◦ By using the relative path, We can use the path of the class that is related to the package that contains our class. It can be the same or subpackage.
129) Can I import same package/class twice? Will the JVM load the package twice at runtime?
One can import the same package or the same class multiple times. Neither compiler nor JVM complains about it. However, the JVM will internally load the
class only once no matter how many times you import the same class.
By static import, we can access the static members of a class directly, and there is no to qualify it with the class name.
More details.
There is given a list of exception handling interview questions with answers. If you know any exception handling interview question, kindly post it in the
comment section.
There are mainly two types of exceptions: checked and unchecked. Here, an error is considered as the unchecked exception. According to Oracle, there are
three types of exceptions:
◦ Checked Exception: Checked exceptions are the one which are checked at compile-time. For example, SQLException, ClassNotFoundException, etc.
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◦ Unchecked Exception: Unchecked exceptions are the one which are handled at runtime because they can not be checked at compile-time. For example,
ArithmaticException, NullPointerException, ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException, etc.
◦ Error: Error cause the program to exit since they are not recoverable. For Example, OutOfMemoryError, AssertionError, etc.
Exception Handling is a mechanism that is used to handle runtime errors. It is used primarily to handle checked exceptions. Exception handling maintains t
normal flow of the program. There are mainly two types of exceptions: checked and unchecked. Here, the error is considered as the unchecked exception.
More details.
The java.lang.Throwable class is the root class of Java Exception hierarchy which is inherited by two subclasses: Exception and Error. A hierarchy of Java Excepti
classes are given below:
134) What is the difference between Checked Exception and Unchecked Exception?
1) Checked Exception
The classes that extend Throwable class except RuntimeException and Error are known as checked exceptions, e.g., IOException, SQLException, etc. Check
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checked at compile-time.
2) Unchecked Exception
The classes that extend RuntimeException are known as unchecked exceptions, e.g., ArithmeticException, NullPointerException, etc. Unchecked exceptions are
checked at compile-time.
More details.
The Throwable class is the base class for Error and Exception.
136) Is it necessary that each try block must be followed by a catch block?
It is not necessary that each try block must be followed by a catch block. It should be followed by either a catch block OR a finally block. So whatever exception
likely to be thrown should be declared in the throws clause of the method. Consider the following example.
Output:
Output
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ExceptionHandlingExample.java:10: error: exception ArithmeticException has already been caught
catch(ArithmeticException ex){System.out.println(ex);}
^
1 error
Explanation
ArithmaticException is the subclass of Exception. Therefore, it can not be used after Exception. Since Exception is the base class for all the exceptions, therefore,
be used at last to handle the exception. No class can be used after this.
The "finally" block is used to execute the important code of the program. It is executed whether an exception is handled or not. In other words, we can say that
block is the block which is always executed. Finally block follows try or catch block. If you don't handle the exception, before terminating the program, JVM runs
block, (if any). The finally block is mainly used to place the cleanup code such as closing a file or closing a connection. Here, we must know that for each try
there can be zero or more catch blocks, but only one finally block. The finally block will not be executed if program exits(either by calling System.exit() or by ca
fatal error that causes the process to abort).
More details.
Yes, According to the definition of finally block, it must be followed by a try or catch block, therefore, we can use try block instead of catch. More details.
Finally block will not be executed if program exits(either by calling System.exit() or by causing a fatal error that causes the process to abort).More details.
1) The throw keyword is used to throw an exception explicitly. The throws keyword is used to declare an exception.
2) The checked exceptions cannot be propagated with throw The checked exception can be propagated with throws
only.
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3) The throw keyword is followed by an instance. The throws keyword is followed by class.
4) The throw keyword is used within the method. The throws keyword is used with the method signature.
5) You cannot throw multiple exceptions. You can declare multiple exceptions, e.g., public void method()throws IOExce
SQLException.
More details.
}
}
Output
Explanation
In Java, the throwable objects can only be thrown. If we try to throw an integer object, The compiler will show an error since we can not throw basic data typ
block of code.
Output
Explanation
The object of Calculation is thrown from the try block which is caught in the catch block. The add() of Calculation class is called with the integer values 10 and 2
the object of this class. Therefore there sum 30 is printed. The object of the Main class can only be thrown in the case when the type of the object is throwable
we need to extend the throwable class.
Yes.
145) Can subclass overriding method declare an exception if parent class method doesn't throw an exception?
More details.
