Solution

QUESTION BANK

Class 12 - Applied Maths

Section A
1.
(b) 2B
Explanation:
2B

2. (a) x = 2, y = 0
Explanation:
0 −1 3x
⎡ ⎤

Let A = ⎢ 1 y −5 ⎥ , then A' = -A

⎣ ⎦
−6 5 0

0 1 −6 0 1 −3x
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤

⇒ ⎢ −1 y 5 ⎥ = ⎢ −1 −y 5⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
3x −5 0 6 −5 0

⇒ -3x = -6 ⇒ x = 2, y = -y ⇒ 2y = 0 ⇒ y = 0
∴ x = 2, y = 0
∴ Option (x = 2, y = 0) is the correct answer.
3. (a) -52
Explanation:
∣ 1 2 4∣
∣ ∣
△= −1 3 0
∣ ∣
∣ 4 1 0∣

Expanding along R1,

1(3 × 0 - 1 × 0) -2(-1 × 0 - 4 × 0) + 4(-1 × 1 - 4 × 3)
= 0 - 0 + 4(-1 - 12)
= 4 × (-13)
= -52
4.
(c) 3
Explanation:
∣1 2∣
∣ ∣ = 0 ⇒ 6 - 2k = 0 ⇒ k = 3
∣k 6∣

5.
(d) -1
Explanation:
-1

6.
(d) AB = BA = I
Explanation:
AB = BA = I

7.
(d) null matrix
Explanation:

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 Since AB = 0
Given A is non-singular. Therefore,
A-1 exist
Now, AB = 0
⇒ A × (AB) = 0

⇒ (A × A)B = 0

⇒ IB = 0

⇒ B = 0

Thus, B must be null matrix.

8.
(b) I - A
Explanation:
A2 - A + I = 0
Pre-operating A-1, on both sides of the given equation, we get.
⇒ A-1 A2 - A-1A + A-1I = A-1 0
⇒ A - I + A-1 = 0
⇒ A-1 = I - A

9. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Explanation:
Let A be a skew-symmetric matrix of order n (odd).
For skew-symmetric matrix, A' = -A
⇒ |A'| = |-A|

⇒ |A| = (-1)n |A|

(For a square matrix, |A'| = |A| and |kA| = kn |A|)
⇒ |A| = -|A| (∵ (-1)n = -1, n is odd)
⇒ 2|A| = 0 ⇒ |A| = 0 (∵ (-1)n = -1, n is odd)
∴ Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

10.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
2 4 −2 5 6 12 −2 5
3A - C = 3 [ ]− [ ] = [ ]− [ ]
3 2 3 4 9 6 3 4

6 − (−2) 12 − 5 8 7
= [ ]= [ ]
9 − 3 6 − 4 6 2

Section B
1 1 1 −1 1.1 + 1 ⋅ (−1) 1 ⋅ (−1) + 1 ⋅ 1 0 0
11. AB = [ ][ ] = [ ] = [ ] and
1 1 −1 1 1.1 + 1 ⋅ (−1) 1 ⋅ (−1) + 1 ⋅ 1 0 0

1 −1 1 1 1.1 + (−1).1 1.1 + (−1).1 0 0

BA = [ ][ ] = [ ] = [ ]
−1 1 1 1 (−1).1 + 1.1 (−1) ⋅ 1 + 1.1 0 0

12. Operating C1 → C1 + C2 + C3, we get

∣1 + a b c ∣ ∣1 + a+ b + c b c ∣
∣ ∣
a 1 + b c = ∣1 + a+ b + c 1 + b c
∣
(Take 1 + a + b + c common from C1)
∣ ∣ ∣ ∣
∣ a b 1 + c∣ ∣1 + a+ b + c b 1 + c∣

∣1 b c ∣
∣ ∣
= (1 + a + b + c)∣ 1 1 + b c
∣
(Operate R2 → R2 - R1, R3 → R3 - R1)
∣1 b 1 + c∣

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 ∣1 b c∣
∣ ∣
= (1 + a + b + c)∣ 0 1 0
∣
∣0 0 1∣

= (1 + a + b + c).1(1 - 0) (Expand by C1)

=1+a+b+c
13. First we enlarge the determinant by adjoining the first two columns on the right and then draw the broken lines parallel and
perpendicular to the diagonal as shown below.

To find the value of Δ, we find the sum of the products of elements in lines parallel to the diagonal and subtract from it the sum of
the products of elements in lines perpendicular to them as given below.
Δ = [2 × 1 × 5 + (-1) × 2 × 1 + 3 × 4 × (-1)] - [3 × 1 × 1 + 2 × 2 × (-1) + (-1) × 4 × 5]

⇒ Δ = [10 - 2 -12] - [3 - 4 - 20] = (-4) - (-21) = 17

2 −1 0 4
14. Given, A = [ ] and B = [ ]
3 2 −1 7

3A2 - 2B + I
2 −1 2 −1 0 4 1 0
= 3[ ][ ] -2[ ] +[ ]
3 2 3 2 −1 7 0 1

4 − 3 −2 − 2 0 8 1 0
= 3[ ] -[ ] +[ ]
6 + 6 −3 + 4 −2 14 0 1

1 −4 0 8 1 0
=3[ ] -[ ] +[ ]
12 1 −2 14 0 1

3 −12 0 8 1 0
=[ ] -[ ] +[ ]
36 3 −2 14 0 1

3 − 0 + 1 −12 − 8 + 0
=[ ]
36 + 2 + 0 3 − 14 + 1

4 −20
=[ ]
38 −10

15. Let A be the matrix of number of articles sold by different schools and B be the matrix of cost of articles.
Then, matrices A and B can be represented as
A B C

Handmadef ans 40 25 35
A= ⎡ ⎤

M ats ⎢ 50 40 50 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
P lates 20 30 40

Cost ₹.
Handmade f ans 25
B= ⎡ ⎤
M ats ⎢ 100 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
P lates 50

Now, the funds collected by each school separately can be represented as

School A 40 50 20 25 Handmade f ans
⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤
′
A B = School B ⎢ 25 40 30 ⎥ ⎢ 100 ⎥ M ats
⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦
School C 35 50 40 50 P lates

School A 40 × 25 + 50 × 100 + 20 × 50
⎡ ⎤
= School B ⎢ 25 × 25 + 40 × 100 + 30 × 50⎥ [multiplying row by columns]
⎣ ⎦
School C 35 × 25 + 50 × 100 + 40 × 50

School A 1000 + 5000 + 1000 School A 7000

⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤

= School B ⎢ 625 + 4000 + 1500 ⎥ = School B ⎢ 6125 ⎥

⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
School C 875 + 5000 + 2000 School C 7875

Now, the total funds collected for the purpose

= 7000 + 6125 + 7875 = ₹ 21000
Section C
16. We are given that,
a+ b 2 6 5
[ ]= [ ]
5 b 2 2

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 We know by the property of matrices,
a11 a12 b11 b12
[ ]= [ ]
a21 a22 b21 b22

So, if we have
a+ b 2 6 5
[ ]= [ ]
5 b 2 4

Corresponding elements of two equal matrices are equal

So there for
a + b = 6 …(i)
b=4
Substituting the value of b = 4 in equation (i),
a+b=6
⇒ a+4=6
⇒ a=6–4
⇒ a = 2

Thus, we get a = 2.
a b 2 5
17. Given [ ][ ]= [ ]
−a 2b −1 4

2 ⋅ a + b ⋅ (−1) 5 2a − b 5
⇒ [ ]= [ ] ⇒ [ ]= [ ]
(−a) ⋅ 2 + 2b ⋅ (−1) 4 −2a − 2b 4

2a − b = 5 . . . (i)
⇒ {
−2a − 2b = 4 i.e. a + b = −2 . . . (ii)
Adding (i) and (ii), we get 3a = 3 ⇒ a = 1
From (ii), 1 + b = -2 ⇒ b = -3
Hence, a = 1, b = -3
∣1 1∣ ∣ −1 1∣
18. Clearly, |A| = -1∣ ∣ − 2∣ ∣ +0
∣1 0 ∣ ∣ 0 0∣

⇒ |A| = - 1(0 - 1) - 2(0) + 0

=1-0+0
⇒ |A| = 1

−1 2 0
⎡ ⎤

Now, A = ⎢ −1 1 1⎥
⎣ ⎦
0 1 0

−1 2 0 −1 2 0
⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤
⇒ A2 = AA = ⎢ −1 1 1 ⎥ ⎢ −1 1 1⎥
⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦
0 1 0 0 1 0

1 − 2 + 0 −2 + 2 + 0 0 + 2 + 0
⎡ ⎤

= ⎢1 − 1 + 1 −2 + 1 + 1 −1 + 1 − 0 ⎥

⎣ ⎦
0 − 1 + 0 0 + 1 − 0 0 + 1 − 0

−1 0 2
⎡ ⎤

=⎢ 0 0 1⎥
⎣ ⎦
−1 1 1

Next we find the Co-factors of A as follows:

