Solution of Ch-2 Relation by Rahman sir

AL FALAH INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION CO.

DPS JEDDAH
Relations

Learning objectives:

After the completion of this section, the students will be able to:

 Define an ordered pair.

 Understand the concept of Cartesian product of sets.
 Relate relation as a subset of Cartesian product.
 Identify different types of relations
 Define function as special type of relation.
Concept Map.

1.Ordered Pair: An ordered pair consist of two elements given in fixed order.

For example:

If A and B are any two sets, (a, b) is an ordered pair from A to B where a∈ 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 ∈ 𝐵

2.Equality of ordered pairs: Two ordered pairs (𝑎, 𝑏) = (𝑐, 𝑑)𝑖𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑖𝑓 𝑎 = 𝑐 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 = 𝑑
Example 1 If (x + 1, y – 2) = (3,1), find the values of x and y.

Solution Since, the ordered pairs are equal, the corresponding elements are equal.

Therefore, x + 1 = 3 and y – 2 = 1.

Solving we get x = 2 and y = 3.

3. Cartesian product of two sets:

Given two non-empty sets P and Q. The Cartesian product P × Q is the set of all ordered pairs of
elements from P and Q, i.e., P × Q = {(p, q): p ∈ P, q ∈ Q}

 In particular R × R = {(x, y): x, y ∈ R} and

 R × R × R = (x, y, z): x, y, z ∈ R}
 If (𝑎, 𝑏) = (x, y), then a = x and b = y.
 If n(A) = p and n(B) = q, then 𝑛(A × B) = p. q.
 A×φ=φ
 In general, A × B ≠ B × A.
SOME USEFUL RESULTS ON CARTESIAN PRODUCT
For any three sets A, B, C.

𝐴 × (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) = (𝐴 × 𝐵) ∪ (𝐴 × 𝐶) (ii) 𝐴 × (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = (𝐴 × 𝐵) ∩ (𝐴 × 𝐶)

(iii) 𝐴 × (𝐵 − 𝐶) = (𝐴 × 𝐵) − (𝐴 × 𝐶)

Example 3 Let A = {1,2,3}, B = {3,4} and C = {4,5,6}.

Find (𝑖) A × (B ∩ C) (ii) (A × B) ∩ (A × C) (iii) A × (B ∪ C) (iv) (A × B) ∪ (A × C)

And show that A × (B ∩ C= (A × B) ∩ (A × C) and

A × (B ∪ C) = (A × B) ∪ (A × C)

Solution (𝑖) By the definition of the intersection of two sets, (B ∩ C) = {4}.

Therefore, A × (B ∩ C) = {(1,4), (2,4), (3,4)}… … … …(1)

(ii) Now (A × B) = {(1,3), (1,4), (2,3), (2,4), (3,3), (3,4)} and,

(A × C) = {(1,4), (1,5), (1,6), (2,4), (2,5), (2,6), (3,4), (3,5), (3,6)}

Therefore, (A × B) ∩ (A × C) = {(1, 4), (2, 4), (3, 4)}… … … (2)

(iii) Since, (B ∪ C) = {3, 4, 5, 6}, we have,

A × (B ∪ C) = {(1,3), (1,4), (1,5), (1,6), (2,3), (2,4), (2,5), (2,6), (3,3), (3,4), (3,5), (3,6)}……(3)

(iv) Using the sets A × B and A × C from part (ii) above,

we obtain (A × B) ∪ (A × C) = {(1,3), (1,4), (1,5), (1,6), (2,3), (2,4), (2,5), (2,6)},… ….(4)

From (1) and (2) A × (B ∩ C= (A × B) ∩ (A × C)

From (3) and (4) A × (B ∪ C) = (A × B) ∪ (A × C)

Example 4 If P = {1, 2}, form the set P × P × P.

Solution

We have, P × P × P = {(1,1,1), (1,1,2), (1,2,1), (1,2,2), (2,1,1), (2,1,2), (2,2,1), (2,2,2)}.

Example 5 If R is the set of all real numbers, what do the Cartesian Products R × R and

R × R × R represent?

Solution The Cartesian product R × R represents the set R × R= {(x, y): x, y ∈ R} which represents
the coordinates of all the points in two dimensional space and the Cartesian product

R × R × R represents the set R × R × R = {(x, y, z): x, y, z ∈ R} which represents the coordinates of

all the points in three-dimensional space.

Example 6 If A × B = {(p, q), (p, r), (m, q), (m, r)}, find A and B.

Solution

A = set of first elements = {p, m}

B = set of second elements = {q, r}.

EXERCISE 2.1
𝑥 2 5 1
1. If (3 + 1, 𝑦 − 3) = (3 , 3) find the values of x and y.

Solution.
𝑥 2 5 1
It is given that (3 + 1, 𝑦 − 3) = (3 , 3)

Since, the ordered pairs are equal, the corresponding elements are equal.

𝑥 5 2 1
⇒ +1= 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 − = ,
3 3 3 3
⇒ 𝑥 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 1

2. If the set A has 3 elements and the set B = {3, 4, 5}, then find the number of elements in n
(A×B)
Solution. n (A×B) = 3 × 3 = 9
3. If G = {7, 8} and H = {5, 4, 2}, find G × H and H × G.
Solution G = {7, 8} and H = {5, 4, 2}
We know that, the Cartesian Product P × Q of two non-empty set P and Q is the set of all ordered
pairs of elements from P and Q, i.e., P × Q = {(p, q): p ∈ P, q ∈ Q}
∴ G × H = {(7,5), (7,4), (7,2), (8,5), (8,4)(8,2)} and