An exception is first thrown from the top of the stack and if it is not caught, it drops down the call stack to the previous method, If not caught there, the exce
drops down to the previous method, and so on until they are caught or until they reach the very bottom of the call stack. This procedure is called exception pr
By default, checked exceptions are not propagated.
class TestExceptionPropagation1{
void m(){
int data=50/0;
}
void n(){
m();
}
void p(){
try{
n();
}catch(Exception e){System.out.println("exception handled");}
}
public static void main(String args[]){
TestExceptionPropagation1 obj=new TestExceptionPropagation1();
obj.p();
System.out.println("normal flow...");
}
}
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Test it Now
Output:
exception handled
normal flow...
More details.
Output
Explanation
In the main method, a() of Main is called which prints a message and call b(). The method b() prints some message and then call c(). The method c() throws an e
is handled by the catch block of method b. However, It propagates this exception by using throw Exception() to be handled by the method a(). As we know
always executed therefore the finally block in the method b() is executed first and prints a message. At last, the exception is handled by the catch block of the m
Output
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result = 290
Explanation
The instance variable a of class Calculation is initialized to 10 using the class constructor which is called while instantiating the class. The add method is called
integer value result. In add() method, a is incremented by 10 to be 20. Then, in the first try block, 10 is again incremented by 10 to be 30. In the second try blo
by 10 to be 300. The second try block throws the exception which is caught by the catch block associated with this try block. The catch block again alters
decrementing it by 10 to make it 290. Thus the add() method returns 290 which is assigned to result. However, the catch block associated with the outermost tr
be executed since there is no exception which can be handled by this catch block.
There is given a list of string handling interview questions with short and pointed answers. If you know any string handling interview question, kindly post i
section.
String pool is the space reserved in the heap memory that can be used to store the strings. The main advantage of using the String pool is whenever we create a
JVM checks the "string constant pool" first. If the string already exists in the pool, a reference to the pooled instance is returned. If the string doesn't exist in
string instance is created and placed in the pool. Therefore, it saves the memory by avoiding the duplicacy.
The simple meaning of immutable is unmodifiable or unchangeable. In Java, String is immutable, i.e., once string object has been created, its value can't be c
the following example for better understanding.
class Testimmutablestring{
public static void main(String args[]){
String s="Sachin";
s.concat(" Tendulkar");//concat() method appends the string at the end
System.out.println(s);//will print Sachin because strings are immutable objects
}
}
Test it Now
Output:
Sachin
⇧ More details.
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151) Why are the objects immutable in java?
Because Java uses the concept of the string literal. Suppose there are five reference variables, all refer to one object "sachin". If one reference variable chang
object, it will be affected by all the reference variables. That is why string objects are immutable in java.
More details.
1) String Literal
String s="welcome";
Each time you create a string literal, the JVM checks the "string constant pool" first. If the string already exists in the pool, a reference to the pooled instanc
string doesn't exist in the pool, a new string instance is created and placed in the pool. String objects are stored in a special memory area known as the
example:
String s1="Welcome";
String s2="Welcome";//It doesn't create a new instance
2) By new keyword
In such case, JVM will create a new string object in normal (non-pool) heap memory, and the literal "Welcome" will be placed in the constant string pool. The va
the object in a heap (non-pool).
String s1="Welcome";
String s2="Welcome";
String s3="Welcome";
Only one object will be created using the above code because strings in Java are immutable.
More details.
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154) Why java uses the concept of the string literal?
To make Java more memory efficient (because no new objects are created if it exists already in the string constant pool).
More details.
More details.
Output
a equals b
Explanation
The operator == also check whether the references of the two string objects are equal or not. Although both of the strings contain the same content, their ref
because both are created by different ways(Constructor and String literal) therefore, a == b is unequal. On the other hand, the equal() method always check
their content is equal hence, a equals b is printed.
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true
Explanation
The intern method returns the String object reference from the string pool. In this case, s1 is created by using string literal whereas, s2 is created by using the S
is changed to the reference of s1, and the operator == returns true.
The differences between the String and StringBuffer is given in the table below.
2) The String is slow and consumes more memory when you concat too many strings because every time it The StringBuffer is fast and consumes le
creates a new instance. cancat strings.
3) The String class overrides the equals() method of Object class. So you can compare the contents of two The StringBuffer class doesn't override t
strings by equals() method. Object class.
1) StringBuffer is synchronized, i.e., thread safe. It means two threads can't call the StringBuilder is non-synchronized,i.e., not thread safe. It means tw
methods of StringBuffer simultaneously. methods of StringBuilder simultaneously.
2) StringBuffer is less efficient than StringBuilder. StringBuilder is more efficient than StringBuffer.
We can create an immutable class by defining a final class having all of its members as final. Consider the following example.
More details.
The toString() method returns the string representation of an object. If you print any object, java compiler internally invokes the toString() method on the o
toString() method, returns the desired output, it can be the state of an object, etc. depending upon your implementation. By overriding the toString() method
can return the values of the object, so we don't need to write much code. Consider the following example.
class Student{
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int rollno;
String name;
String city;
Output:
More details.