C11 = - 1, C21 = 0, C31 = 2
C12 = 0, C22 = 0, C32 = 1
C13 = - 1, C23 = 1, C33 = 1
T T
C11 C12 C13 −1 0 −1
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤

adj A = ⎢ C 21 C22 C23 ⎥ = ⎢ 0 0 1 ⎥

⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
C31 C32 C33 2 1 1

−1 0 2
⎡ ⎤
So, adj A = ⎢ 0 0 1⎥
⎣ ⎦
−1 1 1

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 −1 0 2
⎡ ⎤

A-1 =
1
Now, 1
⎢ 0 0 1⎥
⎣ ⎦
−1 1 1

−1 0 2
⎡ ⎤

Hence, A-1 = ⎢ 0 0 1⎥ = A2
⎣ ⎦
−1 1 1
2 2 2
∣1 a a − bc ∣ ∣1 a a ∣ ∣1 a −bc ∣ ∣1 a a ∣ ∣1 a bc ∣
∣ ∣ ∣ ∣ ∣ ∣
∣ ∣ ∣ ∣
19. ∣1 b
2
b − ca ∣ = ∣1 b b
2
∣ + 1
∣
b −ca
∣
= ∣1 b
2
b ∣ − 1
∣
b ca
∣
∣ ∣ ∣ ∣ ∣ ∣
2 2 2
∣1 c c − ab ∣ ∣1 c c ∣ ∣1 c −ab ∣ ∣1 c c ∣ ∣1 c ab ∣

(In second determinant, operate R1 → aR1, R2 → bR2, R3 → cR3)

2 2
∣1 a a ∣ ∣a a abc ∣
∣ ∣ ∣ ∣
= ∣1 b b
2
∣ −
1

abc
∣ b b
2
abc ∣ (Take abc out from C3)
∣ ∣ ∣ ∣
2 2
∣1 c c ∣ ∣ c c abc ∣
2 2
∣1 a a ∣ ∣a a 1∣
∣ ∣ abc
∣ ∣
= ∣1 b
2
b ∣ −
abc
∣b b
2
1∣ (Pass on C3 over the first two columns)
∣ ∣ ∣ ∣
2 2
∣1 c c ∣ ∣c c 1∣
2 2
∣1 a a ∣ ∣1 a a ∣
∣ ∣ ∣ ∣
= ∣1 b b
2
∣ − ∣1 b
2
b ∣
∣ ∣ ∣ ∣
2 2
∣1 c c ∣ ∣1 c c ∣

= 0.
2 3 1 0
20. Given, A = [ ] ,I=[ ]
1 2 0 1

Given, A2 = λ A + μI
2 3 2 3 2 3 1 0
⇒ [ ][ ] = λ[ ] + μ[ ]
1 2 1 2 1 2 0 1

4 + 3 6 + 6 2λ 3λ μ 0
⇒ [ ] =[ ] +[ ]
2 + 2 3 + 4 λ 2λ 0 μ

7 12 2λ + μ 3λ 2 3 1 0
⇒ [ ] =[ ] Given, A = [ ],I=[ ]
4 7 λ 2λ + μ 1 2 0 1

Given, A2 = λ A + μI
2 3 2 3 2 3 1 0
⇒ [ ][ ] = λ[ ] + μ[ ]
1 2 1 2 1 2 0 1

4 + 3 6 + 6 2λ 3λ μ 0
⇒ [ ] =[ ] +[ ]
2 + 2 3 + 4 λ 2λ 0 μ

7 12 2λ + μ 3λ
⇒ [ ] =[ ]
4 7 λ 2λ + μ

Since corresponding entries of equal matrices are equal, so

2λ + μ = 7 ...(i)
λ = 4 ...(ii)

Put λ from equation (ii) in eequation (i)

2(4) + μ = 7
μ=7-8
μ= -1
Hence λ = 4, μ = -1
Section D
21. i. ₹ 2
ii. ₹ 17
iii. ₹ 7
OR
₹ 20
22. i. As per the given information,
x + y + z = 6000
x + 0y + 3z = 11000

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 x - 2y + z = 0
1 1 1 x 6000
⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤

Matrix equation is ⎢ 1 0 3 ⎥⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ 11000 ⎥

⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
1 −2 1 z 0

1 1 1 x 6000
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
ii. Let A = ⎢ 1 0 3⎥ , X = ⎢ y ⎥ and B = ⎢ 11000 ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
1 −2 1 z 0

∣1 1 1∣
∣ ∣
|A | = ∣ 1 0 3
∣
= 1(0 + 6) -1(1 - 3) + 1(-2 - 0) = 6 ≠ 0
∣1 −2 1∣

|adj A| = |A|2 ⇒ |adj A| = 36

iii. Above system of equations can be written as AX = B
⇒ X = A-1 B ⇒ X = 1
(adj A) ⋅ B
| A|

6 −3 3
⎡ ⎤

adj A = ⎢ 2 0 −2 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
−2 3 −1

6 −3 3 6000 3000 500

⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
X= 1

6
⎢ 2 0 −2 ⎥⎢ 11000 ⎥ = 1

6
⎢ 12000 ⎥ = ⎢ 2000 ⎥
⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
−2 3 −1 0 21000 3500

⇒ x = 500, y = 2000, z = 3500

OR
|A| 0 0 6 0 0
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤

A⋅ (adj A) = |A| I = ⎢
⎢
0 | A| 0 ⎥
⎥ = ⎢0 6 0⎥

⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
0 0 | A| 0 0 6

Section E
23. The given system of equations can be written as AX = B
3 −1 −2 x 2
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤

where A = ⎢ 0 2 −1 ⎥ , X = ⎢ y ⎥ and B = ⎢ −1 ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
3 −5 0 z 3

∣3 −1 −2 ∣

Now |A| = ∣∣ 0 2 −1
∣
∣
= 3(0 - 5) + 3(1 + 4) = -15 + 15 = 0.
∣3 −5 0∣

Let us calculate (adj A) B

∣ 2 −1 ∣ ∣0 −1 ∣ ∣0 2∣
Here, A11 = ∣ ∣ = -5, A12 = − ∣ ∣ = -3, A13 = ∣ ∣ = -6
∣ −5 0∣ ∣3 0∣ ∣3 −5 ∣

∣ −1 −2 ∣ ∣3 −2 ∣ ∣3 −1 ∣
A21 = − ∣ ∣ = 10, A22 = ∣ ∣ = 6, A23 = − ∣ ∣ = 12;
∣ −5 0∣ ∣3 0∣ ∣3 −5 ∣

∣ −1 −2 ∣ ∣3 −2 ∣ ∣3 −1 ∣
A31 = ∣ ∣ = 5, A32 = − ∣ ∣ = 3, A33 = ∣ ∣ = 6;
∣ 2 −1 ∣ ∣0 −1 ∣ ∣0 2∣
t
−5 −3 −6 −5 10 5
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤

∴ adj A = ⎢ 10 6 12 ⎥ = ⎢ −3 6 3⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
5 3 6 −6 12 6

−5 10 5 2 −10 − 10 + 15 −5
⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
∴ (adj A) B = ⎢ −3 6 3 ⎥ ⎢ −1 ⎥ =⎢ −6 − 6 + 9 ⎥ = ⎢ −3 ⎥ ≠ O
⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
−6 12 6 3 −12 − 12 + 18 −6

Hence, the given system is inconsistent.

24. Given system of equations is
2 3 10 4 6 5

x
+
y
+
z
= 4, x
−
y
+
z
=1
and 6

x
+
9

y
−
20

z
= 2; x, y, z ≠ 0
We shall make use of substitutions in order to get the required result.
Let = u, = v and = w,
1

x
1

y
1

then given system of equations reduces to,

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2u + 3v + 10w = 4 ⎫
⎪

4u − 6v + 5w = 1 ⎬ ...(i)
⎭
⎪
6u + 9v − 20w = 2

Therefore, above the system of Eqs. (i) can be written in matrix form as AX = B, where,
2 3 10 4 u
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤

A = ⎢4 −6 5 ⎥ B = ⎢ 1 ⎥ and X = ⎢ v ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
6 9 −20 2 w

Its solution is given by

X = A-1B
Here, |A| = 2 (120 - 45) - 3 (-80 - 30) + 10 (36 + 36)
= 2(75) -3 (-110) + 10(72)
= 150 + 330 + 720= 1200
⇒ |A|= 1200

Since, |A| ≠ 0, so unique solution exists. Now, cofactors of elements of |A| are,
∣ −6 5∣
A11 = (-1)2 ∣ ∣ = 1(120 - 45) = 75
∣ 9 −20 ∣

∣4 5∣
A12 = (-1)3 ∣ ∣ = -1(-80 - 30) = 110
∣6 −20 ∣

∣4 −6 ∣
A13 = (-1)4 ∣ ∣ = 1(36 + 36) = 72
∣6 9∣

∣3 10 ∣
A21 = (-1)3 ∣ ∣ = -1(-60 - 90) = 150
∣9 −20 ∣

∣2 10 ∣
A22 = (-1)4 ∣ ∣ = 1(-40 - 60) = -100
∣6 −20 ∣

∣2 3∣
A23 = (-1)5 ∣ ∣ = -1(18 - 18) = 0
∣6 9∣

∣ 3 10 ∣
A31 = (-1)4 ∣ ∣ = 1(15 + 60) = 75
∣ −6 5∣

∣2 10 ∣
A32 = (-1)5 ∣ ∣ = -1(10 + 40) = 30
∣4 5∣

∣2 3∣
A33 = (-1)6 ∣ ∣ = 1(-12 - 12) = -24
∣4 −6 ∣
T
A11 A12 A13
⎡ ⎤
∴ adj(A) = ⎢ A 21 A22 A23 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
A31 A32 A33
T
75 110 72
⎡ ⎤
= ⎢ 150 −100 0⎥
⎣ ⎦
75 30 −24

75 150 75
⎡ ⎤

= ⎢ 110 −100 30 ⎥

⎣ ⎦
72 0 −24

75 150 75
⎡ ⎤

and A-1 =
adj(A) 1
= ⎢ 110 −100 30 ⎥
|A| 1200
⎣ ⎦
72 0 −24

Therefore, on putting the values of X, A-1, and B in eq. (ii),

we get,
u 75 150 75 4
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤
1
⎢v ⎥ = ⎢ 110 −100 30 ⎥⎢1⎥
1200
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦
w 72 0 −24 2

