Listing/Brainstorming – jotting down all

the ideas that pop into your head about

Lesson 2: your topic. As you go through your list,
you can try to look for connections
Patterns of Development between the ideas whether they are big
or small.
Freewriting – writing whatever comes
into your mind about the topic for at
Writing is a difficult task especially
least 10 to 15 minutes. Do not worry
among students like you. Most of the times,
about punctuations, spelling, or
even the choice of a topic is challenging. People
sentences. The idea is that by writing
associate writing to authors, poets, musicians
freely, later you can discover an
and playwrights.
interesting topic. Clustering or Concept
Writing is a skill that all of us must Mapping – is a technique that lets you
acquire. According to Nunan (2003) writing is narrow a broad topic into more specific
the combination of mentally inventing ideas, topics. You take a piece of paper, write
thinking how to express them, and organizing at the center and connect ideas that are
them into sentences and paragraphs that will related to the broad topic.
make sense to a reader. Writing is also a Journal Writing – is more of personal
process that involves steps and methods to writing where you jot down your
create a piece of writing. Writing is an art experiences, your thoughts, important
because you use your imagination and creativity events that took place on a particular
to express the emotions that you would like to day, or anything that creates an
share with your readers. While most people impression in your mind. You can use your
think that writing is a talent, writing can be journal to look for possible topics when
learned and mastered. given a writing activity or assignment.
Outlining – is listing down ideas from
The Writing Process
broad to narrow or from general to
Before you decide to begin writing, specific. It helps you organize your
there are certain ways that you can consider thoughts linearly and makes it easier for
which will help you to write better paragraphs you to connect ideas together.
or essays. Look at the writing process below 2. Drafting is putting your ideas into
and learn how to arrange your ideas with sentences and paragraphs. You arrange your
coherence and unity. ideas in such a way that allows the reader
to understand your message.
1. Prewriting is a planning stage. Here you
3. Revising is the next stage on how you
explore possible ideas or topics, choose
rearrange, add, or remove words, sentences
your audience and determine your purpose
or paragraphs from your draft. You review
for writing. Prewriting activities can help
your thoughts, reconsider your arguments,
you generate possible topics by taking an
strengthen your evidences or redefine your
inventory of your interests, experiences,
purpose. Good writing will undergo multiple
and ideas. Here are some strategies that
drafts and revisions then move on to
you can try in generating a topic for writing.
editing.
4. Editing and proofreading involves looking Means to Achieve Paragraph
at your work carefully, making sure that it Coherence
is well designed has serves its purpose.
❖ Transitional Devices – are words and
Proofreading is making sure that your
phrases that connect and relate ideas,
paragraph or essay has correct grammar,
sentences, and paragraphs to have a
spelling and punctuations. Writing is a
logical flow of ideas as they signal the
recurring process, if you are in the editing
relationship between sentences and
stage and you found out that there is a
paragraphs.
missing evidence, you can always go back to
drafting or even prewriting to check if you Examples:
have included the ideas which you collected
- There are ways you can make boring tasks
from the prewriting stage. If you are
more pleasant. For instance, listen to
already confident that you have organized
music or sing along with the music while you
your thoughts in a meaningful way, then you
work. (The transition word indicates an
are now ready to publish your work.
example.)
5. Publishing is submitting your work to your
- Achieving your goals in life may seem
teacher or sharing it into a website so
difficult but with hard work,
others can see it.
determination and industry everything can
be possible. (The transition word indicates
Parts of a Paragraph contrast.)
- Some people in the province built their
• Topic Sentence – shows the main idea of the
houses very close to the shoreline.
paragraphs.
Consequently, they usually experience
• Supporting Details – pieces of information nature’s wrath during heavy storms. (The
that provide specific details to the idea. transition word indicates cause and
effect)
• Conclusion – a restatement or a summary of
the ideas discussed in the paragraph.
❖ Parallel Structure or Parallelism – is the
use of similar pattern or grammatical
form within a sentence or paragraph to
Qualities of a Good Paragraph
achieve paragraph coherence.
• Unity – unity or “oneness” of idea discussed
Examples:
in the paragraph.
- During a pandemic, most people are afraid,
• Coherence – the logical flow of details
anxious, and cautious. (adjectives)
between and among sentences and paragraphs.
- Reading a book, listening to music, and
• Development – the strategy used in watching movies are just some of the
developing the idea. things that people do to pass away the
time. (gerund)
- The parents picked up the modules, the
students answered the activities, and the
 teachers checked their outputs. (past - “It was the best of times, it was the worst
tense) of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was
the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of
❖ Pronoun Reference – Pronouns must belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it
always refer clearly to the noun they was the season of Light, it was the season
represent (antecedent). of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it
was the winter of despair, we had
Examples:
everything before us, we had nothing
- Unclear: The teacher listened to Ella and before us, we were all going direct to
she did not understand what she was trying Heaven, we were all going direct the other
to say. way…” (Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two
Better: Mr. Roxas listened to Ella and he Cities)
did not understand what she was trying to (the use of contrasting words following
say. the repeated elements strengthens the
(antecedent of he – Mr. Roxas, passage)
antecedent of she – Ella)
- Unclear: The students are shouting at one
another when his teacher entered the
room.
Better: The students are shouting at one
another when their teacher entered the
room.
(antecedent of their – students)
- Unclear: Everyone has their own battles to
fight.
Better: Everyone has his or her own
battles to fight.
(antecedent of his or her – everyone;
the indefinite pronoun everyone can
either be male or a female)

❖ Repetition – is the intentional use of a

word or phrase to emphasize a point.

Examples:

- If you ever find yourself stuck in the

middle of the sea
I'll sail the world to find you
If you ever find yourself lost in the dark
and you can't see
I'll be the light to guide you.
(Count on Me by Bruno Mars)