String stays in the string pool until the garbage is collected. If we store the password into a string, it stays in the memory for a longer period, and anyone havin
extract the password as clear text. On the other hand, Using CharArray allows us to set it to blank whenever we are done with the password. It avoids the securit
enabling us to control the memory.
163) Write a Java program to count the number of words present in a string?
Program:
Output
◦ MatchResult Interface
◦ Matcher class
◦ Pattern class
◦ PatternSyntaxException class
165) How the metacharacters are different from the ordinary characters?
Metacharacters have the special meaning to the regular expression engine. The metacharacters are ^, $, ., *, +, etc. The regular expression engine does not c
characters. To enable the regular expression engine treating the metacharacters as ordinary characters, we need to escape the metacharacters with the backslash
166) Write a regular expression to validate a password. A password must start with an alphabet and followed by alphanu
length must be in between 8 to 20.
The regular expression for the above criteria will be: ^[a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9]{8,19} where ^ represents the start of the regex, [a-zA-Z] represents that the first cha
[a-zA-Z0-9] represents the alphanumeric character, {8,19} represents that the length of the password must be in between 8 and 20.
import java.util.regex.*;
class RegexExample2{
public static void main(String args[]){
System.out.println(Pattern.matches(".s", "as")); //line 4
System.out.println(Pattern.matches(".s", "mk")); //line 5
System.out.println(Pattern.matches(".s", "mst")); //line 6
System.out.println(Pattern.matches(".s", "amms")); //line 7
System.out.println(Pattern.matches("..s", "mas")); //line 8
}}
Output
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true
false
false
false
true
Explanation
line 4 prints true since the second character of string is s, line 5 prints false since the second character is not s, line 6 prints false since there are more than 3
prints false since there are more than 2 characters in the string, and it contains more than 2 characters as well, line 8 prints true since the third character of the s
◦ Nested classes represent a special type of relationship that is it can access all the members (data members and methods) of the outer class including priva
◦ Nested classes are used to develop a more readable and maintainable code because it logically groups classes and interfaces in one place only.
The nested class can be defined as the class which is defined inside another class or interface. We use the nested class to logically group classes and interfaces
more readable and maintainable. A nested class can access all the data members of the outer class including private data members and methods. The syntax
below.
class Java_Outer_class{
//code
class Java_Nested_class{
//code
}
}
There are two types of nested classes, static nested class, and non-static nested class. The non-static nested class can also be called as inner-class
More details.
◦ Inner classes increase the total number of classes used by the developer and therefore increases the workload of JVM since it has to perform some rout
classes which result in slower performance.
◦ IDEs provide less support to the inner classes as compare to the top level classes and therefore it annoys the developers while working with inner classes.
171) What are the types of inner classes (non-static nested class) used in Java?
Type Description
Member Inner Class A class created within class and outside method.
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Anonymous Inner Class A class created for implementing an interface or extending class. Its name is decided by the java compiler.
Local Inner Class A class created within the method.
172) Is there any difference between nested classes and inner classes?
Yes, inner classes are non-static nested classes. In other words, we can say that inner classes are the part of nested classes.
More details.
173) Can we access the non-final local variable, inside the local inner class?
No, the local variable must be constant if you want to access it in the local inner class.
More details.
174) How many class files are created on compiling the OuterClass in the following program?
Anonymous inner classes are the classes that are automatically declared and instantiated within an expression. We cannot apply different access modifiers to th
static, and cannot define any static fields, method, or class. In other words, we can say that it a class without the name and can have only one object that is cr
the following example.
Test it Now
Output:
nice fruits
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Consider the following example for the working of the anonymous class using interface.
interface Eatable{
void eat();
}
class TestAnnonymousInner1{
public static void main(String args[]){
Eatable e=new Eatable(){
public void eat(){System.out.println("nice fruits");}
};
e.eat();
}
}
Test it Now
Output:
nice fruits
An Interface that is declared inside the interface or class is known as the nested interface. It is static by default. The nested interfaces are used to group related
to maintain. The external interface or class must refer to the nested interface. It can't be accessed directly. The nested interface must be public if it is declared
any access modifier if declared within the class. The syntax of the nested interface is given as follows.
interface interface_name{
...
interface nested_interface_name{
...
}
}
More details.
Yes, an interface can be defined within the class. It is called a nested interface.
More details.
More details.
Garbage collection is a process of reclaiming the unused runtime objects. It is performed for memory management. In other words, we can say that It is the pr
from the memory to free up space and make this space available for Java Virtual Machine. Due to garbage collection java gives 0 as output to a variable whos
has been defined but not initialized. For this purpose, we were using free() function in the C language and delete() in C++. In Java, it is performed automaticall
management.