300 + 150 + 150 u 600

⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
1 1
= ⎢ 440 − 100 + 60 ⎥ ⇒ ⎢ v ⎥ = ⎢ 400 ⎥
1200 1200
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
288 + 0 − 48 w 240

Therefore, on comparing corresponding elements, we get,

u= ,v=
600

1200
,w= 400

1200
240

1200

∴ u= 1

2
,v= 1

3
and w = 1

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 But x
1
= u, 1

y
= v and 1

z
=w
⇒
1

x
=
1

2
,
1

y
=
1

3
and 1

z
=
1

∴ x = 2, y = 3 and z = 5
∣3 2∣
25. Clearly, |A| = ∣ ∣ = 15 - 14 = 1 ≠ 0. So, A is invertible
∣7 5∣

Let Aij be the cofactor of elements aij in A = [aij]. Then,

A11 = (-1)1+1 5 = 5, A12 = (-1)1+2 7 = -7, A21 = (-1)2+1 2 = -2 and A22 = (-1)2+2 3 = 3
T T
A11 A12 5 −7 5 −2
∴ adj A = [ ] = [ ] = [ ]
A21 A22 −2 3 −7 3

5 −2
Hence, A-1 = 1
adj A = [ ]
|A|
−7 3

6 7
We have, B = [ ]
8 9

∣6 7∣
∴ |B| = ∣ ∣ = 54 - 56 = -2 ≠ 0
∣8 9∣

So, B is invertible
Let Bij be the cofactors of bij in B = [bij]. Then,

B11 = (-1)1+1 = 9 = 9, B12 = (-1)1+2 8 = -8, B21 = (-1)2+1 7 = -7 and B22 = (-1)2+2 6 = 6
T T
B11 B12 9 −8 9 −7
∴ adj B = [ ] = [ ] = [ ]
B21 B22 −7 6 −8 6

9 −7
Hence, B-1 =
1 1

|B|
adj B = − 2
[ ]
−8 6

We know that adj AB = adj B adj A

9 −7 5 −2 94 −39
∴ adj AB = [ ][ ]= [ ]
−8 6 −7 3 −82 34

We also know that |AB| = |A||B|

∴ |AB| = 1 × -2 = -2 ≠ 0

So, AB is invertible
94 −39 94 −39
Hence, (AB)-1 =
1 1 1

|AB|
adj (AB) = −2
[ ]= −
2
[ ] ...(i)
−82 34 −82 34

9 −7 5 −2 94 −39
Also, B-1 A-1 = −
1 1

2
[ ][ ]= −
2
[ ] ...(ii)
−8 6 −7 3 −82 34

From (i) and (ii), we get

(AB)-1 = B-1 A-1

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 Solution

QUESTION BANK

Class 12 - Applied Maths

Section A
1. (a) 2 : 10
Explanation:
(09: 30 + 16 : 40) (mod 24) = 26 : 10 (mod 24) = 2 : 10
2. (a) 8 : 7
Explanation:
8:7
3. (a) 6
Explanation:
6
4.
(c) 2
Explanation:
From the definition: a≡ b (mod m)
a is said to be congruent to b modulo m, if m divides (a - b) or (a - b) is divisble by m.
⇒ 218≡ x (mod 7)
(218−x)
⇒
7

for this to be hold true, x must be 1.

⇒ x2 + 1 = 12 + 1 = 2

5. (a) 5
Explanation:
In 20 litres of mixture
Quantity of milk
× 20 = 15 litres
3
⇒
4

Quantity of water
× 20 = 5 litres
1
⇒
4

Let the quantity of milk added be x litres.

According to the question,
15+x 4
⇒ =
5 1

⇒ 15 + x = 4 × 5
⇒ x = 20 − 15

⇒ x = 5 litres

6.
(b) 4 O'clock
Explanation:
(8 × 14) (mod 12) = 112 (mod 12) = 4 i.e. 4 O' clock

7.
(b) {4, 11, 18, ...}
Explanation:
x - 4 = 7λ ⇒ x = 4 + 7λ , λ ∈ I
Putting λ = 0, 1, 2, 3, we get x = 4, 11, 18, ...

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 8.
(d) 8:7
Explanation:
8:7

Section B
9. Cost price of mixture
Sale price
= × 100
(100+ gain %)
767
= 118
× 100

= ₹ 650

Ratio = 5 : 4
∴ Quantity of A type of sandal is 35 kg

∴ 5x = 35 kg

∴ x = 7 kg

Thus B type sandal = 7 × 4 = 28 kg

10. We find that:
341 = 11 × 31 and 340 = 68 × 5
Now, 24 ≡ 5 (mod 11)
⇒ 25 ≡ 2 × 5 = 10 (mod 11) ⇒ 25 ≡ -1 (mod 11)
∴ (25)68 ≡ (-1)68 = 1 (mod 11)
⇒ 2340 ≡ 1 (mod 11) ...(i)
Similarly, 25 = 32 ≡ 1 (mod 31)
∴ (25)68 ≡ (1)68 (mod 31)
⇒ 2340 ≡ 1 (mod 31) ...(ii)
From (i) and (ii), we obtain
2340 ≡ 1 (mod 11) and 2340 ≡ 1 (mod 31)
2340 ≡ 1 (mod LCM of 11 and 31) [Using Theorem]
⇒ 2340 ≡ 1 (mod 341)
Hence, 1 is the remainder when 2340 is divided by 341
11. To find -8 mod 5, let us divide -8 by 5

So, -8 mod 5 = 2.
(Note this step, ∵ 0 ≤ r < |b|)
a1 a2
12. We have, =
b1
, =
4

3 b2
2

Let qP units of mixture in vessel P be mixed with qQ units of mixture in vessel Q. Then, the quantities of milk (qM) and water
(qW) in the mixture are in the ratio given by

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 ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
1 1
⎜ ⎟q + ⎜ ⎟q
a1 a2 ⎜ ⎟ p ⎜ ⎟ Q
b1 b2
( )q +( )q
P Q ⎝ 1+ ⎠ ⎝ a+ ⎠
q a +b a +b a a
M 1 1 2 2 1 2
= =
qW b b
1 2 ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
( )qP +( )qQ
a +b a +b 1 1
1 1 2 2 ⎜ ⎟q + ⎜ ⎟q
⎜ a1 ⎟ P ⎜ a2 ⎟ Q

⎝ 1+ ⎠ ⎝ 1+ ⎠
b b
1 2
4 2
q + q
qM P Q
7 5
=
qW 3 3
qP + qQ
7 5

It is given that vessel R contains half milk and half water. Therefore,
qM = qW
qM
⇒
qW
=1
4 2
qP + qQ

⇒
7

3
5

3
=1
qp + qQ
7 5
3 3 4 2
⇒ qp + qQ = qp + qQ
7 5 7 5
1 1
⇒ qP = qQ
7 5
q
p 7
⇒ =
9Q 5

Hence, the mixtures in vessels P and Q are mixed in the ratio 7 : 5.

13. Given, c = ₹60 per kg, d = ₹80 per kg
Quantity of cheaper : Quantity of dearer = 2 : 3
Let the price of mixed rice be ₹m per kg.
Quantity of cheaper rice d−m
= m−c
Quantity of dearer rice

80−m
⇒
2

3
= m−60

⇒ 2m - 120 = 240 - 3m ⇒ 5m = 360

⇒ m = ⇒ m = 72
360

Hence, the price of mixed rice is ₹72 per kg.

Section C
127+135
14. Since tea A and tea B are mixed in equal proportion, so their average price is 2
i.e. ₹131 per kg.
As the price per kg of the mixture is ₹152 per kg which is more than the average price of tea A and tea B. So the price per kg of
tea C must be greater than ₹152. Let the price of tea C be ₹x per kg.
(Tea A + tea B) and tea C are mixed in the ratio (1 + 1) : 3 i.e. 2 : 3.
Here,

x−152
∴
2

3
=
152−131
⇒ 3x - 456 = 42
⇒ 3x = 498 ⇒ x = 166
Hence, the price of tea C is ₹166 per kg.
15. Let initially liquids P and Q be 5x litres and 7x litres respectively in the vessel.
After drawing off 12 litres of mixture
Quantity of liquid P left in the mixture = 5x - × 12
5

12

= (5x - 5) litres
Quantity of liquid Q left in the mixture = 7x - 7

12
× 12
= (7x - 7) litres
Further, 12 litres of liquid P are mixed in the mixture.
So, quantity of liquid P = (5x - 5 + 12) litres
= (5x + 7) litres
and quantity of liquid Q = (7x - 7) litres
5x+7
According to given, = 9

7 7x−7

⇒ 63x - 63 = 35x + 49
⇒ 63x - 35x = 63 + 49

⇒ 28x = 112 ⇒ x = 4

Hence, the quantity of liquid P was 5 × 4 i.e. 20 litres and quantity of liquid Q was 7 × 4 i.e. 28 litres initially.

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16. Quantity of milk in mixture A = 7

12
part,
17
quantity of milk in mixture B = 24
part
5
and quantity of milk in new mixture = 8
part
∴ L.C.M. of 12, 24 and 8 = 24
7×2
∴ Quantity of milk in mixture A = part.
14
=
12×2 24
17
Quantity of milk in mixture B = 24
part
Quantity of milk in new mixture = 5×3

8×3
=
15

24
part
So,

Quantity of mixture A 24 2
∴ = =
1 1
Quantity of mixture B
24

Hence, the required ratio is 2 : 1.