H × G. = {(5,7), (5,8), (4,7), (4,8), (2,7), (2,8)}

4. State whether each of the following statements are true or false. If the statement is false, rewrite
the given statement correctly.
(𝑖) If P = {m, n} and Q = {n, m}, then P × Q = {(m, n),(n, m)}.
(ii) If A and B are non-empty sets, then A × B is a non-empty set of ordered pairs (x, y) such that
x ∈ A and y ∈ B.
(iii) If A = {1, 2}, B = {3, 4}, then A × (B ∩ φ) = φ.
Solution.
(i) False, If P = {m, n} and Q = {𝑛, 𝑚}then 𝑃 × 𝑄 = {(𝑚, 𝑚), (𝑚, 𝑛), (𝑛, 𝑚), (𝑛, 𝑛)}
(ii) True,
(iii) True
5. If A = {–1, 1}, find A × A × A.
Solution

It is known that for any non-empty set A, 𝐴 × 𝐴 × 𝐴 is defined as

𝐴 × 𝐴 × 𝐴 = {(𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐): 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ 𝐴}

It is given that A = {– 1, 1}

∴ 𝐴×𝐴×𝐴 =

{(−1, −1,1), (−1, −1, −1), (−1,1, −1), (−1,1,1), (1, −1, −1), (1, −1,1), (1,1, −1), (1,1,1)}

6. If A × B = {(a, x), (a, y), (b, x), (b, y)}. Find A and B.
Solution.

It is given that A × B = {(a, x), (a, y), (b, x), (b, y)}.

∴ 𝐴 is set of all first elements and B is set of second elements.

⇒ 𝐴 = {𝑎, 𝑏}𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = {𝑥, 𝑦}

7. Let A = {1, 2}, B = {1, 2, 3, 4}, C = {5, 6} and D = {5, 6, 7, 8}.

Verify that (𝑖) A × (B ∩ C) = (A × B) ∩ (A × C). (ii) A × C is a subset of B × D.
Solution
(𝑖) A × (B ∩ C) = (A × B) ∩ (A × C).
We have, (B ∩ C) = {1, 2, 3, 4}∩{5, 6} = ∅
 ∴ A × (B ∩ C) = A × ∅ = ∅ … (1) =L.H.S
(A × B) = {1, 2} ×{1, 2, 3, 4}= {(1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (2,1), (2,2), (2,3), (2,4), (2,4)}
(A × C).= {1, 2} ×{5,6}= {(1,5), (1,6), (2,5), (2,6)}
R.H.S = (A × B) ∩ (A × C) = ∅ … (2)
From (1) and (2)
L.H.S = R.H.S
Hence, A × (B ∩ C) = (A × B) ∩ (A × C).
(A × C).= {1, 2} ×{5,6}= {(1,5), (1,6), (2,5), (2,6)}
(B × D).= {1, 2,3,4} ×{5,6, 7,8}=
{(1,5), (1,6), (1,7), (1,8), (2,5), (2,6), (2,7), (2,8), (3,5), (3,6), (3,7), (3,8), (4,5), (4,6), (4,7), (4,8)}
We observe that all the elements of A × C is elements of B × D.
Therefore, A×C is a subset of B × D

8. Let A = {1, 2} and B = {3, 4}. Write A × B. How many subsets will A × B have? List them.
Solution
A = {1, 2} and B = {3, 4}. 𝑛(𝐴 × 𝐵) = 2 × 2 = 4
Number of subsets of 𝐴 × 𝐵 = 24 = 16.
These, are
∅ , {(1,3)}, {(1,4)}, {(2,3)}, {(2,4)}, {(1,3), (1,4)}, {(1,3), (2,3)} ,
{(1,3), (2,4)}, {(1,4), (2,3)}, {(1,4), (2,4)}, {(2,3), (2,4)}
{(1,3), (1,4), (2,3)}, {(1,3), (1,4), (2,4)}, {(1,3), (2,3), (2,4)}, {(1,4), (2,3), (2,4)},
{(1,3), (1,4), (2,3), (2,4)}

9. Let A and B be two sets such that n(A) = 3 and n(B) = 2. If (x, 1), (y, 2), (z, 1) are in A × B, find
A and B, where x, y and z are distinct elements.
Solution

It is given that n(A) = 3 and n(B) = 2. If (x, 1), (y, 2), (z, 1) are in A × B

We know that,

A= Set of first elements of the ordered pair elements of A × B

B = Set of second elements of the ordered pair elements of A × B

It is clear that 𝐴 = {𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧}𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = {1,2}

10. The Cartesian product A × A has 9 elements among which are found (–1, 0) and (0,1). Find the
set A and the remaining elements of A ×A.
Solution

Solution: n(A) = p and n(B) = q then n(𝐴 × 𝐵) = 𝑝𝑞

∴ 𝑛(𝐴 × 𝐴) = 𝑛(𝐴) × 𝑛(𝐴), It is given that ∴ 𝑛(𝐴 × 𝐴) = 9 ⟹ 𝑛(𝐴) = 3

 The ordered pair (−1,0), 𝑎𝑛𝑑(0,1) are two of the 9 elements of 𝐴 × 𝐴

We know that 𝐴 × 𝐴 = {(𝑎, 𝑎): 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴}. Therefore -1,0,1and 1 are the elements of A

A = {−1,0,1}

The remaining elements of 𝐴 × 𝐴 are, (−1, −1), (−1,1), (0, −1), (0,0)(1, −1), (1,0) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (1,1)

Relation: Let A and B be two sets. Then any relation R from A to B is subset of A× 𝐵.i.e,a relation
from set A to set B is set of ordered pair where first element is from A and second element is
from B. The second element is called the image of the first element.

i.e. R = {(𝑎, 𝑏): 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 ∈ 𝐵 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 (𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ 𝑅 }

Note1: If R is a relation from a non-void set A to non-void set B and (a, b)∈ 𝑅 𝑤𝑒 𝑤𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑅𝑏.

Note2: A relation can be represented by Roster form or in set builder form.