More details.
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180) What is gc()?
The gc() method is used to invoke the garbage collector for cleanup processing. This method is found in System and Runtime classes. This function explicitly ma
the space occupied by the unused objects so that it can be utilized or reused. Consider the following example for the better understanding of how the gc() meth
Test it Now
Garbage collection is managed by JVM. It is performed when there is not enough space in the memory and memory is running low. We can externally call the Sy
However, it depends upon the JVM whether to perform it or not.
1) By nulling a reference:
3) By anonymous object:
new Employee();
The finalize() method is invoked just before the object is garbage collected. It is used to perform cleanup processing. The Garbage collector of JVM collects only
keyword. So if you have created an object without new, you can use the finalize method to perform cleanup processing (destroying remaining objects). The cle
up all the resources, network which was previously used and no longer needed. It is essential to remember that it is not a reserved keyword, finalize method i
available in every class as object class is the superclass of every class in java. Here, we must note that neither finalization nor garbage collection is guaranteed. C
Yes,
Daemon thread.
1) Final is used to apply restrictions on class, method, and variable. The final class can't Finally is used to place important code, it will be
be inherited, final method can't be overridden, and final variable value can't be executed whether an exception is handled or not.
changed.
Java Runtime class is used to interact with a java runtime environment. Java Runtime class provides methods to execute a process, invoke GC, get total an
⇧ instance
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TOjava.lang.Runtime
TOP class is available for one java application. The Runtime.getRuntime() method returns the singleton instance of Runtime class.
188) How will you invoke any external process in Java?
OutputStream Hierarchy
InputStream Hierarchy
The stream is a sequence of data that flows from source to destination. It is composed of bytes. In Java, three streams are created for us automatically.
191) What is the difference between the Reader/Writer class hierarchy and the InputStream/OutputStream class hierarchy
The Reader/Writer class hierarchy is character-oriented, and the InputStream/OutputStream class hierarchy is byte-oriented. The ByteStream classes are used
⇧ whereas
SCROLL the CharacterStream classes are used to perform the input/output for the 16-bit Unicode system. There are many classes in the ByteStream class hierar
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are FileInputStream and FileOutputStream. The most frequently used classes CharacterStream class hierarchy is FileReader and FileWriter.
192) What are the super most classes for all the streams?
All the stream classes can be divided into two types of classes that are ByteStream classes and CharacterStream Classes. The ByteStream classes are fur
OutputStream classes. CharacterStream classes are also divided into Reader classes and Writer classes. The SuperMost classes for all the InputStream classes i
stream classes is java.io.OutPutStream. Similarly, for all the reader classes, the super-most class is java.io.Reader, and for all the writer classes, it is java.io.Writer.
Java FileOutputStream is an output stream used for writing data to a file. If you have some primitive values to write into a file, use FileOutputStream cla
character-oriented data through the FileOutputStream class. However, for character-oriented data, it is preferred to use FileWriter than FileOutputStream. Consi
into a file.
import java.io.FileOutputStream;
public class FileOutputStreamExample {
public static void main(String args[]){
try{
FileOutputStream fout=new FileOutputStream("D:\\testout.txt");
fout.write(65);
fout.close();
System.out.println("success...");
}catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}
}
}
Java FileInputStream class obtains input bytes from a file. It is used for reading byte-oriented data (streams of raw bytes) such as image data, audio, video, et
However, for reading streams of characters, it is recommended to use FileReader class. Consider the following example for reading bytes from a file.
import java.io.FileInputStream;
public class DataStreamExample {
public static void main(String args[]){
try{
FileInputStream fin=new FileInputStream("D:\\testout.txt");
int i=fin.read();
System.out.print((char)i);
fin.close();
}catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}
}
}
Java BufferedOutputStream class is used for buffering an output stream. It internally uses a buffer to store data. It adds more efficiency than to write da
performance fast. Whereas, Java BufferedInputStream class is used to read information from the stream. It internally uses the buffer mechanism to make the per
In Java, FilePermission class is used to alter the permissions set on a file. Java FilePermission class contains the permission related to a directory or file. All the pe
can be of two types:
◦ D:\\IO\\-: It indicates that the permission is associated with all subdirectories and files recursively.
◦ D:\\IO\\*: It indicates that the permission is associated with all directory and files within this directory excluding subdirectories.