17. Cost of water (c) = ₹0 per litre
Cost of honey (d) = ₹240 per litre
Cost of honey syrup (m) = ₹200 per litre

Quantity of water
∴ = 40

200
= 1

5
Quantity of honey

Hence, the required ratio is 1 : 5.

18. We find that
51 ≡ 5 (mod 7)
⇒ 52 ≡ 5 × 5 = 25 (mod7)
⇒ 52 ≡ 4 (mod 7) [∵ 25 ≡ 4 (mod 7)]
⇒ (52)2 ≡ 42 = 16 (mod 7)
⇒ 54 ≡ 2 (mod 7) [∵ 16 ≡ 2 (mod 7)]
⇒ (54)2 ≡ 22 = 4 (mod 7)
⇒ 58 ≡ 4 (mod 7)
Thus, we have
52 ≡ 4 (mod 7) and 58 ≡ 4 (mod 7)
⇒ 52 × 58 ≡ 4 × 4 (mod 7) [∵ a ≡ b (mod m), c ≡ d (mod m) ⇒ ac ≡ bd (mod m)]
⇒ 510 ≡ 16 (mod 7)
⇒ 510 ≡ 2 (mod 7) [∵ 16 ≡ 2 (mod 7)]
Hence, 2 is the remainder when 510 is divided by 7
we find that
51 ≡ 5 (mod 7), 52 ≡ 4 (mod 7) and 58 ≡ 4 (mod 7)
∴ 51 × 52 × 58 ≡ 5 × 4 × 4 (mod 7)
⇒ 511 ≡ 5 × 16 (mod 7)
⇒ 511 ≡ 5 × 2 = 10 (mod 7) [∵ 16 ≡ 2 (mod 7)]
⇒ 511 ≡ 3 (mod 7) [∵ 10 ≡ 3 (mod 7)]
Hence, 3 is the remainder when 511 is divided by 7
Section D
19. i. Part of the tank filled by pipe A in 1hour = 1

Part of the tank filled by pipe Bin 1hour = 1

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 ∴ Part of the tank filled by both pipes A and B in 1 hour = 1

6
+
1

8
=
7

24

∴ Time taken by pipes A and B to fill the tank = 24

7
hours = 3 3

7
hours.
ii. Part of the tank emptied by pipe C in 1 hour = 1

12

So, part of the tank filled by pipes A and C in 1 hour = 1

6
−
1

12
=
1

12

∴ Time taken by pipes A and C to fill the tank = 12 hours.

iii. Part of the tank filled by pipes Band C in 1 hour = − 1

8 12
1
=
1

24

∴ Time taken by pipes B and C to fill the tank = 24 hours.

OR
Let the capacity of the tank be x litres
Quantity of water filled by pipe A in one hour = litres, x

quantity of water filled by pipe B in one hour = x

8
litres.
Since the tank is filled by three pipes A, Band C in 24 hours,
so the quantity of water filled by all three pipes in one hour = x

24
litres
Given that pipe C can empty the tank at the rate of 20 litres/hour,
x x x x x x
∴ + − 20 = ⇒ + − = 20
6 8 24 6 8 24
4x+3x−x
⇒
24
= 20 ⇒
6x

24
= 20 ⇒ x = 80
20. i. Pipe C empties full tank in 20 hours
2 2
⇒
5
part of tank is emptied by pipe C in 5
× 20 hours = 8 hours
1
ii. Part of the tank filled by pipe A in 1 hour = 15
1
Part of the tank filled by pipe B in 1 hour = 12

Part of the tank emptied by pipe C in 1 hour = 1

20

Part of the tank filled by pipes A, B and C together in 1 hour

1 1 1 24+30−18 36 1
= + − = = =
15 12 20 360 360 10

∴ Time taken to fill the tank completely = 10 hours.

iii. At 5 a.m., let the tank be completely filled in t hours
So, pipe A is opened for t hours, pipe B is opened for (t - 3) hours and pipe C is opened for (t - 4) hours.
Part of the tank filled by pipe A = , 15
t

t−3
part of the tank filled by pipe B = 12
t−4
and part of the tank emptied by pipe C = 20
t t−3 t−4
∴ + − = 1
15 12 20

24t+30(t−3)−18(t−4)
⇒ = 1
360

⇒ 36t - 18 = 360 ⇒ t = 10.5

Hence, total time to fill the tank = 10 hours 30 minutes.
OR
At 6 a.m., only pipe C is opened.
Time taken to empty filled tank by pipe C = × 20 hours = 10 hours
1

2
1

Cleaning time of the tank = 1 hour

4+5 3
Part of the tank filled by pipes A and B in 1 hour = 15
1
+
1

12
=
60
=
20
.
20
∴ Time taken to fill the tank completely = 3
hour
Total time taken in the process = (10 + 1 + 20

3
) hour
=
53

3
hours = 17 2

3
hours
= 17 hours 40 minutes.
Section E
21. First, we express 121 as the sum of the powers of 2.
Clearly, 121 = 64 + 32 + 16 + 8 + 1 = 26 + 25 + 24 + 23 + 20
∴ 5121 = 564 × 532 × 516 × 58 × 51
Let us now find numbers congruent to 564, 532, 516, 58 and 51 under modulo 27.
Now,
52 = 25 ≡ -2 (mod 27)

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 ⇒ (52)2 ≡ (-2)2 = 4 (mod 27)
⇒ 54 ≡ 4 (mod 27)
⇒ (54)2 ≡ 42 = 16 (mod 27)
⇒ 58 ≡ -11 (mod 27) [∵ 16 ≡ -11 (mod 27)] ...(i)
⇒ (58)2 ≡ (-11)2 ≡ 121 (mod 27)
⇒ 516 ≡ 13 (mod 27) [∵ 121 ≡ 13 (mod 27)] ...(ii)
⇒ (516)2 ≡ 132 = 169 (mod 27)
⇒ 532 ≡ 7 (mod 27) [∵ 169 ≡ 7 (mod 27)] ...(iii)
⇒ (532)2 ≡ 72 = 49 (mod 27)
⇒ 564 ≡ -5 (mod 27) [∵ 49 ≡ -5 (mod 27)] ...(iv)
∴ 5121 = 564 + 32 + 16 + 8 + 1
⇒ 5121 = 564 × 532 × 516 × 58 × 5
⇒ 5121 ≡ -5 × 7 × 13 × -11 × 5 (mod 27) [Using (i) - (iv)]
⇒ 5121 ≡ -35 × 13 × -55 (mod 27)
⇒ 5121 ≡ 8 × 13 × -1 (mod 27) [∵ -35 ≡ -8 (mod 27), -55 ≡ -1 (mod 27)]
⇒ 5121 ≡ 104 (mod 27)
⇒ 5121 ≡ 23 (mod 27) [∵ 104 = 23 (mod 27)]
Hence, 23 is the remainder when 5121 is divided by 27
22. We find that
51 ≡ 5 (mod 7), 52 ≡ 4 (mod 7) and 58 ≡ 4 (mod 7)
∴ 51 × 52 × 58 ≡ 5 × 4 × 4 (mod 7)
⇒ 511 ≡ 5 × 16 (mod 7)
⇒ 511 ≡ 5 × 2 = 10 (mod 7) [∵ 16 ≡ 2 (mod 7)]
⇒ 511 ≡ 3 (mod 7) [∵ 10 ≡ 3 (mod 7)]
Hence, 3 is the remainder when 511 is divided by 7
From the above, we find that
58 ≡ 4 (mod 7)
⇒ (58)2 ≡ 42 = 16 (mod 7)
⇒ 516 ≡ 2 (mod 7) [∵ 16 ≡ 2 (mod 7)]
Thus, we have,
54 ≡ 2 (mod 7) and 516 ≡ 2 (mod 7)
⇒ 54 × 516 ≡ 2 × 2 (mod 7)
⇒ 520 ≡ 4 (mod 7)
Hence, 4 is the remainder when 520 is divided by 7
23. Quantity of milk in mixture P = part,
5

quantity of milk in mixture Q = 13

16
part
and quantity of milk in new mixture = 3

4
part
LCM of 8,16 and 4 = 16.
So, qyantity of milk in mixture P = 5×2

8×2
=
10

16
part,
quantity of milk in mixture Q = 13

16
part
an quantity of milk in new mixture = 3×4

4×4
=
12

16
part

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 1

Quantity of mixture P 16 1
∴ = = = 1 : 2
Quantity of mixture Q 2 2

16

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 Solution

QUESTION BANK

Class 12 - Applied Maths

Section A
1.
(b) 10 minutes
Explanation:
Let the waste pipe take x minutes to empty the full cistern. Then,
1 1 1 1
( + − ) =
12 15 x 20

1 1 1 1 5+4−3 6 1
⇒ = + − = = =
x 12 15 20 60 60 10

∴ The waste pipe takes 10 minutes to empty the full cistern.

2.
(d) 17 km/hr
Explanation:
12 km upstream in 48 min ⇒ it will cover 15 km in 1 hr
Speed of stream = 2 km/hr
∴ Speed of boat in still water = 15 + 2 = 17 km/hr

3.
(b) 6 m
Explanation:
A : B = 100 : 90
A : C = 100 : 87
B B A 90 100 30
= ( × )= ( × )=
C A C 100 87 29

When B runs 30 m, C runs 29 m.