Note3: Arrow diagram is visual representation of a relation

Domain: Domain of the relation R is the set of all first element of the ordered pairs in the relation

Codomain: The whole set B is called the codomain of the relation R

Range: Range of the relation R is the set of all second element of the ordered pairs in the relation.

Range is ⊆ 𝑐𝑜 − 𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛

The total number of relation from set A to set B is number of subsets of A× 𝐵, if n(A) = p and n(B) = q

Then n(A× 𝐵) = 𝑝𝑞 and total number of relation is 2𝑝𝑞

Types of Relations.

In this section we would be discussing different types of relations. In this section, we will also be
dealing with functions from set A to itself

Empty Relation A relation R in a set A is called empty relation, if no element of A is related to any
element of A, i.e., R = ϕ A x A.
𝑥
Example: Let A be the set of all natural numbers. Define R = {(x, y): < 0; x, y  A}.
𝑦

Solution: Since all natural numbers are always greater than zero, therefore, division of no two natural
numbers will give a negative real number. This shows that relation R on A×A is an empty
relation.

Universal Relation. A relation R in a set A is called universal relation, if each element of A is related
to every element of A, i.e., R = A x A.
Example: Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} Define R = {(x, y) : x + y  N; x, y  A}

Solution: R = {(x, y) : x + y  N; x, y  A}

= {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5), (3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 4), (3, 5),
(4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 3), (4, 4), (4, 5), (5, 1), (5, 2), (5, 3), (5, 4), (5, 5)}

=AxA

Hence, R is a universal relation

Identity Relation:

Inverse Relation: If R is relation from A to B , inverse relation of R is denoted by 𝑅 −1 is a relation

from

B to A is defined as 𝑅 −1 = {(𝑏, 𝑎): 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴, 𝑏 ∈ 𝐵, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 (𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ 𝑅}

Example: Let A = {1,2,3} B= {3,5,7,9} and R = {(1,3), (2,5), (3,7)} is a relation from A to B

𝑅 −1 = {(3,1), (5,2), (7,3)}

Equivalence relations.

Let us introduce equivalence relation, which is one of the most important relations and plays a very
significant role. In order to study equivalence relation, we first understand the three types of relations,
i.e., reflexive, symmetric and transitive.

Definition: A relation R in a set A is called

1. Reflexive, if (a, a)  R, for every a  𝐴

2. Symmetric, if (a, b)  R  (b, a)  R, for all a, b  A

3. Transitive, if (a, b)  R and (b, c)  R  (a, c)  R, for all a, b, c  A

Definition: A relation R in a set A is said to be an equivalence relation if R is reflexive, symmetric

and transitive.

Example 1: Let 𝑇 be the set of all triangles in a plane with R a relation in T

given by R = {(T1, T2): (T1  T2}. Show that R is an equivalence relation.

Solution: R is reflexive Let T1  T

Since every triangle is similar to itself.

i.e., T1 𝑇1  𝑇1  T.
 This means that (𝑇1 , 𝑇1 )  T  T1T

Therefore, R is reflexive relation.

R is symmetric Let T1, T2  T such that T1 ~ T2

Then T2  T1 we conclude R is a symmetric relation.

R is transitive Let T1, T2, T3  T such that (T1, T2), (T2, T3)  T

Then T1  T2 and T2  T3  T1  T3  (T1, T3)  T

Hence R is also transitive.

Since R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive.

Therefore, R is an equivalence relation.

Example 2: Let S be any non - empty set and R be a relation defined on power set of S i.e. on P(S) by
A R B iff A  B for all A, B  P(S). Show that R is reflexive and transitive but not symmetric.
Solution: R is reflexive

For every A  P(S), A 𝐴 i.e., A R A

R is not symmetric We have , A  P (s) where A contains at least one element.  A, But A  
Hence R is not symmetric

R is transitive For A, B, C  P(S), if A  B and B  C  A  C

Thus for, (A, B), (B, C)  R  (A, C)  R V A, B, C  PS

Hence R is transitive

Example 3: Show that the relation R in the set Z of integers given by R = {(a, b): 3 divides a – b} is an
equivalence relation.

Solution: R is reflexive As 3 divides (a – a) for every a  Z ,

 (a, a)  R V a  Z

R is symmetric If (a, b)  R then 3 divides a – b

i.e. a – b = 3, where  is any integer  b – a = –3 then 3 divides b – a  (b, a)  R

Therefore, R is symmetric

R is transitive If (a, b), (b, c)  R Then 3 divides (a – b) and (b – c)

a – b = 3 and b – c = 3, where  and  are integers.

a – c = (a – b) + (b – c) = 3 + 3

a – c = 3(+)

a – c = 3k

 a – c = 3 (an Integer)

3 divides a – c  (a, c) .

Thus, R is an equivalence relation in Z

Exercise2.2

1. Let A = {1, 2, 3, …14}. Define a relation R from A to A by R = {(x, y): 3x – y = 0, where x,

y ∈ A}. Write down its domain, codomain and range.
Solution: R = {(1,3), (2,3), (3,9), (4,12)}
Domain = {𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒}
Codomain {1, 2, 3, ...,14}.
Range = {𝟑, 𝟔, 𝟗, 𝟏𝟐}
2. Define a relation R on the set N of natural numbers by R = {(x, y) : y = x + 5, x is a natural
number less than 4; x, y ∈N}. Depict this relationship using roster form. Write down the domain
and the range.
Solution: Roster form R = {(1,6), (2.7), (3,8), }
Domain = {𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑}
Range: {𝟔, 𝟕, 𝟖}
3. A = {1, 2, 3, 5} and B = {4, 6, 9}. Define a relation R from A to B by
R = {(x, y): the difference between x and y is odd; x ∈ A, y ∈ B}. Write R in roster form.
Solution: R= {(𝟏, 𝟒), (𝟏, 𝟔), (𝟐, 𝟗), (𝟑, 𝟒), (𝟑, 𝟔), (𝟓, 𝟒), (𝟓, 𝟔)}
4. The given figure shows relationship between Sets P
and Q, write down this relation
(i) In set-builder form
(ii) In roster form.
(iii) What is its domain and range?
Solution:
(𝒊) According to given figure, P = {5,6,7}, 𝑄 = {3,4,5}

R = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 2; 𝑥 ∈ 𝑃 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 ∈ 𝑄} or

R = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 2; 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 5,6,7}

5. Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6}. Let R be the relation on A

defined by {(a, b): a, b ∈A, b is exactly divisible by a}.

