Bahirdar university
STEM incubation center
Biology lab report: 2
Cell
Prepared by:
1. Tsion Habtom
2. Danawit Kindihun
3. Heven Endalew
4. Betelhem Kasahun
5. Natnael Girmachew
Submitted to: Mr.Yewulsew
Submitted date: 04/11/2016
Table of content
Content Page
Introduction -----------------------------------------
Objectives---------------------------------------------
Materials----------------------------------------------
Procedure---------------------------------------------
Results-------------------------------------------------
Discussion---------------------------------------------
Reference----------------------------------------------
Introduction
Cell
-What is a cell?
A cell is a mass of cytoplasm that is bound externally by a cell
membrane. Usually microscopic in size, cells are the smallest
structural units of living matter and compose all living things.
A single cell can be a complete organism in itself, as in bacteria
and protozoans. Groups of specialized cells are organized into
tissues and organs in multicellular organisms such as higher
plants and animals.
(Britannica(https://www.britannica.com/science/cell-biology ))
-Who Discovered Cells?
In 1665, Robert Hooke published Micrographia, a book filled
with drawings and descriptions of the organisms he viewed
under the recently invented microscope. The invention of the
microscope led to the discovery of the cell by Hooke. While
looking at cork, Hooke observed box-shaped structures, which
he called “cells” as they reminded him of the cells, or rooms, in
monasteries. The term cell is derived from the Latin word
"cellula."
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he cell Robert Hooke found was a dead cell. (National
geographicsociety(https://education.nationalgeographic.org/re
source/cell-theory)
The first to discover living cell was Anton Van Leeuwenhoek.
He first discovered free-living algae Spirogyra cells in water in
the pond in 1674 with the improved microscope. He observed
living cells and called them ‘animalcules’ meaning small animal.
Some small ‘animalcules’ are now called bacteria. (Byjus
(https://byjus.com/question-answer/who-discovered-the-first-
living-cell/ )
In 1838 the botanist Matthias Jakob Schleiden suggested that
all plants are made of cells and soon after his friend Theodor
Schwann suggested that all animals were made of cell as well.
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Matthias-Jakob-
Schleiden#:~:text=It%20was%20not%20until%201838,cellular
%20theory%20to%20include%20animals
In 1855 Rudolf Virchow published a statement based on his
observations: Omnis cellula e cellula, which means that all cells
arise from pre-existing cells.
(https://study.com/learn/lesson/rudolf-virchow-cell-theory-
contribution.html#:~:text=In%201855%20Virchow
%20published%20a,arise%20from%20pre%2Dexisting%20cells.)
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While Robert Hooke and Anton Van Leeuwenhoek contributed
heavily to the discovery of cell, Matthias Jakob Schleiden,
Theodor Schwann and Rudolf Virchow contributed heavily to
the formation of cell theory.
Cell theory
The cell theory was given by Matthias Schleiden and Theodor
Schwann in 1839, which was later modified by Rudolf Virchow.
There are 2 types of cell theory.
• Basic cell theory
The three basic principles of the cell theory are:
1. Every living organism is made up of one or more cells and
products of cells.( Theodor Schwann and Matthias Jakob
Schleiden(1838,1839)
2. All living things are made of cells.( Theodor Schwann and
Matthias Jakob Schleiden (1838,1839)
3. All cells arise from pre-existing cells.( Rudolf Virchow,1855)
• Modern cell theory.
1. All known living organisms are made up of one or more
cells.
2. The cell is the basic unit of life in all living things.
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3. All cells come from existing cells by division.
4. Cells contain hereditary information (DNA) which is
passed on from cell to cell during cell division.
5. All cells are basically the same in chemical composition
in organisms of similar species.
6. Energy flow (metabolism and biochemistry) occurs
within cells.
• There are two distinct types of cells: prokaryotic cells and
eukaryotic cells. Though the structures of prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells differ (see prokaryote, eukaryote), their
molecular compositions and activities are very similar. The
chief molecules in cells are nucleic acids, proteins, and
polysaccharides. A cell is bounded by a membrane that
enables it to exchange certain materials with its
surroundings. In plant cells, a rigid cell wall encloses this
membrane. There is no cell wall in animal cell.
• Cells found in plants are plant cell and cells found in
animals are animal cells.
• The different between animal and plant cell is that a plant
cell has a cell wall, chloroplast, plasmodesmata, plastids,
and different organelles while animal cells lack cell walls
but contain different organelles such as tight junctions and
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cilia.
• In the plants, the growth is done by the meristematic
system located at the tip of roots and stems.
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Objectives
The objectives were to know what plant cell (onion epidermal
cell), animal cell, plant cell stemmed(onion epidermal cell with
a drop of iodine solution ) and animal cell with a drop of
methyl blue solution looked under a compound microscope.
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Materials
• Compound microscope
• Slide
• Iodine solution
• mythel solution
• A thin stick
• Dropper
• Onion
• Water
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Procedure
A thin layer of onion epidermal tissue was peeled
It was put on a free slide
Two or more drops of water were added
It was observed under a microscope
Two drops of iodine solution were added
It was observed under a microscope
A thin stick was used to peal a thin cover of cheek cell.
It was put on a free slide
It was observed under a microscope
Two drops of a methylene blue solution were added
It was observed under a microscope.
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Result
Discussion
references