When B runs 180 m, C runs ( × 180)m = 174m 29

30

∴ B beats C by (180 - 174) m = 6 m

3
4. (a) 2

Explanation:
32
Rate downstream = 6
kmph; Rate upstream = 14

6
kmph
1 32 14 3
∴ Velocity of current = 2
(
6
−
6
) kmph = 2
kmph

5.
(c) 50 minutes
Explanation:
Part of tank filled by A and B in 1 minute = 1

25
−
50
1

2−1
= 50

= 50
1

∵
50
1
part of tank is filled in 1 minute
∴ 1 part of tank is filled in 50 minute
Hence, time taken by two pipe to fill the tank = 50 minute

6.
(c) 6 hours
Explanation:
Tap A can fill the cistern in 5 hour
and leak L can empty the cistern in 30 hours.

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 So
1 1 6−1 5

5
−
30
= 30
=
3
Part can be filled in 1 hours.
∴ total time to fill the cistern
30
= = 6 hours
5

7. (a) 6
Explanation:
upstream speed = (8 - 4) km/hr = 4 km/hr
downstream speed = (8 + 4) km/hr = 12 km/hr
Let the distance covered be x km
tupstream = x

4 tupstream = x
tup = x

tdownstream = x

12

Total distance
Vavg =
total times
x+x
= tu pstream+ tdownstream

= tu pstream+ tdownstream
2x

2x
= x x
+
4 12

= 2x
x x
x( + )
4 12

= 3+1
2
=
2

4
× 12 = 6 km/hr
12

Hence, Av speed of the journey is 6 km/hr.

8.
(c) 10 minute
Explanation:
part of cistern filled in 5 min
=5×( + ) 10
1 1

15
3+2
=5×( 30
)

=5× 5

30

= 5

6
part
part emptied in 1 min, when all pipes are opened = 1

4
− (
1

10
+
1

15
)

3+2
= 1

4
− (
30
)

1 5
= 4
−
30
15−10
= 60

= 5

60
=
1

12

Now, 1

12
part is emptied in 1 min
5 5
∴
6
part is emptied in 12 × 6
= 10 min

9.
(d) {..., -5, -4, -3}
Explanation:
{..., -5, -4, -3}

10. (a) x ∈ (−∞ , -5] ∪ [9, ∞ )

Explanation:
x ∈ (−∞ , -5] ∪ [9, ∞ )
11.
(b) Option (ii)

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 Explanation:
x ∈ (−∞ , -4] ∪ (5, ∞ )

12.
(b) -9 ≤ x ≤ 9
Explanation:
-9 ≤ x ≤ 9

13.
(b) x ∈ (−∞, −4) ∪ (6, ∞)
Explanation:
|x - 1| > 5
⇒ x - 1 < -5 and x - 1 > 5

⇒ x - 1 + 1 < -5 + 1 or x - 1 + 1 > 5 + 1

⇒ x < -4 and x > 6

x ∈ (−∞, −4)(6, ∞)

14.
(d) (-1, 3]
Explanation:
(-1, 3]

15.
y
(d) x

b
≥
b

Explanation:
x y
≥
b b

16.
(d) -x ≥ -8
Explanation:
-x ≥ -8

17.
(d) A is false but R is true.
Explanation:
In a 100 m race, A beats B by 20 m and to C by 28 m. It means when A covers 100 m, B covers 80 m and C covers 72 m.
72
∴ When B covers 80 m, then C covers = 80
m.
72
When B covers 100 m, then C covers = 80
× 100 m = 90 m
So, B beats C by 10 m
∴ Assertion is false

Reason is true.

18.
(c) A is true but R is false.
Explanation:
Given speed of boat in still water = 18 km/h
Let the speed of stream be y km/h
then downstream speed = (18 + y) km /h
and upstream speed = (18 - y) km/h.
Since distance covered upstream is same as distance covered downstream.
So, (18 + y) × time taken in downstream

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 = (18 - y) × time taken in upstream
⇒ (18 + y) × t = (18 - y) x 3t (∵ D = S × T)

⇒ 18 + Y = 54 - 3y ⇒ 4y = 36

⇒ y = 9 km/h
∴ Assertion is true
Reason is false.

19.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
Given A beats B by 200 m or 10 seconds means B covers a distance of 200 m in 10 seconds
∴ Speed of B = m/sec = 20 m/sec
200

10

∴ Assertion is true
Given in a 400 m race A reaches the finishing point in 20 sec and beats B by 100 m.
It means B covers (400 - 100) i.e. 300 m in 20 seconds.
300
So, speed of B = 20
m/sec = 15 m/sec
∴ Reason is true
But Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.

20.
(c) A is true but R is false.
Explanation:
We know that for positive real numbers, A.M. ≥ G.M.
Given x is a positive real number.
1
x+ −−−−−
1 1
So, x+ 2
x
≥ √x × ⇒ ≥
2 x x

∴ Assertion is true
Reason is false
Since -3 + ( 1

−3
) =− 10

3
<2

21. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
Given a ≤ b, b ≤ c and c ≤ a
∵ a ≤ b and b ≤ c ⇒ a ≤ c

Now a ≤ c and c ≤ a (given)

⇒ a = c

Again, a ≤ b and b ≤ c
⇒ a ≤ b and b ≤ a (∵ a = c)

⇒ a = b

∴ a = b = c

∴ Assertion is true.

Also, Reason is true.

Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
22.
(c) x ∈ [ 9

2
, ∞)

Explanation:
It is clear from the graph that x ∈ [ 9

2
, ∞)

23.
(d) |x| ≤ 3
Explanation:

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 The given figure is shaded between -3 to 3 on x-axis.
x ∈ [-3, 3]
⇒ −3 ≤ x ≤ 3

⇒ |x| ≤ 3

Section B
24. Let u km/hr be be the rate at which Aarushi can row the boat in still water and let the speed of the current be v km/hr. Then,
Aarushi's speed upstream = (u - v) km/hr
Aarushi's speed downstream = (u + v) km/hr
It is given that
u - v = 10 and and u + v = 18
⇒ (u + v) + (u - v) = 18 + 10 and (u + v) - (u - v) = 18 - 10
⇒ 2u = 28 and 2v = 8
⇒ u = 14 and v = 4

Hence, Aarushi can row the boat in still water at 14 km/hr and the speed of the current is 4 km/hr.
25. Let the tank be filled in n hours. It is given that nA = 3, nB = 7 and nC = 10
1 1 1 1
∴ = + −
n n nB n
A C

1 1 1 1 1 70−30−21
⇒ = − − ⇒ =
n 3 7 10 n 210
1 19 210 1
⇒ = ⇒ n= = 11
n 210 19 19

Hence, the tank is filled in 11 19

1
hours.
th tt

26. Pipes A and B can fill ( 1

6
+
1

4
) = (
12
5
) part of the tank if each is open for 1 hour alternately i.e. after two hours.

∴ Part of the tank filled in 4 hours = 2 ( 12

5
) =
5

th th
Now ( 1

6
) part of the tank remains unfilled and it is A's turn. A fills the tank completely in 6 hours. Therefore, it fills ( 1

6
)

part in 1 hour. Hence, the tank is filled in (4 + 1) = 5 hours.

27. Given, ratio of speeds of A and B = 4 : 1
⇒ when A covers 4 m, B covers = 1 m
or we can say that A gains (4 -1) m i.e. 3 m by B in a race of 4 m
Given, A gives B a start of 60 m means A gains 60 m by B in the race
So, when A gains 3 m by B, the race is of 4 m
When A gains 1 m by B, the race is of m 4

When A gains 60 m by B, the race is of 4

3
× 60 = 80 m
Hence, the length of the race = 80 m.
28. In a kilometer race, A beats B by 100 m means: A runs 1000 m in the same time when B runs 900 m. Therefore,
∴ Speed of A : Speed of B = 1000 : 900 ...(i)
Similarly,
Speed of B : Speed of C = 1000 : 850 = 100 : 85 = 900 : 765 ...(ii)
From (ii), we obtain
Speed of B : Speed of C = 900 : 765 ...(iii)
From (i) and (iii) we obtain
Speed of A : Speed of B: Speed of C = 1000 : 900 : 765
⇒ Speed of A : Speed of C = 1000 : 765

Hence, in a kilometer race, A beats C by (1000 - 765) m = 225 m

29. Converting the given inequation into the equation we obtain 2x - y = 1. This line meets x and y-axes at A ( , 0) and B (0, - 1) 1

respectively. Joining these points by a thick line we obtain the line passing through A and B as shown in Figure. This line divides
the xy-plane into two regions viz. one lying above it and the other lying below it. Consider the point O(0,0). Clearly, (0, 0) does
not satisfy the inequation 2x - y ≥ 1. So, the region not containing the origin is represented by the given inequation as shown in

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 Figure. Clearly, it represents the solution set of the given inequation.

30. If x and y are both positive real numbers, then

x2 > y2 ⇒ x > y.
– –
Let x = √5 + √3 (x > 0)
– –
and y = √6 + √2 (y > 0)
Now, x2 = 5 + 3 + 2√15 = 8 + 2√15
−− −−

and y2 = 6 + 2 + 2√12 = 8 + 2√12

−− −−

−− −−
∵ 8 + 2√15 > 8 + 2√12

⇒ x2 > y2
⇒ x > y
– – – –
⇒ √5 + √3 > √6 + √2 .
31. ∴ K < H > G, G ≤ N, N = U
⇒ no conclusion regarding K and U.

Hence, conclusion I is not true.

Also, H > G, G ≤ N i.e. N ≥ G
⇒ no conclusion regarding H and N.

Hence, conclusion II is not true.