(𝑖) Write R in roster form

 (ii) Find the domain of R

(iii) Find the range of R.

Solution:

(i) Roster form is

R = {(1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (1,6), (2,2)(2,4), (2,6), (3,3), (3,6)(4,4)(6,6)}
(ii) Domain= {𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟔} = A
(iii) Range = {𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟔} = A
6. Determine the domain and range of the relation R defined by
R = {(x, x + 5) : x ∈ {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}}.
Solution: Domain= {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, Range = {5,6,7,8,9,10}
7. Write the relation R = {(x, 𝑥 3 ) : x is a prime number less than 10} in roster form.
Solution: R= {(2,8), (3,27)(5,125)(7, 343)}
8. Let A = {x, y, z} and B = {1, 2}. Find the number of relations from A to B.
Answer: n(A) = 3 and n(B) = 2 n (𝐴 × 𝐵) =2× 3= 6
Number of relation= 26 = 64

9. Let R be the relation on Z defined by R = {(𝑎, 𝑏): a, b ∈ Z, a – b is an integer}.

Find the domain and range of R.
Solution: It is known that difference between two integers is integers.

∴ Domain is Z (a set of integers) ∴ 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑍

Functions
Function: A relation f from a set A to a set B is said to be a function if every element of set A has
one and only one image in set B. In other words, a function 𝑓 is a relation from a non-empty set A
to a non-empty set B such that the domain of 𝑓 is A and no two distinct ordered pairs in 𝑓 have the
same first element.
 If f is a function from A to B and (a, b) ∈ f, then f (a) = b, where b is called the image of
𝑎 under f and a is called the pre-image of b under f.
 The function f from A to B is denoted by f: A ⟶ B.
Example 1: Let N be the set of natural numbers and the relation R be defined on
N such that R = {(x, y): y = 2x, x, y ∈ N}.
What is the domain, codomain and range of R? Is this relation a function?

Solution The domain of R is the set of natural numbers N. The codomain is also N. The range is the
set of even natural numbers. Since every natural number n has one and only one image, this relation
is a function.

Example 2: Examine each of the following relations given below and state in each case, giving
reasons whether it is a function or not?
 (i) R = {(2,1), (3,1), (4,2)},
(ii) R = {(2,2), (2,4), (3,3), (4,4)}
(iii) R = {(1,2), (2,3), (3,4), (4,5), (5,6), (6,7)}
Solution (𝑖) Since 2, 3, 4 are the elements of domain of R having their unique images, this relation R
is a function.
(ii) Since the same first element 2 corresponds to two different images 2 and 4, this relation is not a
function.
(iii) Since every element has one and only one image, this relation is a function.

Domain, co-domain and range of a function

Let f: A⟶ 𝑩 be a function from A to B . Then the set A is known as the domain of f and the set B is
called the co-domain of 𝑓. The range of f is the set of all images of f and is denoted by f(A)
Thus f(A) = {𝒇(𝒙): 𝒙 ∈ 𝑨}
Clearly range is a subset of the co-domain B. i.e. f(A)⊂ 𝑩
Note: (1)The domain of function f is usually denoted by D(f) or 𝐷𝑓
(2)The range of function f is usually denoted by R(f) or 𝑅𝑓
Example 3: Let A = {1,2,3}, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}, 𝐿𝑒𝑡 f: A⟶ 𝑩 be a correspondence
such that each element of A is associated with its square. Is f a function? If, not give reasons.
Sol: we have f = {(1,1), (2,4), (3,9)} is a function.
Example 4: Let f: R⟶ 𝑅 defined by f(x) = 𝑥 2 . Is f a function? If not give reason.
Solution: Clearly, for each x∈ 𝑅 there exist a unique image 𝑥 2 ∈ 𝑅 such that f(x) = 𝑥 2 .
∴ 𝑓((𝑥)𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Example 5: Let f: R⟶ 𝑅 defined by f(x) =√𝑥. Is f a function? If not give reason
Solution: Let f: R⟶ 𝑅 defined by f(x) =√𝑥. Is not a function because for negative values of x, f(x)
=√𝑥. Is not a real number but if we define f: N⟶ 𝑅 defined by f(x) =√𝑥. Is a function.
Real functions: A Function whose domain as well as co-domain are R or subsets of R is called a
real value function.
Note: In Practice, a real valued functions are described by a formula without mentioning the domain
and co-domain. For example, f(x) = 𝑥 2 . f(x) = 2x +3
Domain of a real function: Mathematically, to define a function one has to provide its domain, co-
domain and the images of the elements in its domain either by giving a general formula or listing
them. But in case of real functions both domain and co-domain are subset of real number and the
function is given by a formula.
Hence domain is the set of values of x for which f(x) is meaningful, i.e. real or defined.
Example: Consider the function f(x) = 𝑥 2 . Find its domain.
Solution: f(x) = 𝑥 2 . Is defined for all x∈ 𝑅
∴ 𝐷𝑓 = 𝑅 𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠
𝑥 − 1
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆: Find the domain of (i) (ii) √𝑥 − 3 (iii)√4 − 𝑥 2
𝑥 − 3
𝑥 − 1
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: let f(x) = is define for all x∈ 𝑅 − {3} domain of f = 𝑅 − {3}
𝑥 − 3
(ii) Let g(x) = √𝑥 − 3 g(x) assume real values if 𝑥 − 3 ≥ 0 ⟹ 𝑥 ≥ 3
 ∴ 𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑔(𝑥) = [3, ∞)
(iii) 𝑙𝑒𝑡 ℎ(𝑥) = √4 − 𝑥 2
ℎ(𝑥) = √4 − 𝑥 2 assumes real values if 4 − 𝑥 2 ≥ 0 ⟹ 𝑥 2 ≤ 4