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Let's see the simple example in which permission of a directory path is granted with read permission and a file of this directory is granted for write permission.
package com.javatpoint;
import java.io.*;
import java.security.PermissionCollection;
public class FilePermissionExample{
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
String srg = "D:\\IO Package\\java.txt";
FilePermission file1 = new FilePermission("D:\\IO Package\\-", "read");
PermissionCollection permission = file1.newPermissionCollection();
permission.add(file1);
FilePermission file2 = new FilePermission(srg, "write");
permission.add(file2);
if(permission.implies(new FilePermission(srg, "read,write"))) {
System.out.println("Read, Write permission is granted for the path "+srg );
}else {
System.out.println("No Read, Write permission is granted for the path "+srg); }
}
}
Output
FilterStream classes are used to add additional functionalities to the other stream classes. FilterStream classes act like an interface which read the data from a
the caller. The FilterStream classes provide extra functionalities like adding line numbers to the destination file, etc.
An I/O filter is an object that reads from one stream and writes to another, usually altering the data in some way as it is passed from one stream to another. M
chain using multiple input streams. It generates a combined effect on several filters.
198) In Java, How many ways you can take input from the console?
In Java, there are three ways by using which, we can take input from the console.
◦ Using BufferedReader class: we can take input from the console by wrapping System.in into an InputStreamReader and passing it into the BufferedR
input gets buffered. Consider the following example.
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
public class Person
{
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException
{
System.out.println("Enter the name of the person");
BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
String name = reader.readLine();
System.out.println(name);
}
}
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◦ Using Scanner class: The Java Scanner class breaks the input into tokens using a delimiter that is whitespace by default. It provides many methods to
Scanner class is widely used to parse text for string and primitive types using a regular expression. Java Scanner class extends Object class and impleme
the following example.
import java.util.*;
public class ScannerClassExample2 {
public static void main(String args[]){
String str = "Hello/This is JavaTpoint/My name is Abhishek.";
//Create scanner with the specified String Object
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(str);
System.out.println("Boolean Result: "+scanner.hasNextBoolean());
//Change the delimiter of this scanner
scanner.useDelimiter("/");
//Printing the tokenized Strings
System.out.println("---Tokenizes String---");
while(scanner.hasNext()){
System.out.println(scanner.next());
}
//Display the new delimiter
System.out.println("Delimiter used: " +scanner.delimiter());
scanner.close();
}
}
◦ Using Console class: The Java Console class is used to get input from the console. It provides methods to read texts and passwords. If you read the p
displayed to the user. The java.io.Console class is attached to the system console internally. The Console class is introduced since 1.5. Consider the followin
import java.io.Console;
class ReadStringTest{
public static void main(String args[]){
Console c=System.console();
System.out.println("Enter your name: ");
String n=c.readLine();
System.out.println("Welcome "+n);
}
}
Serialization in Java is a mechanism of writing the state of an object into a byte stream. It is used primarily in Hibernate, RMI, JPA, EJB and JMS technologies.
network (which is known as marshaling). Serializable interface is used to perform serialization. It is helpful when you require to save the state of a program to s
the content of this file can be restored using deserialization. It is also required to implement RMI(Remote Method Invocation). With the help of RMI, it is possibl
machine to another machine.
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More details.
201) How can you avoid serialization in child class if the base class is implementing the Serializable interface?
It is very tricky to prevent serialization of child class if the base class is intended to implement the Serializable interface. However, we cannot do it directly, but
the writeObject() or readObject() methods in the subclass and throw NotSerializableException from these methods. Consider the following example.
import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.io.FileOutputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.NotSerializableException;
import java.io.ObjectInputStream;
import java.io.ObjectOutputStream;
import java.io.Serializable;
class Person implements Serializable
{
String name = " ";
public Person(String name)
{
this.name = name;
}
}
class Employee extends Person
{
float salary;
public Employee(String name, float salary)
{
super(name);
this.salary = salary;
}
private void writeObject(ObjectOutputStream out) throws IOException
{
throw new NotSerializableException();
}
private void readObject(ObjectInputStream in) throws IOException
{
throw new NotSerializableException();
}
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} TO TOP
public class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
throws Exception
{
Employee emp = new Employee("Sharma", 10000);
oos.writeObject(emp);
oos.close();
fos.close();
o.close();
f.close();
Yes, we can transfer a serialized object via network because the serialized object is stored in the memory in the form of bytes and can be transmitted over the
the disk or the database.
Deserialization is the process of reconstructing the object from the serialized state. It is the reverse operation of serialization. An ObjectInputStream deser
ObjectOutputStream.
import java.io.*;
class Depersist{
public static void main(String args[])throws Exception{
in.close();
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}
}
211 ravi
If you define any data member as transient, it will not be serialized. By determining transient keyword, the value of variable need not persist when it is restored.
The Externalizable interface is used to write the state of an object into a byte stream in a compressed format. It is not a marker interface.
1) The Serializable interface does not have any method, i.e., it is a marker interface. The Externalizable interface contains is not a marker interfac
readExternal().
2) It is used to "mark" Java classes so that objects of these classes may get the certain The Externalizable interface provides control of the serialization
capability.