32. We have,
∴ (x2 - 2x + 1)(x - 4) ≥ 0
⇒ (x2 - 2x + (1)2)(x - 4) ≥ 0
⇒ (x - 1)2 (x - 4) ≥ 0
So,
2
(x − 1) = 0 ∣ x − 4 = 0
∣
x = 1 ∣ x = 4

Now, using Number line to obtain the nature.

Hence,
x ∈ (4, ∞ )∪{1}
5x+8
33. Given 4−x
< 2

Subtracting both sides by 2, we get

5x+8
⇒ -2<2-2
4−x
5x+8
⇒
4−x
-2<0
5x+8−2(4−x)
⇒ < 0
4−x
5x+8−8+2x
⇒ < 0
4−x
7x
⇒ < 0
4−x

x > 0 and 4 - x < 0

⇒ x > 0 and 4 - x - 4 < 0 - 4

⇒ x > 0 and -x < -4

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 ⇒ x > 0 and x > 4
∴ x ∈ (0, ∞) ∩ (4, ∞)

However, (0, ∞) ∩ (4, ∞) = (4, ∞ )

Hence, x ∈ (4, ∞ )
Section C
34. Let the speed of the stream be v km/hr. It is given that the speed of the boat in still water is u = 10 km/hr. Then,
Speed downstream = (10 + v) km/hr
Speed upstream = (10 - v) km/hr
36
∴ Time taken to travel 36 km downstream = 10+v
hr

Time taken to travel 36 km upstream = 36

10−v
hr

It is given that the boat takes 1 hour 30 minutes less to travel 36 km downstream than to travel the same distance upstream.
36 36 3
∴ − =
10−v 10+v 2

1 1 3
⇒ 36 ( − ) =
10−v 10+v 2

10+v−10+v 3
⇒ 36 { } =
(10−v)(10+v) 2

72v 3
⇒ =
2 2
100−v

⇒ 100 - v2 = 48v
⇒ v2 + 48u - 100 = 0 ⇒ (v + 5.0) (v - 2) = 0 ⇒ v - 2 = 0 ⇒ v = 2 [∵ v + 50 ≠ 0 as v > 0]
Hence, the speed of the stream is 2 km/hr.
35. Let the time taken by A and B to rim 1 km be x and y seconds respectively.
If A gives B, a start of 40 metres, it means that in the same time A runs 1000 metres while B runs (1000 - 40) m = 960 m.
Now,
B runs 1000 m in y seconds
y
∴ B runs 960 m in ( 1000
× 960) seconds = 24

25
y seconds
Thus, A and B reach the winning point in x seconds and 24

25
y seconds respectively.
But, B wins by 19 seconds.
y - x = 19
24

25

⇒ 25x - 24y = -475 ...(i)

If A gives B, a start of 30 seconds, then A starts 30 seconds after B. Therefore, A runs for (y - 30) seconds.
1000
In (y - 30) seconds, A runs x
(y - 30) meters.
It is given that B wins by 40 metres.
1000
∴ 1000 - (y - 30) = 40
x
1000
⇒
x
(y - 30) = 960
⇒
25

x
(y - 30) = 24
⇒ 24x - 25y = -750 ...(ii)
Adding (i) and (ii), we obtain
49x - 49y = -1225 ⇒ x - y = -25 ...(iii)
Subtracting (ii) from (i), we obtain
x + y = 275 ...(iv)
Solving (iii) and (iv), we obtain x = 125 and y = 150
A and B take 125 seconds and 150 seconds respectively to run 1 kilometer.
36. Let the speed of boats P and Q in still water be uP and uQ respectively. Let the speed of the water current be v km/hr.
It is given that uQ = 10 km/hr and uP = (10 - v) km/hr

Time taken by boat P to travel downstream from A to B = 20

uP +v

Time taken by boat Q to travel upstream from point B to point C = 40

uQ −v

It is given that
40 20
− 3 =
uQ −v uP +v

⇒
40

10−v
− 3 =
20

10−v+v
[∵ up = 10 - v and uQ = 10]
⇒
40

10−v
− 3 =2

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 ⇒
10−v
40
= 5 ⇒ 10 - v = 8 ⇒ v = 2
∴ up = 10 - v ⇒ up = (10 - 2) = 8
Hence, the speed of boat P in still water is 8 km/hr.
37. Let the pipes A, B and C fill the swimming pool separately in nA, nB and nC hours respectively. It is given that
nAB = nC, nB = nA - 5 and nB = nC + 4
⇒
nAB
1
=
nC
1
, nB = nA - 5 and nA - 5 = nC + 4
⇒
n
1
+
nB
1
=
1

nC
, nB = nA - 5 and nC = nA - 9
A

1 1 1
⇒ + =
n n −5 n −9
A A A
2n −5
A 1
⇒ =
n (n −5) nA −9
A A

⇒ (2nA - 5) (nA - 9) = nA(nA - 5)

⇒ 2(nA)2 - 23nA + 45 = (nA)2 - 5nA

⇒ (nA)2 - 18nA + 45 =0
⇒ (nA - 15)(nA - 3) = 0
⇒ nA - 15 = 0 [∵ nB > 0 and nC > 0 ∴ nA > 5 and nA > 9]
⇒ nA = 15
Hence, the first pipe A alone takes 15 hours to fill the tank.
38. Let the car take n hours to cover 385 km. Every hour the speed of the car increases by 5 km/hr. This means that it covers 40 km in
first hour, 45 km in the second hour, 50 km in the third hour, and so on.
∴ 40 + 45 + 50 + ...upto n term = 385
n n
⇒
2
{2 × 40 + (n - 1) × 5} = 385 [Using: Sn = 2
{2a(n - 1)d}]
⇒
n

2
(5n + 75) = 385
⇒ n(n + 15) = 77 × 2
⇒ n2 + 15m - 154 = 0 ⇒ (n + 22) (n - 7) = 0 ⇒ n - 7 = 0 ⇒ n = 7 [∵ n = 22 ≠ 0]
Hence, the car takes 7 hours to cover 385 km
39. We need to assume two consecutive even positive integers.
So, let the smaller even positive integer be x.
Then, the other even positive integer will be (x + 2).
Given: Both these numbers are larger than 5 …(i)
And their sum is less than 23 …(ii)
So,
From given statement (i),
x > 5 …(iii)
x+2>5
⇒ x > 5 - 2

⇒ x > 3

Since the number must be larger than 5, x > 3 can be ignored.

From given statement (ii),
Sum of these two consecutive even positive integers < 23
⇒ (x) + (x + 2) < 23

⇒ x + x + 2 < 23

⇒ 2x + 2 < 23

⇒ 2(x + 1) < 23
23
⇒ x+1< 2

⇒ x + 1 < 11.5
⇒ x < 11.5 - 1
⇒ x < 10.5 …(iv)
From inequalities (iii) & (iv), we have
x > 5 & x < 10.5
It can be merged and written as

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 5 < x < 10.5
From this inequality, we can say that x lies between 5 and 10.5
So, the even positive integers lying between 5 and 10.5 are 6, 8, and 10.
Now, let us find pairs of consecutive even positive integers.
Let x = 6, then (x + 2) = (6 + 2) = 8
Let x = 8, then (x + 2) = (8 + 2) = 10
Let x = 10, then (x + 2) = (10 + 2) = 12.
Hence, all such pairs of consecutive even positive integers required are (6, 8), (8, 10) and (10, 12)
40. The given system of inequations is
2(2x + 3) - 10 < 6 (x - 2) ...(i)
2x−3

4
+ 6 ≥ 2 + ...(ii)
4x

Now, 2 (2x + 3) - 10 < 6 (x - 2)

⇒ 4x + 6 - 10 < 6x - 12

⇒ 4x - 4 < 6x - 12
⇒ 4x - 6x < 4 - 12
⇒ -2x < -8

⇒ x > 4

⇒ x ∈ (4, ∞)

So, the solution set of the first inequation is the interval (4, ∞ )
2x−3
and, + 6 ≥ 2 +
4
4x

3
2x−3+24 6+4x
⇒ ≥
4 3
2x+21 4x+6
⇒ ≥
4 3

⇒ 3(2x + 21) ≥ 4(4x + 6)

⇒ 6x + 63 ≥ 16x + 24

⇒ 6x - 16x ≥ 24 - 63

⇒ -10x ≥ -39
39
⇒ x ≤
10

⇒ x ≤ 39
⇒ x ∈ (−∞ , 3.9]

So, the solution set of inequation (ii) is the interval (−∞ , 3.9]
The solution sets of inequations (i) and (ii) are graphed on the real lines in Figures (i) and (ii) respectively.