⟹ −2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2 domain of h(x) = [−2,2]

𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒂 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒍 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆𝒅 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏: The range of a real valued function is set of values of y or
f(x) at all values of x in the domain. Hence, the range of real function is set of values of y for which
x is defined.
𝑺𝒕𝒆𝒑 𝒔 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒍 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆𝒅 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏:
(i) Put f(x) = y
(ii) Solve the equation y = f(x) for x
(iii) Find the values of y for which x is defined or real
(iv) The set of values y is range.
1
Example: Find the range of the function f(x) =
√𝑥−5
Solution: for f(x) to be real 𝑥 − 5 > 0 ⟹𝑥>5 = (5 , ∞)
1 1
⟹y = ⟹ 𝑦 = √𝑥 − 5
√𝑥−5

1
𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = + 5 = 𝑥 therefore for all y >0 in other words y takes all values greater than 0.
𝑦2

Range = (0, ∞)
𝑥 − 2
Find the range of f(x) = = 𝐷𝑓 = R - {3}
3 − 𝑥

𝑥 − 2
Put f(x) = y ⟹ = y or 3y - xy = x - 2
3 − 𝑥

or 3y +2 = x(y + 1 )
3y +2
x = (y + 1 ) clearly x is defined if y + 1 ≠ 0 or y≠ −1 range (f) = R -{−1}

Example : Find the domain and range of the function f(x) = √16 − 𝑥 2

Solution: f(x) is defined for real values if 16 − 𝑥 2 ≥ 0 ⟹ 𝑥 2 ≤ 16 ⟹ −4 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 4

Sign scheme for (4 − x)(4 + 𝑥)

∴ 𝐷𝑓 = [−4,4]

f(x) attains the maximum value = 4 when x= 0 and the minimum value when x = ±4

𝑅𝑓 = [0,4]
Note: Let A and B be any two sets such that n(B) = p, n(A) = q then the total number of

functions 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑞

Any element of set A, say 𝑥𝑖 can be connected with the elements of set B in p ways. Hence there are
exactly 𝑝𝑞 functions from set A to Set B consisting of ‘p’ and ‘q’ elements

Example 13 Define the function f: R → R by y = f(x) = 𝑥 2 , x ∈ R.

Complete the Table given below by using this definition. What is the domain and range of this
function? Draw the graph of 𝑓

x −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
Y= f(x)= 𝑥 2
Solution:

x −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
Y= f(x)= 𝑥 2 16 9 4 1 0 1 4 9 16

Domain of f = {x: x ∈R}. Range of f = {𝑥 2 : x ∈ R}.

The graph of 𝑓 is given by Fig 2.10

Example 14 Draw the graph of the function f: R → R defined

by f (x) = x 3 , x ∈R.

Solution We have f (0) = 0, f(1) = 1, f(–1) = –1,

f(2) = 8, f(–2) = –8, f(3) = 27; f(–3) = –27, etc.

Therefore, f = {(x, 𝑥 3 ): x ∈R}.

The graph of 𝑓is given in Fig 2.11.

 Some functions and their graphs.

1.Identity function. Let R be the set of real numbers.

Define the real valued function f: R → R by y = f(x) = x

for each x ∈ R. Such a function is called the identity function.
Here the domain and range of f are R. The graph is a straight
line as shown Fig 2.8. It passes through the origin.
2. Constant function
Define the function f: R → R by y = f (x) = c, x ∈ R
where c is a constant and each x ∈ R.
Here domain of 𝑓 is R and its range is {c}.
The graph is a line parallel to x-axis.
For example, if f(x) = 3 for each x∈ R,
then its graph will be a line as shown in the Fig 2.9.

3. Polynomial function. A function f: R → R is said to be polynomial function if for each x in R,

y = f ( x ) = 𝑎0 𝑥 0 + 𝑎1 𝑥1 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 … … … … + 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 , where n is a non-negative and

𝑎0 , 𝑎1 , … . . 𝑎𝑛 ∈R.

The functions defined by f(x) = 𝑥 3 –𝑥 2 + 2, and g (x) = 𝑥 4 + 2 x +√2 are some examples
𝑔(𝑥)
4. Rational Function: Define the function f: R → R by f(x) = ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑦 where 𝑔(𝑥)𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ(𝑥) are
polynomial functions and ℎ(𝑥) ≠ 0, Here domain of 𝑓 is {R−those
values of x for which h(x) = 0} and Range = values of y for which x
is defined or real.

5. The modulus Function: The function f: R → R

defined by f (x) =|𝑥|
for each value of x∈ 𝑅 is called modulus function.
𝑥, 𝑥 ≥ 0
F(x) = {
−𝑥 , 𝑥 < 0
 Domain(f) = 𝐷𝑓 = R
Range = 𝑹𝒇 = [𝟎, ∞) (a set of non –negative real’s)

6. 𝑺𝒊𝒈𝒏𝒖𝒎 function: The function f: R → R defined by

1, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 0
|𝑥|
f (x) = = { 0, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 0
𝑥
−1, 𝑖𝑓𝑥 < 0

is 𝑆𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑢𝑚 function.

𝐷𝑓 = R,

range(f) = 𝑹𝒇 = {−𝟏, 𝟎, 𝟏}

The graph of 𝑆𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑢𝑚 function is shown in the figure

alongside

7. Greatest Integer function: The function f: R → R

defined by f(x) = [x], x ∈R assumes the value of the greatest

integer, less than or equal to x. Such a function is called
the greatest integer function. From the definition of [x],

we can see that [x] = –1 for –1 ≤ x < 0

[x] = 0 for 0 ≤ x < 1

[x] = 1 for 1 ≤ x < 2

[x] = 2 for 2 ≤ x < 3 and so on.

