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Network Configration

The document outlines the configuration of networks, focusing on network protocols and standards, including the data communication protocol and physical layer protocol. It details the OSI model's seven layers, which facilitate communication between network nodes, and explains the roles of each layer, from the application layer to the physical layer. Additionally, it discusses specific protocols like IPX/SPX and TCP/IP, highlighting their unique characteristics and addressing methods.

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31 views5 pages

Network Configration

The document outlines the configuration of networks, focusing on network protocols and standards, including the data communication protocol and physical layer protocol. It details the OSI model's seven layers, which facilitate communication between network nodes, and explains the roles of each layer, from the application layer to the physical layer. Additionally, it discusses specific protocols like IPX/SPX and TCP/IP, highlighting their unique characteristics and addressing methods.

Uploaded by

aprilasamoah90
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CONFIGURATION OF NETWORKS

Network protocols and standards

There are two parts to the method by which computers connect with each other over cabling. The

first part is the data communication protocol, which specifies how workstations within a network

operating system (NOS) communicate. Each protocol is generally associated with a specific

NOS, although most NOSs now support most protocols.

These protocols divide data to be sent to another computer into small pieces, called Packets and

add a header and trailer that contain information about the sender, intended recipient, and so on.

This process is carried out by the networking software. The second part is the physical layer

protocol, such as Ethernet, token ring, ARCnet, or FDDI. These protocols add further

information in a header and trailer that determines which machine gets the packet next. This

processing is mostly done by the networking hardware.

The physical layer protocol surrounds the data communication protocol, which surrounds the

data. If a packet is sent from one protocol to another, the surrounding information must be

translated. Since the data communication protocols are inside the physical protocol converting

them is more complex.

IPX/SPX

The IPX (Internetwork Packet Exchange) and SPX (Sequenced Packet Exchange) protocols are

Novell's native protocols. A node address is a hexadecimal number, up to eight digits long. This

number must be unique for each server and workstation. Each LAN also has an address called a
network address. With the implementation of the worldwide IPX internet, IPX addresses will be

assigned in much the same manner as TCP/IP addresses are for the UNIX-based internet.

TCP/IP

TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet protocol) is the standard Protocol in the UNIX

world. It was developed by the Department of Defense and is also the basis of the Internet,

Internet addresses are assigned by the InterNIC. If your TCP/IP network is not connected to the

internet and never will be, you can use any valid range of addresses.

OPEN SYSTEM INTERCONNECTION (OSI)

The International Standard Organization (ISO) has developed a standard called

Open System Interconnect (OSI). OSI is supposed to resolve the problems existing protocols

have with large WANs and high-traffic loads. However, implementation has been slow; existing

protocols are deeply entrenched, and most businesses are waiting until the OSI standard catches

on before they implement it, which won't happen until more businesses implement the Standard.

The OSI model describes standards for communication between network nodes at seven (7) level

layers.

The seven levels layers of OSI are:

7. Application Layer

6. Presentation Layer

5. Session Layer

4. Transport Layer
3. Network Layer

2. Datalink Layer

1. Physical Layer

The Application Laver

This is the last layer of the OSI model but is the most important to understand. The application

layer identifies communication partners and the quality of service. It also handles user

authentication and privacy issues. Every function used in this layer is tailored to a specific

application and designed to provide the best end-user experience possible.

The Presentation Layer

Different computers have different visual representations of data, and those differing visuals

need to be reconciled somehow. The presentation layer translates information from a device to a

format that can be read by the network and then to something that can be read by another

receiving device. All encryption happens on this level, which means it has the double purpose of

translating data and keeping it secure from machines that should not have access to the

information being sent.

The Session Layer

Every application needs a protocol that connects it to other programs that are running at the same

time. The session layer handles all of these program interactions. You can think of it as a sort of

task manager for your network' handling all the communication and exchanges between different

programs.
The transport Layer

When information gets sent from one program or computer to another, the transport layer makes

sure that the data flow does not get interrupted. If an error does occur and data is disrupted, this

layer exists to properly report that error, recover the lost data, and re-establish the connection.

The Network Layer

The network layer is the routing site for most network activity. This layer routes data and

transmits it from point to point along your network. It creates logical paths for information to

follow. These paths are also known as virtual circuits. This layer also handles network addresses,

error handling, and packet sequencing.

Data Link Layer

This layer represents the starting point for most data that gets routed through the network. The

data link layer takes all data packets and encodes or decodes them into a language that the

network can understand and use. This layer has two sub-layers you should be aware of. The

Media Access Control, or MAC, sub-layer controls how a network gains permission to transmit

data. The Logical Link Control, or LLC, sub-layer manages frame synchronization, flow control,

and error checking.

Physical Layer

No matter how your information is transmitted, it always goes through physical hardware. The

physical layer manages the conversion from hardware to software, targeting the adaptation of

information into data. This layer includes all the electronics and mechanical parts of a network,

particularly routers and server controls. All information begins at the physical layers and then
passes through each of the layers listed above as it gets transmitted from place to place on your

network.

Click here to watch a video on the OSI Model

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