3) It is easy to implement but has the higher performance cost. It is used to perform the serialization and often result in better
4) No class constructor is called in serialization. We must call a public default constructor while using this interf
Java Socket programming is used for communication between the applications running on different JRE. Java Socket programming can be connection-oriente
are used for connection-oriented socket programming and DatagramSocket, and DatagramPacket classes are used for connectionless socket programming
information:
◦ port number
A socket is simply an endpoint for communications between the machines. It provides the connection mechanism to connect the two computers using TCP. The
209) What are the steps that are followed when two computers connect through TCP?
There are the following steps that are performed when two computers connect through TCP.
◦ The ServerSocket object is instantiated by the server which denotes the port number to which, the connection will be made.
◦ After instantiating the ServerSocket object, the server invokes accept() method of ServerSocket class which makes server wait until the client attempts to c
◦ Meanwhile, the server is waiting, a socket is created by the client by instantiating Socket class. The socket class constructor accepts the server port numbe
◦ The Socket class constructor attempts to connect with the server on the specified name. If the connection is established, the client will have a socket objec
◦ The accept() method invoked by the server returns a reference to the new socket on the server that is connected with the server.
210) Write a program in Java to establish a connection between client and server?
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Consider the following program where the connection between the client and server is established.
File: MyServer.java
import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;
public class MyServer {
public static void main(String[] args){
try{
ServerSocket ss=new ServerSocket(6666);
Socket s=ss.accept();//establishes connection
DataInputStream dis=new DataInputStream(s.getInputStream());
String str=(String)dis.readUTF();
System.out.println("message= "+str);
ss.close();
}catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}
}
}
File: MyClient.java
import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;
public class MyClient {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try{
Socket s=new Socket("localhost",6666);
DataOutputStream dout=new DataOutputStream(s.getOutputStream());
dout.writeUTF("Hello Server");
dout.flush();
dout.close();
s.close();
}catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}
}
}
211) How do I convert a numeric IP address like 192.18.97.39 into a hostname like java.sun.com?
import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;
public class InetDemo{
public static void main(String[] args){
try{
InetAddress ip=InetAddress.getByName("195.201.10.8");
Reflection is the process of examining or modifying the runtime behavior of a class at runtime. The java.lang.Class class provides various methods that can be
behavior of a class. The java.lang and java.lang.reflect packages provide classes for java reflection. It is used in:
◦ Debugger
◦ forName() method of Class class: The forName() method is used to load the class dynamically. It returns the instance of Class class. It should be use
cannot be used for primitive types.
◦ getClass() method of Object class: It returns the instance of Class class. It should be used if you know the type. Moreover, it can be used with primitives.
◦ the .class syntax: If a type is available, but there is no instance then it is possible to obtain a Class by appending ".class" to the name of the type. It can be
class Simple{
public Simple()
{
System.out.println("Constructor of Simple class is invoked");
}
void message(){System.out.println("Hello Java");}
}
class Test1{
public static void main(String args[]){
try{
Class c=Class.forName("Simple");
Simple s=(Simple)c.newInstance();
s.message();
}catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}
}
}
Output
Explanation
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The newInstance() method of the Class class is used to invoke the constructor at runtime. In this program, the instance of the Simple class is created.
The javap command disassembles a class file. The javap command displays information about the fields, constructors and methods present in a class file.
Syntax
javap fully_class_name
217) Can you access the private method from outside the class?
Yes, by changing the runtime behavior of a class if the class is not secured.
More details.
Wrapper classes are classes that allow primitive types to be accessed as objects. In other words, we can say that wrapper classes are built-in java classes which a
objects. The process of converting primitives to objects is called autoboxing, and the process of converting objects to primitives is called unboxing. There are
below.
boolean Boolean
char Character
byte Byte
short Short
int Integer
long Long
float Float
double Double
The autoboxing is the process of converting primitive data type to the corresponding wrapper class object, eg., int to Integer. The unboxing is the process of co
integer to int. Unboxing and autoboxing occur automatically in Java. However, we can externally convert one into another by using the methods like valueOf() o
It can occur whenever a wrapper class object is expected, and primitive data type is provided or vice versa.
◦ Java automatically converts primitive to object whenever one is required and another is provided in the method calling.
Output
bye
Explanation
The Integer class caches integer values from -127 to 127. Therefore, the Integer objects can only be created in the range -128 to 127. The operator ==
The object cloning is a way to create an exact copy of an object. The clone() method of the Object class is used to clone an object. The java.lang.Cloneable inter
want to create. If we don't implement Cloneable interface, clone() method generates CloneNotSupportedException. The clone() method is defined in the Object
◦ You don't need to write lengthy and repetitive codes. Just use an abstract class with a 4- or 5-line long clone() method.