𝐷𝑓 = R, 𝑹𝒇 = 𝒁( 𝒔𝒆𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒆𝒓𝒔

The graph of the function is shown in the figure.

Algebra of real functions.

(i) Addition of two real functions: Let f: X → R and g: X → R be any two real functions,

where X ⊂ R. Then, we define (f + g): X → R by (f + g) (x) = f (x) + g (x), for all x ∈ X.

(ii) Subtraction of a real function from another: Let f: X → R and g: X → R be any two
real functions, where X⊂ R. Then, we define (f – g): X→ R by (f – g) (x) = f(x) – g (x),
for all x ∈ X.
(iii) Multiplication by a scalar: Let f: X→R be a real valued function and α be a scalar.
Here by scalar, we mean a real number. Then the product α f is a function from X to R
defined by (α f) (x) = α f (x), x ∈X.
 (iv) Multiplication of two real functions: The product (or multiplication) of two real
functions f: X→R and g:X→R is a function f. g:X→R defined by (f. g) (x) = f(x) g(x),
for all x ∈ X. This is also called point-wise multiplication.
(v) Quotient of two real functions: Let f and g be two real functions defined from X→R,
𝑓
where X⊂R. The quotient of 𝑓 by g denoted by is a function defined
𝑔
𝑓 𝑓(𝑥)
by (𝑔) (𝑥) = , provided g(x)≠ 0
𝑔(𝑥)
Example: let f(x) = 𝑥 2 and g(x) = 2x +1 be two real functions.
𝑓
Find (𝑖) (f + g)(x) (ii) (f - g)(x) (iii) (𝑓. 𝑔)(𝑥) (iv) (𝑔) (𝑥)
Solution: We have,

(𝑖) (f + g)(x) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1,
(ii) (f - g)(x) = 𝑥 2 − (2𝑥 + 1) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 1
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) (𝑓. 𝑔)(𝑥) = (𝑥 2 )(2𝑥 + 1 ) = 2𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2
𝑓 𝑥2 1
(𝑖𝑣) ( ) (𝑥) = ,𝑥 ≠ −
𝑔 2𝑥 + 1 2

Exercise 2.3

1. Which of the following are functions? Give reasons. If it is a function, determine its domain and
range.
(i) {(2,1), (5,1), (8,1), (11,1), (14,1), (17,1)}
(ii) {(2,1), (4,2), (6,3), (8,4), (10,5), (12,6), (14,7)}
(iii) {(1,3), (1,5), (2,5)}
Solution:
(𝒊) {(2,1), (5,1), (8,1), (11,1), (14,1), (17,1)}
Since, 2,5,8,11,14 𝑎𝑛𝑑 7 are elements of domain of the given relation having their unique
images, Hence, this relation is a function. Here, Domain = {2,5,8,11,14,7} Range = {1}
(ii) {(2,1), (4,2), (6,3), (8,4), (10,5), (12,6), (14,7)}
Since, 2,4,6,8,10,12 𝑎𝑛𝑑 14 are elements of domain of the given relation having their unique
images, Hence, this relation is a function.
Here, Domain = {2,4,6,8,10,12,14} Range = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7}

(iii) {(1,3), (1,5), (2,5)}

Since, the same first element i.e., 1 corresponds to two different images i.e., 3 and 5, this relation is not
a function.

2. Find the domain and range of the following functions:

(i) f(x) = −|𝒙| (ii) f(x) = √𝟗 − 𝒙𝟐

Solution:
(i) f(x) = −|𝒙| , 𝒙 ∈ 𝑹
 𝑥, 𝑖𝑓𝑥 ≥ 0
We know that |𝑥| = {
−𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 0

−𝑥, 𝑖𝑓𝑥 ≥ 0
∴ 𝑓(𝑥) = −|𝑥| = {
𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 0

𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ∈ 𝑹, the domain of f is R

𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) = −|𝒙| is all real numbers, except positive real numbers.

∴ 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑜𝑓 𝑓 = (−∞, 0]

(𝒊𝒊) f(x) = √𝟗 − 𝒙𝟐

𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒, √9 − 𝑥 2 is defined for all real numbers that greater than or equal to – 3 or less than or equal
to 3, the domain of f(x) = [−3,3]

𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 − 3 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3 the value of f(x) will lie between 0 and 3

∴ 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = [0,3]

3. A function is defined by f(x) = 2x -5. Write down the values of:

(i) 𝒇(𝟎) (ii) 𝒇(𝟕) (iii) 𝒇(−𝟑)
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏:
(𝒊) 𝒇(0) = 2(0)-5 = -5
(ii) 𝑓(7) = 2(7) – 5 = 14 −9 = 5
(iii) 𝑓(−3) = 2(−3) – 5 = − 11
4. The function ‘t’ which maps temperature in degree Celsius into temperature in degree
9𝐶
Fahrenheit is defined by t ( c ) = + 32. Find (𝑖) t (0) (ii) t ( 28 ) (iii) t ( -10 )
5
(iv)The value of C when t (c) = 212.
Solution: (𝒊) t ( 0 ) = 32
𝟗×𝟐𝟖 𝟐𝟓𝟐+𝟏𝟔𝟎 𝟒𝟏𝟐
(ii) t ( 28 ) = 𝟓
+ 𝟑𝟐 = 𝟓
= 𝟓

