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Logic in Math With Connectives

The document provides an overview of logic in mathematics, focusing on reasoning, propositions, and their truth values. It explains various logical connectives such as conjunction, disjunction, implication, bi-conditional, and exclusive or, along with examples. Additionally, it discusses concepts like converse, contrapositive, inverse, tautology, contradiction, contingency, and quantification rules in logic.

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14 views17 pages

Logic in Math With Connectives

The document provides an overview of logic in mathematics, focusing on reasoning, propositions, and their truth values. It explains various logical connectives such as conjunction, disjunction, implication, bi-conditional, and exclusive or, along with examples. Additionally, it discusses concepts like converse, contrapositive, inverse, tautology, contradiction, contingency, and quantification rules in logic.

Uploaded by

mangkanorskie6969
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Logic in Math

- Study about reasoning that is


- associated with truth within the
principle of the validity of proof.
Proposition
- A declarative statement that is
either be true or false but not both.

Example of sentence
1. Wash your hand.
2. I like climbing.
3. The sky looks blue.
4. We watched TV shows last night.
5. I love my new bag.
6. I just completed my assignment.
7. Where do you live?
8. Oh, the child is falling!
9. 1 + 4 = 9.
10. X + 3 = 6.
If x = 3, true.
If x ≠3, false.
Negation
Statement that negates the given.
P P
T F
F T

P: The child is singing.


P: The child is not singing.

Connectives
1. Conjunction (˄) “and” – let p
and q be propositions, p ˄ q is
true if p and q are both true
otherwise false.
p q p˄q
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F

Ex.
1. p: 2 is an even integer.
q: 3 is an odd integer.
(p˄q): Two is an even integer and
3 is an odd integer.
2. p: 3 divides 9
q: 3 divides 15
(p˄q):3 divides 9 and 3
divides 15.
2. Disjunction (˅) “or” – Let p and q
be propositions, p v q is true if either
p or q are true and both, otherwise
false.

p q p˅q
T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F

Example:
P: Students who had taken Algebra
can take Discrete Math.
Q: Students who have taken
Computer Science can take Discrete
Math.
p˅q: Students who had taken
Algebra or Computer Science, but
not both, can take discrete math.

3. Implication (→) “If and then”


- Let p and q be propositions, p→q is
false if p is true and q is false,
otherwise true.
p q p→q
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T
Examples
1. If all men are mortal, then Mario
is mortal. (Logical Implication)
2. If this polygon is quadrilateral,
then it has four sides.
(Definitional Implication)
3. If today is Monday then
tomorrow is Tuesday.
(Sequential Implication)
4. If sugar is placed in water, it will
dissolve. (Causal Implication)
5. If x = 0 → y = 10, x ≠ 0 →y ≠10.
(Material Implication)

4. Bi-conditional (↔) “if and


only if” – let p and q be
proposition, p↔q is true if both
p and q have the same truth
value, otherwise false.
p q p↔q
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F T
Examples
1. The curve is a circle if and only if
the curve is equidistant to a
point.
2. The polygon is a triangle if and
only if it has three sides.
3. 68295 is divisible by 15 if and
only if 68295 is divisible by 3.

5. Exclusive or (⨁) – Let p and q


be propositions, p⨁q is true if
both p and q have opposite
truth value, otherwise false.
P Q p⨁q
T T F
T F T
F T T
F F F
Either you can have a glass of milk or
a glass of orange juice for breakfast.

Converse, Contra-positive and


Inverse
- The proposition q → p is called the
converse of p → q.
- The proposition q→ p is
called the contrapositive of p → q.
- The proposition p → q is called
the inverse of p → q.
p → q: The price of crude oil goes up
whenever the US goes to war.
Converse:
Contrapositive:
Inverse:

1. {p v [ p →( p˄q)]}

p q p˄q [ pv [
p p→
( p˄q p →
)] ( p˄
q)]
T F T T T T
T F F F T T
F T T F F F
F T F F F F
2. [(pvq) → (qvr)] ˄ p
P q r pvq qvr [(pvq [(pvq)
)→ →

(qvr)] (qvr)]
˄p

T T T T T T T
T T F T T T T
T F T T T T T
T F F T F F F
F T T T T T F
F T F T T T F
F F T F T T F
F F F F F T F

Tautology, Contradiction and


Contingency
Tautologous – if the conclusion is
all true.

If you study hard then you get a


grade of 1.0. You study hard.
Therefore, you get a grade of 1.0.
p: study hard
q: grade of 1.0
p→q, p, q
[(p→q) ˄ p] →q
P q (p→q) [(p→q) [(p→q)
˄ p] ˄ p] →
q
T T T T T
T F F F T
F T T F T
F F T F T
Contingency
If you study hard then you get a
grade of 1.0. You get a grade of
1.0. Therefore, you study hard.
p: study hard
q: grade of 1.0
[(p→q) ˄ q] →p
P q (p→q) [(p→q) [(p→q)
˄ q] ˄ q] →
p
T T T T T
T F F F T
F T T T F
F F T F T
If you study hard then you get a
grade of 1.0. You study hard.
Therefore, you get a grade of 1.0.

If you study hard then you get a


grade of 1.0. You get a grade of
1.0. Therefore, you study hard.
Contradiction
( p ˄ q) ˄(q →p)
P q q →p (
p p˄ q
p˄
q)
˄(q
→
p)
T T F F T F
T F F F T F
F T T T F F
F F T F T F

p→q : q → p, Logically Equivalent?

q p→q
P q
p q→
p
T T F F T T
T F F T F F
F T T F T T
F F T T T T
- Logically Equivalent

Universe of Discourse

P(x)= all integers are real numbers

Rules of Quantification
∀ P(x) ≅ ∃ x P (x)

∀
= Universal
∃
= Existential
No integer is a rational number.
There exists at least an integer that is
not a rational number.

Nested Quantification
P(x, y)
Let P(x, y) be x likes y. x and y are
people
1. ∀
x∀yP(x,y) =Everyone likes
everyone.
2. y xP(x,y) = Everyone is liked
∀ ∀

by everyone.
3. x yP(x,y) = Someone likes
∃ ∀

everyone.
4. y x P(x,y)= Everyone is liked
∀ ∃

by someone.
5. x yP(x,y) = Someone likes
∃ ∃

someone.
6. ∃y∃
xP(x,y)= Someone is liked
by someone.
7. ∀x∃ y P(x,y)= Everyone likes
someone.
8. ∃ y ∀x P(x,y)= Someone is liked
by everyone.

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