◦ It is the easiest and most efficient way of copying objects, especially if we are applying it to an already developed or an old project. Just define a parent
clone() method and the task will be done.
◦ To use the Object.clone() method, we have to change many syntaxes to our code, like implementing a Cloneable interface, defining the clone() method a
Object.clone(), etc.
◦ We have to implement the Cloneable interface while it does not have any methods in it. We have to use it to tell the JVM that we can perform a clone() on
◦ Object.clone() is protected, so we have to provide our own clone() and indirectly call Object.clone() from it.
◦ Object.clone() does not invoke any constructor, so we do not have any control over object construction.
◦ If you want to write a clone method in a child class, then all of its superclasses should define the clone() method in them or inherit it from another parent
◦ Object.clone() supports only shallow copying, but we will need to override it if we need deep cloning.
A native method is a method that is implemented in a language other than Java. Natives methods are sometimes also referred to as foreign methods.
Java strictfp keyword ensures that you will get the same result on every platform if you perform operations in the floating-point variable. The precision may d
language has provided the strictfp keyword so that you get the same result on every platform. So, now you have better control over the floating-point arithmeti
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225) What is the purpose of the System class?
The purpose of the System class is to provide access to system resources such as standard input and output. It cannot be instantiated. Facilities provided by Syst
◦ Standard input
◦ Standard output
There are the three fields of Java System class, i.e., static printstream err, static inputstream in, and standard output stream.
226) What comes to mind when someone mentions a shallow copy in Java?
Object cloning.
Singleton class is the class which can not be instantiated more than once. To make a class singleton, we either make its constructor private or use the static getIn
class Singleton{
private static Singleton single_instance = null;
int i;
private Singleton ()
{
i=90;
}
public static Singleton getInstance()
{
if(single_instance == null)
{
single_instance = new Singleton();
}
return single_instance;
}
}
public class Main
{
public static void main (String args[])
{
Singleton first = Singleton.getInstance();
System.out.println("First instance integer value:"+first.i);
first.i=first.i+90;
Singleton second = Singleton.getInstance();
System.out.println("Second instance integer value:"+second.i);
}
}
228) Write a Java program that prints all the values given at command-line.
Program
class A{
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public static void main(String args[]){
for(int i=0;i<args.length;i++)
System.out.println(args[i]);
}
}
Output
sonoo
jaiswal
1
3
abc
The Window, Frame and Dialog classes use a border layout as their default layout.
The Panel and Applet classes use the FlowLayout as their default layout.
The lightweight component of Swing is called peerless components. Spring has its libraries, so it does not use resources from the Operating System, and hence
The Scrollbar is a Component whereas the ScrollPane is a Container. A ScrollPane handles its events and performs its scrolling.
Lightweight components are the one which does not go with the native call to obtain the graphical units. They share their parent component graphical un
Components.
The portable elements provided by the operating system are called heavyweight components. AWT is limited to the graphical classes provided by the operatin
screen elements supported by all platforms. The Operating system dependent UI discovery tools are called heavyweight components.
An applet is a small java program that runs inside the browser and generates dynamic content. It is embedded in the webpage and runs on the client side.
browsers running under many platforms, including Linux, Windows, Mac Os, etc. However, the plugins are required at the client browser to execute the applet. T
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When an applet is created, the following methods are invoked in order.
◦ init()
◦ start()
◦ paint()
◦ stop()
◦ destroy()
236) Can you write a Java class that could be used both as an applet as well as an application?
A Locale object represents a specific geographical, political, or cultural region. This object can be used to get the locale-specific information such as country nam
import java.util.*;
public class LocaleExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Locale locale=Locale.getDefault();
//Locale locale=new Locale("fr","fr");//for the specific locale
System.out.println(locale.getDisplayCountry());
System.out.println(locale.getDisplayLanguage());
System.out.println(locale.getDisplayName());
System.out.println(locale.getISO3Country());
System.out.println(locale.getISO3Language());
System.out.println(locale.getLanguage());
System.out.println(locale.getCountry());
}
}
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Output:
United States
English
English (United States)
USA
eng
en
US
By ResourceBundle.getBundle(?) method.
JavaBean is a reusable software component written in the Java programming language, designed to be manipulated visually by a software development envir
many objects into one object so that we can access this object from multiple places. Moreover, it provides the easy maintenance. Consider the following exampl
//Employee.java
package mypack;
public class Employee implements java.io.Serializable{
private int id;
private String name;
public Employee(){}
public void setId(int id){this.id=id;}
public int getId(){return id;}
public void setName(String name){this.name=name;}
public String getName(){return name;}
}
According to Java white paper, it is a reusable software component. A bean encapsulates many objects into one object so that we can access this object from m
The persistence property of Java bean comes into the act when the properties, fields, and state information are saved to or retrieve from the storage.