𝟗×−𝟏𝟎 −𝟗𝟎+𝟏𝟔𝟎 𝟕𝟎
(iii) t ( -10 ) = = + 𝟑𝟐 = = = 𝟏𝟒
𝟓 𝟓 𝟓

𝟗𝑪
(𝒊𝒗) 212 = + 𝟑𝟐.
𝟓

𝟗𝑪
212-32 = or C= 𝟏𝟖𝟎 × 𝟓 ÷ 𝟗 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝟓
5. Find the range of the following functions:
(i) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙, 𝒙 ∈ 𝑹, 𝒙 > 𝟎
(ii) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐, 𝒙 𝒊𝒔 𝒂 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒍 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓
(iii) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙, 𝒙 𝒊𝒔 𝒂 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒍 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓
Solution:
(i) let y = 𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙
𝟐−𝒚
⟹𝒙= for all 𝒙 ∈ 𝑹, 𝒙 > 𝟎
𝟑
𝟐−𝒚
∴ > 𝟎 𝒐𝒓 𝟐 − 𝒚 < 𝟎 ⟹ −𝒚 < −𝟐 ⟹ 𝒚 < 𝟐𝑹𝒇 = (-∞, 𝟐)
𝟑
(ii) let 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐 = 𝒚 ⟹ 𝒙 = √𝒚 − 𝟐 or 𝒚 − 𝟐 ≥ 𝟎 for x to be real ∴ 𝑹𝒇 = [𝟐, ∞)
(iii) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙, 𝒙 𝒊𝒔 𝒂 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒍 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 ∴ 𝑹𝒇 = 𝒔𝒆𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒍 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓𝒔

Example 22. The function f is defined by

1 − 𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 0
f (x) = { 𝑥, 𝑖𝑓𝑥 = 0
1 + 𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 0
Draw the graph of f (x).
Solution.
Here, f(x) = 1 – x, x < 0, this gives
𝒇(– 4) = 1 – (– 4) = 5;
𝒇(– 3) =1 – (– 3) = 4,
𝒇(– 2) = 1 – (– 2) = 3 f (–1) = 1 – (–1) = 2; etc.,
and f𝒇(1) = 2,
f (2) = 3,
f (3) = 4
f (4) = 5 and so on for f(x) = x + 1, x > 0.
Thus, the graph of 𝒇 is as shown in Fig 2.17

Miscellaneous Exercise:
𝒙𝟐 , 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟑
1. The relation f defined by f(x) = {
𝟑𝒙, , 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟏𝟎
𝒙𝟐 , 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟐
The relation g is defined by g(x) = { show that f is function and g is not a
𝟑𝒙, 𝟐 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟏𝟎
function.

Solution: The relation 𝑓defined by

𝑥2, 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3
f(x) = {
3𝑥, ,0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 10
it is observed that for,
0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2
0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 10 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥
∴ 𝑓(3 ) = 32 = 9 and also 𝑓(3 ) = 3 × 3 = 9
∴For 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 10 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) is unique hence f(x) is a function.
The relation g is defined by
 𝑥2, 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2
g(x) = {
3𝑥, 2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 10
for x= 2 g(x) = 22 = 4 and g(x) = 3× 2 = 6
The element 2 of domain corresponds to two of different images, i.e. 4 and 6
Hence g(x) is not a function.
𝑓(1.1)−𝑓(1)
2. If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 , find (1.1−1)
2
Solution. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 ,
𝑓(1.1)−𝑓(1)
∴
(1.1−1)
(1.1)2 −(1)2 1.21−1 0.21
= = =
1.1−1 0.1 0.1
= 2.1
𝒙𝟐 +𝟐𝒙+𝟏
3. Find the domain of the function f ( x) =
𝒙𝟐 −𝟖𝒙+𝟏𝟐
𝑥 2 +2𝑥+1
Solution: The given function is f ( x) =
𝑥 2 −8𝑥+12
𝒙𝟐 +𝟐𝒙+𝟏
= f ( x) =
(𝒙−𝟔).(𝒙−𝟐)
∴ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 − {6,2} ∴ 𝐷𝑓 = 𝑅 − {6,2}

4. 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 domain and range of real function defined by f(x) = √(𝑥 − 1)
Solution: f(x) = √(𝑥 − 1) is defined if 𝑥 − 1 ≥ 0 ⟹ 𝑥 ≥ 1
∴ 𝐷𝑓 = [1, ∞)
Minimum value of f(x) = √(𝑥 − 1) = 0 when x = 1,
∴ 𝑅𝑓 = [0, ∞)
5. 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 domain and range of real function defined by f(x) =|𝑥 − 1|
Solution: f(x) =|𝑥 − 1| is define for 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 ∴ 𝐷𝑓 = 𝑅 ;
Range = set of all non- negative real numbers.
𝑥2
6. Let f= {(𝑥, 1+𝑥 2 ) : 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅} be a function from R to R. Determine the range of f.
Solution:
let f(x) = y
𝑥2
y= 1+𝑥 2
2)
⟹ 𝑦(1 + 𝑥 = 𝑥2

⟹ 𝑥 2 − 𝑦𝑥 2 = y
𝑦 𝑦 √𝑦(1−𝑦)
⟹ 𝑥2 = ⟹ 𝑥 = √(1−𝑦) = ⟹ 𝑦(1 − 𝑦) ≥ 0 ⟹ 𝑦 ≥ 0 𝑜𝑟𝑦 < 1
(1−𝑦) 1−𝑦

⟹ Range of f(x) = [0,1)

