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GIS

The document discusses map projections, which are methods of displaying the Earth's surface on flat maps, highlighting types such as cylindrical, conical, and azimuthal projections. It also covers the applications of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in various fields like urban planning, disaster management, and environmental monitoring, as well as the evolution of GIS from its early beginnings in the 1960s to modern advancements. Additionally, it compares spatial and non-spatial data, explaining their definitions, examples, and uses in GIS.

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7 views5 pages

GIS

The document discusses map projections, which are methods of displaying the Earth's surface on flat maps, highlighting types such as cylindrical, conical, and azimuthal projections. It also covers the applications of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in various fields like urban planning, disaster management, and environmental monitoring, as well as the evolution of GIS from its early beginnings in the 1960s to modern advancements. Additionally, it compares spatial and non-spatial data, explaining their definitions, examples, and uses in GIS.

Uploaded by

harinanda d
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Map projections

• Way to display the earth surface on a flat Map


• Map projections are a systematic transformation of longitudes and latitudes of a
location on the surface of the sphere. \
• Map projections are important in creating maps with map projections distorting the
surface in some way.
• Some of the distortions on the maps are acceptable while other distortions are not
acceptable depending on the purpose of the map.
• The map projection is classified depending on the type of projection surface on which
the globe is projected conceptually.
• There are several map projections which preserve some of the properties of the sphere
at the expense of others.
TYPES
Cylindrical

• A way of projecting the Earth's surface onto a cylinder, which is then unrolled to
create a 2D map. Imagine wrapping a piece of paper around a cylinder and
drawing the Earth's features on it. Cylindrical projections are good for
navigation and showing shapes accurately.
• A cylindrical projection is any projection in which the meridians are mapped to
parallel spaced vertical lines and latitudes are mapped to horizontal lines.

Conical Projection

Conic projections have meridians mapped to equally spaced parallels originating from the top
while the parallels are mapped to circular arcs which are centered at the top.

A method of projecting the Earth's surface onto a cone, which is then unrolled to create a 2D
map. Conical projections are useful for mapping small areas, like regions or countries, and
are often used for aeronautical and topographic maps.
3. Azimuthal Projection:

A way of projecting the Earth's surface onto a flat surface, like a plane, using a single central
point (the pole). Azimuthal projections are great for showing directions and distances from a
central point, making them useful for navigation and mapping polar regions.

1. Urban Planning

• GIS helps in analyzing urban growth, zoning, infrastructure planning, and land-use
patterns.

2. Disaster Management

• Used for predicting and managing natural disasters like earthquakes, floods, and
hurricanes, including evacuation planning.

3. Environmental Monitoring

• Tracks deforestation, climate change, air and water quality, and habitat loss.

4. Agriculture

• Assists in crop monitoring, soil analysis, irrigation planning, and precision farming.
5. Transport and Navigation

• Helps in designing efficient transportation routes, traffic management, and public


transit planning.

6. Mapping and Cartography

• Produces accurate and detailed digital and print maps for various purposes.

7. Water Resource Management

• Assists in tracking water availability, flood management, watershed analysis, and


irrigation planning.

8. Health and Epidemiology

• Tracks the spread of diseases, locates health facilities, and maps healthcare
accessibility.

9. Geology and Mineral Exploration

• Identifies potential mining areas, tracks geological formations, and assesses natural
resources.

10. Tourism Development

• Maps tourist attractions, plans travel routes, and analyzes tourist patterns for better
infrastructure.

Data modelling

Data modelling is simply an act of exploring data-oriented structures. Data modelling can
also be defined as the process of documenting a complex software system design as an easily
understood diagram, using text and symbols to represent th2. Development of GIS

• e way data needs to flow.

• The vector data model represents geographical object/feature/points as collections of


points, lines, and polygons.
• The vector data model represents geography as collections of points, lines, and
polygons. The method using geometrical formulas for data model is known as vector
or vectorised graphics. Vector storage implies the use of vectors (directional lines
with their x,y cordinates) to represent a geographic feature.
• The raster data model represent the geographical feature as cell matrices that store
numeric values.
• A raster consists of a matrix of cells (or pixels) organized into rows and columns (or
a grid). Each cell contains a value representing information.
• The method using dots, in which each pixel ( picture element) is bitmap imaging, and
is known as raster graphics.

Comparison of Spatial and Non-Spatial Data

Aspect Spatial Data Non-Spatial Data

Data that describes attributes or


Definition Data that has a geographic location.
details.

Examples Maps, roads, rivers, buildings. Population, GDP, temperature.

Points, lines, polygons (vector) or


Representation Tables or attribute databases.
grids (raster).

To map and visualize geographic To provide information about


Use in GIS
features. mapped features.

DEVELOPMENT

Early Beginnings (1960s): GIS began in 1963 when Roger Tomlinson developed the Canada
Geographic Information System (CGIS), the first operational GIS, to manage land use data.

1970s Growth: Advances in computing technology and cartography fueled the development
of more powerful GIS systems, allowing greater manipulation and analysis of spatial data.

Commercialization (1980s): The release of the first commercial GIS software, ArcInfo by
ESRI in 1981, marked a pivotal moment in GIS history, making it accessible to a broader
range of users.

Modern Era: Today, GIS has become widely available through platforms such as ArcGIS and
QGIS. The integration of remote sensing, GPS, cloud computing, and mobile technologies
has expanded GIS applications globally.

Technological Advancements: The development of open-source software and online mapping


services (like Google Maps) has made GIS tools more accessible, promoting greater usage in
various sectors.

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