The RMI (Remote Method Invocation) is an API that provides a mechanism to create the distributed application in java. The RMI allows an object to invoke me
communication between the applications using two objects stub and skeleton.
Stub
⇧ The stub TO
SCROLL is an object, acts as a gateway for the client side. All the outgoing requests are routed through it. It resides at the client side and represents the rem
TOP
does the following tasks:
◦ It writes and transmits (marshals) the parameters to the remote Virtual Machine (JVM).
Skeleton
The skeleton is an object, acts as a gateway for the server side object. All the incoming requests are routed through it. When the skeleton receives the incoming
244) What are the steps involved to write RMI based programs?
There are 6 steps which are performed to write RMI based programs.
◦ Compile the implementation class and create the stub and skeleton objects using the rmic tool.
HTTP tunneling can be defined as the method which doesn't need any setup to work within the firewall environment. It handles the HTTP connections through t
JRMP (Java Remote Method Protocol) can be defined as the Java-specific, stream-based protocol which looks up and refers to the remote objects. It requires
runs under RMI and over TCP/IP.
Yes, they can. RMI is available with IIOP as the transport protocol instead of JRMP.
Output:
import java.util.*;
public class BinarySearch {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] arr = {16, 19, 20, 23, 45, 56, 78, 90, 96, 100};
int item, location = -1;
System.out.println("Enter the item which you want to search");
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
item = sc.nextInt();
location = binarySearch(arr,0,9,item);
if(location != -1)
System.out.println("the location of the item is "+location);
else
System.out.println("Item not found");
}
public static int binarySearch(int[] a, int beg, int end, int item)
{
int mid;
if(end >= beg)
{
mid = (beg + end)/2;
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if(a[mid] == item)
{
return mid+1;
}
else if(a[mid] < item)
{
return binarySearch(a,mid+1,end,item);
}
else
{
return binarySearch(a,beg,mid-1,item);
}
}
return -1;
}
}
Output:
Output:
import java.util.Scanner;
}
}
Output:
⇧ SCROLL TO TOP
Enter Item ?
23
Item found at location 2
Enter Item ?
22
Item not found
int i = 0, j = 0;
int k = beg;
while (i<l&&j<r)
{
if (LeftArray[i] <= RightArray[j])
{
arr[k] = LeftArray[i];
i++;
}
else
{
arr[k] = RightArray[j];
j++;
}
k++;
}
while (i<l)
{
arr[k] = LeftArray[i];
i++;
k++;
}
while (j<r)
⇧ SCROLL TO TOP
{
arr[k] = RightArray[j];
j++;
k++;
}
}
System.out.println("\nSorted array");
for(int i =0; i<arr.length;i++)
{
System.out.println(arr[i]+"");
}
}
}
Output:
Sorted array
23
23
23
34
45
65
67
89
90
101
int loc;
if(beg<end)
{
loc = partition(a, beg, end);
quickSort(a, beg, loc-1);
quickSort(a, loc+1, end);
}
}
}
Output:
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The sorted array is:
23
23
23
34
45
65
67
89
90
101
254) Write a program in Java to create a doubly linked list containing n nodes.
Consider the following program to create a doubly linked list containing n nodes.
class Node{
int data;
Node previous;
Node next;
while(current != null) {
//Increment the counter by 1 for each node
counter++;
current = current.next;
}
return counter;
}
255) Write a program in Java to find the maximum and minimum value node from a circular linked list.
//This function will add the new node at the end of the list.
public void add(int data){
//Create new node
Node newNode = new Node(data);
//Checks if the list is empty.
if(head == null) {
//If list is empty, both head and tail would point to new node.
head = newNode;
tail = newNode;
newNode.next = head;
}
else {
//tail will point to new node.
tail.next = newNode;
//New node will become new tail.
tail = newNode;
//Since, it is circular linked list tail will points to head.
tail.next = head;
}
}
Output:
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256) Write a program in Java to calculate the difference between the sum of the odd level and even level nodes of a Binar
import java.util.LinkedList;
import java.util.Queue;
public DiffOddEven(){
root = null;
}
//difference() will calculate the difference between sum of odd and even levels of binary tree
public int difference() {
int oddLevel = 0, evenLevel = 0, diffOddEven = 0;
while(queue.size() != 0) {
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//Variable nodesInLevel will hold the size of queue i.e. number of elements in queue
nodesInLevel = queue.size();
while(nodesInLevel > 0) {
Node current = queue.remove();
//Display the difference between sum of odd level and even level nodes
System.out.println("Difference between sum of odd level and even level nodes: " + bt.difference());
}
}
Output:
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