 7. Let f, g: R → R be defined respectively by f(x) = x+1 and g(x) = 2x - 3 be two real
functions.
𝑓
Find (𝑖) (f + g)(x) (ii) (f - g)(x) (iii) (𝑔) (𝑥)
Solution: f, g: R → R be defined respectively by f(x) = x+1 and g(x) = 2x – 3
(i) (f + g) (x) = f(x) + g(x)= x+1 + 2x −3 = 3x −2
(ii) (f - g) (x) = f(x) − g(x)= (x+1) − (2x -3) = − x – 4
𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑥+1 3
(iii) (𝑔) (𝑥) = = where x≠ 2
𝑔(𝑥) 2𝑥−3
8. Let f = {(1,1), (2,3), (0, –1), (–1, –3)} be a function from Z to Z defined by f(x) = a x + b, for
some integers a, b. Determine a, b.
Solution: f(0) = −1
⟹ 𝑎(0) + 𝑏 = −1
⟹ 𝑏 = −1
and f(1) = −1
⟹ 𝑎(1) + 𝑏 = 1
⟹ 𝑎 − 1 = 1 𝑜𝑟 𝑎 = 2
9. Let R be a relation from N to N defined by R = {(a, b) : a, b ∈N and a = 𝑏 2 }.
Are the following true?
(i) (a, a) ∈ R, for all a ∈ N
(ii) (a, b) ∈ R, implies (b, a) ∈ R
(iii) (a, b) ∈ R, (b, c) ∈ R implies (a, c) ∈ R.
Justify your answer in each case.
Solution: (𝑖) False
R = {(a, b) : a, b ∈N and a = 𝑏 2 }.
2∈ 𝑁 𝑏𝑢𝑡 2 ≠ 22 = 4
∴ 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 (a, a) ∈ R, for all a ∈ N is not true
(𝑖𝑖) False
(9,3) ∈ 𝑅 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 9,3 ∈ 𝑁 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 9 = 32 but 3 ≠ 92 = 81 therefore (3,9) ∉ 𝑅
∴ 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡, b) ∈ R, implies (b, a) ∈ R is false
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) False. It can be seen that (16,4) ∈ R and (4,2) ∈ R (16,2) ∉ as 16,4,2 ∈ N and 16 = 42
and 4 = 22 but 16 ≠ 22 .
∴ 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 (a, b) ∈ R, (b, c) ∈ R implies (a, c) ∈ R is not true.
10. Let A = {1,2,3,4}, B = {1,5,9,11,15,16} and f = {(1,5), (2,9), (3,1), (4,5), (2,11)}
Are the following true?
(i) f is a relation from A to B
(ii) f is a function from A to B.
Justify your answer in each case.
Solution: A = {1,2,3,4}, B = {1,5,9,11,15,16}

∴𝐴×𝐵 =
(1,1), (1,5), (1,9), (1,11), (1,15), (1,16), (2,1), (2,5), (2,11), (2,9), (2,11), (2,15), (2,16),
{ }
(3,1), (3,5), (3,9), (3,11), (3,15), (3,16), (4,1), (4,5), (4,9), (4,11), (4,15), (4,16)
 (i) f = {(1,5), (2,9), (3,1), (4,5), (2,11)} is a subset of 𝐴 × 𝐵
∴ 𝑓 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐴 𝑡𝑜 𝐵
(𝑖𝑖) 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 2 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑠 , 9 𝑎𝑛𝑑 11
∴ 𝑓 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑎 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐴 𝑡𝑜 𝐵
11. Let f be the subset of Z × Z defined by f = {(a b, a + b): a, b ∈ Z}. Is f a function from Z to Z?
Justify your answer
Solution:
The relation f defined as by f = {(a b, a + b): a, b ∈ Z}.
We know that a relation 𝑓 from a set A to set B is said to be a function if every element of set A has
a unique image in set B.
Since, 2,6, −2, −6 ∈ 𝑍, (2 × 6,2 + 6), (−2 × −6, −2 + (−6)) ∈ 𝑓
𝑖. 𝑒. , (12, )(12, −8) ∈ 𝑓
It can be seen that the same element i.e., 12 corresponds to two different images i.e., 8 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 8.
Thus, relation 𝑓 is not a function.

12. Let A = {9,10,11,12,13} and let f: A→N be defined by f (n) = the highest prime factor of n.
Find the range of f.
Solution:
A = {9,10,11,12,13} and let f: A→N be defined by f (n) = the highest prime factor of n
Prime factors of 9 = 3
Prime factors of 10 = 2, 5
Prime factors of 11 = 11
Prime factors of 12 = 2,3
Prime factors of 13 = 13
∴ 𝑓(9) = highest prime factor of 9 = 3
𝑓(10) = highest prime factor of 10 = 5
𝑓(11) = highest prime factor of 11 = 11
𝑓(12) = highest prime factor of 12 = 3
𝑓(13) = highest prime factor of 13 = 13
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑓(𝑛)𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑛 ∈ 𝐴
Range of f = 𝑹𝒇 = {3,5,11,13}
Summary:
The main features of this section are:
 Ordered pair: A pair of object or elements in a specific order
 Cartesian product of A × B of two sets A and B is given by
A x B ={(a, b) : a 𝐴 and b  𝐵
 If n(a) = p and n(B) = 𝒒 then n (A x B) = p q and number of relations possible from A
to B are 𝟐𝒑𝒒
 In general, A x B  𝐵 x A. In case A x×B = B x A, then A = B.
 Relation ‘R’ from a non-empty set A to a non-empty set B is a subset of Cartesian
product A ×B, which is derived by defining a relationship between the first element and
 the second element of the ordered pair A × B.
 Image is the second element of the ordered pairs in the given relation
 The domain of a relation R is the set of all the first elements of ordered pairs in a
relation R.
 The range of a relation R is the set of all second elements of ordered pairs in relation R.
 A Relation R in a set A is called an empty relation if no element of A is related to any
element of A.
 A relation R in a set A is called a universal relation if each element of A is if each
element of A is related to every element of A
 A relation R on a set A is said to be:
(i) Reflexive if (a, a)  R, for every a  𝐴
(ii) Symmetric if (a ,b)  R  (b ,a)  R, where a, b  A
(iii) Transitive if (a, b)  R and (b, c)  R then (a, c)  R where a, b, c  A
 A relation R which is reflexive, symmetric and transitive is called an equivalence
relation.
 Function: A function f from a set A to a set B is a specific type of relation for which
every element x of set A has one and only one image y in set B.
We write f: A→B, where f(x) = y.
 A is the domain and B is the codomain of f