We observe that there is no common solution to the two inequations. So, the given system of inequations has no solution.
41. First, we will find the solutions of the given equation by hit and trial method and afterward we will plot the graph of the equation
and shade the side containing solutions of the inequality.
You can choose any value but find the two mandatory values which are at x = 0 and y = 0, i.e., x and y–intercepts always,
x + 2y - 4 ≤ 0
x 0 2 4

y 2 1 0

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42. Given that,
pH value of the first reading = 7.48
pH value of the second reading = 7.85
We need to find the range of the pH value for the third reading so that the acidity level in the pool is normal.
But the acidity level in the pool is considered normal when the average pH reading of the three measurements is between 7.2 and
7.8
That is, 7.2 < average pH reading of the three measurements < 7.8 …(i)
Let us find the average pH reading of the three measurements.
For this, let the pH value of the third reading be x.
Then, the average is given by
Sum of pH value of all three readings
Average = 3

⇒ Average = 1

3
[pH value of first reading + pH value of second reading + pH value of third reading]
⇒ Average = 7.48+7.85+x

3
15.33+x
⇒ Average = 3

Substituting this value of average in inequality (i), we get

15.33+x
7.2 < < 7.8
3

Multiply 3 throughout the inequality, we have

15.33+x
7.2 × 3 < 3
× 3 < 7.8 × 3
⇒ 22.6 < 15.33 + x < 23.4
Now, subtract 15.33 throughout the inequality,
⇒ 22.6 - 15.33 < 15.33 + x - 15.33 < 23.4 - 15.33

⇒ 7.27 < x < 8.07

This means, x lies between values 7.27 and 8.07

Thus, the pool’s acidity level would be normal when the range of pH value in the third measurement would be between 7.27 and
8.07
43. First, we will find the solutions of the given equations by hit and trial method and afterward we will plot the graph of the
equations and shade the side with grey color containing common solutions or intersection of the solution set of each inequality.
You can choose any value but find the two mandatory values which are at x = 0 and y = 0, i.e., x and y-intercepts always.
x + 2y ≤ 3
x 0 1 3

y 1.5 1 0
3x + 4y ≥ 12
x 0 2 4

y 3 1.5 0

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 y ≥ 1, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0

Section D
44. i. Let the speed in still water be x km/h and the speed of the stream be y km/h.
Speed of the boat upstream = (x - y) km/h
Speed of the boat downstream = (x + y) km/h
Distance 48
As = Time, =6
Speed x−y

⇒ 6 (x - y) = 48
⇒ x - y = 8

and
Distance 48
= Time, = 3
Speed x+y

⇒ 3 (x + y) = 48
⇒ x +y = 16

Adding above equations, we have

x + y = 16

x − y = 8

2x = 24 ⇒ x = 12, y = 4

Speed of rowing in still water = 12 km/h.

ii. Speed of the stream = 4 km/h
iii. Total distance covered = 48 km + 48 km = 96 km.
Total time taken = 6 hours + 3 hours = 9 hours.
total distance covered
∴ Average speed = =
96
km/h = 10 2
km/h.
total time taken 9 3

OR
Speed of stream = y = 4 km/h,
time taken by Susy upstream = t1 = 3.5 hours and
time taken by Susy downstream = t2 = 1.5 hours.
t1 + t2
Using the formula, x = y( t1 − t2
) ,
3.5+1.5
speed of boat still water = 4 × 3.5−1.5
= 4 ×
5

= 10 km/h
Section E
45. Let the cistern be emptied n hours after 5 AM. Clearly, pipes A and B fill the tank for n hours and (n - 1) hours respectively, while
pipe C empties the tank for (n - 2) hours.
(n−1) (n−2)
n
∴ + − = 0
3 4 1
4n+3(n−1)−12(n−2)
⇒
12
= 0 ⇒ -5n + 21 = 0 ⇒ n = 21

5
hours ⇒ n = 4 hours 12 minutes
Hence, the cistern will be emptied 4 hours 12 minutes after 5 AM i.e. at 12 minutes past 9 AM.
46. Distance covered by A = 1000 m

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 Distance covered by B = 900 m
Speed of A: speed of B = 10 : 9
Distance covered by B = 1000

Distance covered by C = 900

Speed of B: Speed of C = 10 : 9

∴ A : B : C = 100 : 90 : 81
= 1000 : 900 : 81
A : B = 10 : 9
10 : 9.
When A covers 1000 meter C covers 810 metes
∴ Required distance cover = 1000 - 810

= 190 metre.
47. Let the distance covered be d km. and y be speed of stream
speed of boat = 5 km/h
speed of stream = y km/h
speed of boat in upstram(u): x - y km/h
= 5 - y km/h
speed of boat in downstream (v) = x + y km/h
= 5 + y km/h
ATQ.
d d D
= 3( ) [∵ T = ]
5−y 5+y S

1 3
=
5−y 5+y

5 + y = 3(5 - y)
5 + y = 15 - 3y
y + 3y = 15 - 5
4y = 10
y= 10

4
5
y= 2
km/h
1
y=2 2
km/h
speed of stream is 2.5 km/h
48. First we will find the solutions of the given equations by hit and trial method and afterward we will plot the graph of the equations
and shade the side with grey color containing common solutions or intersection of the solution set of each inequality.
You can choose any value but find the two mandatory values which are at x = 0 and y = 0, i.e., x and y-intercepts always.
12 + 12y ≤ 840
x + y ≤ 70
x 0 35 70

y 70 35 0
3x + 6y ≤ 300
x + 2y ≤ 100
x 0 50 100

y 50 25 0

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 8x + 4y ≤ 480
2x + y ≤ 120
x 0 30 60

y 120 60 0
x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0

49. First, we will find the solutions of the given equations by hit and trial method and afterward we will plot the graph of the
equations and shade the side with grey color containing common solutions or intersection of the solution set of each inequality.
You can choose any value but find the two mandatory values which are at x = 0 and y = 0, i.e., x and y-intercepts always.
x + 2y ≤ 40
x 0 30 60

y 120 60 0
3x + y ≥ 30
x 0 30 60

y 120 60 0
4x + 3y ≥ 60
x 0 30 60

y 120 60 0
x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0

50. Given: Volume of the existing solution = 1125 liters

Amount of acid in the existing solution = 45% of 1125 …(i)
And the rest 55% of 1125 liters is the amount of water in it, which need not be computed.
Let the water added (in liters) be x in 1125 liters of solution.
According to the question,
x liters of water has to be added to 1125 liters of the 45% solution.
We can say that, even if x liters of water is added to the 1125 liters of solution, acid content will not change. Only water content
and the whole volume of the solution will get affected.
So, the resulted solution will have acid content as follows:
The acid content in the solution after adding x liters of water = 45% of 1125 …(ii)
[∵ we know that the amount of acid content will not change after adding water to the whole solution. So, from equation (i), we

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have this conclusion]
Also, according to the question,
This resulting mixture will contain more than 25% acid content.
So, we have
Acid content in the solution after adding x litres of water > 25% of new mixture
⇒ 45% of 1125 > 25% of (1125 + x) [∵ from equation (ii)]

⇒ 45 × 1125 > 25(1125 + x)

⇒ 9 × 1125 > 5(1125 + x)

⇒ 9 × 225 > 1125 + x

⇒ 2025 > 1125 + x
⇒ x < 2025 - 1125

⇒ x < 900

Also,
This resulting mixture will contain less than 30% acid content.
So, we have
Acid content in the solution after adding x litres of water < 30% of new mixture
⇒ 45% of 1125 < 30% of (1125 + x) [∵ from equation (ii)]

× (1125 + x)
45 30
⇒ × 1125 <
100 100

⇒ 45 × 1125 < 30(1125 + x)

⇒ 9 × 1125 < 6(1125 + x)
⇒ 3 × 1125 < 2(1125 + x)
⇒ 3375 < 2250 + 2x

⇒ 2x + 2250 > 3375

⇒ 2x > 3375 - 2250

⇒ 2x > 1125

⇒ x > 562.5

Thus, we have got x < 900 and x > 562.5

⇒ 562.5 < x < 900

Hence, the required liters of water to be added to 1125 liters of solution is between 562.5 liters and 900 liters.

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 Solution

QUESTION BANK

Class 12 - Applied Maths

Section A
1.
(d) -59
Explanation:
-59

2. (a) always increasing

Explanation:
always increasing
3.
xy
(d)
(1+ x2 )

Explanation:
Given, y = sec tan-1 x
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
= sec tan-1 x tan tan-1 x ⋅
dy 1

dx 2
1+x

tan-1 x
1 xy
= y ⋅x ⋅ 2
= 2
[∵ tan = x]
1+x 1+x

4.
(c) (2, 16)
Explanation:
(2, 16)

5.
(c) 2x = π
Explanation:
y = x + sinx cosx
dy
2 2
= 1 − sin x + cos x
dx
π
Slope of the tangent at x = 2
is 0.
−1
Slope of the normal is 0

At x = π

2
⇒ y =
π

⇒ Equation of normal,
π −1 π
y − = (x − )
2 0 2
π
x =
2

⇒ 2x = π

6.
(b) 0, 54
Explanation:
f(x) = x3 - 6x2 + 9x, x ∈ [0, 6]
Differentiating f(x) with respect to x, we get
f'(x) = 3x2 - 12x + 9 = 3(x - 3)(x - 1)
For extreme points, f'(x) = 0 ⇒ x = 1 or x = 3
For least and greatest value of f(x) in [0, 6], we will have to check at extreme points as well as interval extremes
f(1) = 4

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 f(3) = 0
f(0) = 0
f(6) = 54
Hence the least value of f(x) in [0, 6] is 0 and its greatest value is 54

7. (a) ty = x +at2
Explanation:
2
y = 4ax
dy
⇒ 2y = 4a
dx
dy 2a
⇒ =
dx y

dy
⇒
dx
at (at 2
, 2at) is 2a

2at
=
1

⇒ Slope of tangent = m = 1

Hence, equation of tangent is y − y 1

= m (x − x1 )
1 2
⇒ y − 2at = (x − at )
t

2 2
⇒ yt − 2at = x − at

2
⇒ yt = x + at

8.
(d) parallel
Explanation:
Given y =x3 + 3x
dy
2
⇒ = 3x + 3
dx

Slope of tangent at x = 1 = 6 and

Slope of tangent at x = -1 = 6
Hence, the two tangents are parallel.

9.
(d) A is false but R is true.
Explanation:
A is false but R is true.

10. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
Here, y = t10 + 1 and x = t8 + 1
dy dx
∴
dt
= 10t
9
and dt
= 8t
7

dy 9
10t 5 2
∴ = = t
dx 7 4
8t
2
d y dy
Now, =
d
( ) =
d
(
5 2
t )
dx2 dx dx dx 4

5 dt
= × 2t ×
4 dx
2
d y 5 1
= × t ×
2 2 7
dx 8t
2
d y 5
=
2 6
dx 16t

Section B
11. y = (cot-1 x)2
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x
dy −1
−1 −2 cot x
= 2 cot −1
x( ) =
dx 1+x2 1+x2

Again differentiate the both sides w.r.t. x,

2 1 −1
(1+ x )− − cot x(2x)
2 2
d y

2
= −2 [ 1+x

2
]
dx 2
(1+ x )

2 −1 −1
d y −1−2x cot x 2+4x⋅ cot x

2
= −2 [ 2 2
] = 2 2
dx (1+ x ) (1+ x )

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 −1 −1
2+4x cot x −2 cot x
LHS = (x 2
+ 1) {
2
} + 2x (x 2
+ 1) { }
2 (1+ x2 )
(1+ x )

= 2 + 4x cot-1 x - 4xcot-1 x = 2 = RHS

12. We have, (x + y)2 = 2axy
Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get
d 2 d
⇒ (x + y ) = (2axy)
dx dx

d dy d
⇒ 2(x + y)
dx
(x + y) = 2a [x
dx
+ y
dx
(x)] [using chain rule and product rule]
dy dy
⇒ 2(x + y) [1 + ] = 2a [x + y(1)]
dx dx

dy dy
⇒ 2(x + y) + 2(x + y) = 2ax + 2ay
dx dx
dy
⇒
dx
[2(x + y) - 2ax] = 2ay - 2(x + y)
dy 2[ay−x−y]
⇒ =
dx 2[x+y−ax]

dy ay−x−y
⇒ = ( )
dx x+y−ax

13. Given:- f(x) = (x – 1) ex + 1

⇒ f'(x) = d

dx
((x - 1)ex + 1)
= f'(x) = ex + (x – 1) ex
= f'(x) = ex(1 + x – 1)
= f'(x) = xex
as given,
x>0
= ex > 0
= xex > 0
= f'(x) > 0
Hence, the condition for f(x) to be increasing
Thus, f(x) is increasing for all x > 0.
= 6x2
dy
14. Slope = m: dx

m at (x =2) = 24
m at (x = -2) = 24
we know that if the slope of curve at two different point is equal then straight lines are parallel at that points, so straight lines are
parallel.
15. Let u = sin −1
(
2x

2
) and v = tan-1x
1+x

Put, x = tan θ, we get

−1 2 tan θ −1
u = sin ( ) = sin (sin 2θ)
2
1+ tan θ

−1 π π π π
⇒ u = 2θ = 2 tan x [∵ −1 < x < 1 ⇒ − < θ< ⇒ − < 2θ < ]
4 4 2 2

Thus, we have
u = 2 tan-1x and v = tan-1x
Differentiating u and v with respect to x, we get
⇒ =
du

dx
and =
2

2
dv

dx
1

2
1+x 1+x
2
du/dx 2/1+x
du
= = = 2
dv dv/dx 1/1+x2

Section C
16. We have, C = a + bx + cx2
∴ AC = + b + cx and,
C a
=
x x
dC d
MC = dx
=
dx
(a + bx + cx )
2
= b + 2cx
a
Now, 1

x
(M C − AC ) = x
1
{(b + 2cx) − (
x
+ b + cx)}
1 a a
= x
{cx −
x
} = c −
2
... (i)
x

and, d

dx
(AC ) = d

dx
(
a

x
+ b + cx)

−a
= + 0 = (c −
a
) ...(ii)
x2 x2

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 From (i) and (ii), we get,
(AC ) =
d 1
(M C − AC )
dx x

17. We have, R(x) = 36x + 3x2 + 5. Therefore,

i. Average revenue = AR = R

x
= 36 + 3x +
5

ii. Marginal revenue = MR = dR

dx
=
d

dx
(36x + 3x2 + 5) = 36 + 6x
iii. When x = 5, we get AR = 36 + 3 × 5 + 5

5
= 52 and, MR = 36 + 6 × 5 = 66
iv. The actual revenue on selling 50th item = (Revenue received on selling 50 items) - (Revenue received on selling 49 items)
= R(50) - R(49) = [36 × 50 + 3 (50)2 + 5] - [36 × 49 + 3 × (49)2 + 5]
= (1800 + 7500 + 5) - (1764 + 7203 + 5) = ₹ 33

18. We have C = 1

3
x3 - 5x2 + 30x + 10 price, p = 6
∴ Total revenue, R = px = 6x
∴ Profit, P = R - C = 6x - ( x3 - 5x2 + 30x + 10)
1

+ 5x2 - 24x - 10
3

=- x

∴
dP

dx
= -x2 + 10x - 24
2
d P
and 2
= -2x + 10 = -2(x - 5)
dx

dP

dx
= 0 ⇒ -x2 + 10x - 24 = 0
⇒ x2 - 10x + 24 = 0
⇒ x = 4, 6
2
d P

2
∣
∣
= -2(4 - 5) = 2 ≮ 0
dx x=4

∴ P is not maximum when x = 4

2
d P

2
∣
∣
= -2(6 - 5) = -2 < 0
dx x=6

∴ P is maximum when x = 6
19. The given curve is y = x4 - 6x3 + 13x2- 10x + 5
= 4x3 - 18x2 + 26x -10.
dy
⇒
dx

Slope of tangent at (1, 3) = 4(1)3 -18(1)2 + 26(1) - 10 = 2.

The equation of tangent at P(1, 3) is
y - 3 = 2(x - 1) or 2x - y + 1 = 0.
Slope of normal = - 1

The equation of normal is

y - 3 = - (x-1) or x + 2y - 7 = 0.
1

20.

Side length of big square is 18 cm

Let the side length of each small square be a.
If by cutting a square from each corner and folding up the flaps we will get a cuboidal box with
Length, L = 18 - 2a
Breadth, B = 18 - 2a and
Height, H = a
Assuming,
Volume of box, V = LBH = a(18 - 2a)2
Condition for maxima and minima is
dV

da
=0
⇒ (18 - 2a)2 + (a)(-2)(2)(18 - 2a) = 0
⇒ (18 - 2a)[(18 - 2a) - 4a] = 0

⇒ (18 - 2a)[18 - 6a] = 0

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 ⇒ a = 3, 9
2
d V

2
= (-2)(18 - 6a) + (-6)(18 - 2a)
da
2
d V
⇒
2
= 24a - 144
da
2 2
d V d A
For a = 3, = 72, ⇒ 2
< 0
da2 dθ
2 2
d V d A
For a = 9, 2
= 72, ⇒ 2
> 0
da dθ

So for A to maximum
2
d A
< 0
2
dθ

Hence, a = 3 will give maximum volume.

And maximum volume, V = a(18 - 2a)2 = 432 cm3
Section D
21. i. According to given information,
y
perimeter of floor of the building = 2x + 2.(π ⋅ 2
) = 200
⇒ 2x + πy = 200.

ii. Area of rectangular region of the floor = A = xy

(100x - x2)
200−2x
= x( π
) = 2

(100x - x2) (from (x( (100x - x2))

200−2x
iii. A = 2

π π
) = 2

2
d A d A
⇒
dx
=
2

π
(100x - 2x) and 2
=
2

π
(0 - 2) = - . 4

π
dx

d A
Now, dx
=0⇒ 2

π
(100 - 2x) = 0 ⇒ x = 50.
2
d A
When x = 50, 2
=
4

π
<0
dx

⇒ A is maximum when x = 50.

Maximum value of A = 2

π
(100 × 50 - 502) = 5000

π
m2.
OR
Let Z be the area of the whole floor, then
y 2
Z = xy + 2⋅ 1

2
π(
2
) = xy + π

4
⋅ y
2

2
200−2x 200−2x
=x⋅ π
+
π

4
⋅ (
π
)

(100x - x2) +
(100−x)
= 2

π π
2

⇒
dZ
=
2

π
(100 - 2x) + 2

π
(100 - x)(-1) = 2x

π
and d Z
= −
2

π
.
dx dx2
dZ 2x

dx
=0⇒- π
= 0 ⇒ x = 0.
2

When x = 0, d Z

2
= −
2

π
< 0 ⇒ Z is maximum when x = 0.
dx

22. i. Given volume = 8 m3 and height = 2 m

So, x × y × 2 = 8 ⇒ xy = 4
ii. Area of sides of the tank = 2(x + y) × h = 4(x + y) m2
∴ The cost of construction of the sides of the tank = ₹ 180 × 4(x + y) = ₹720 (x + y)
The cost of construction of the base of the tank = ₹ x × y × 280 = ₹ 4 × 280 = ₹ 1120 (using part (x × y × 2 = 8 ⇒ xy = 4))
So, C = ₹ [1120 + 720 (x + y)]
⇒ C = 1120 + 720 (x + 4

x
)

2
dC d C 5760
iii. dx
= = 0 + 720 (1 − 4

2
) and 2
=
3
.
x dx x

= 0 ⇒ x2 = 4 ⇒ x = 2
dC
Now, dx
= 0 ⇒ (1 − 4

2
)
x
2
d C 5760
[
2
] = 8
>0
dx x=2

⇒ C is minimum when x = 2
OR
The least cost of the tank = ₹ [1120 + 720 (2 + 4

2
)]

= ₹(1120 + 2880) = ₹ 4000

Section E

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23. The given curve is 3x2 - y2 = 8 ...(i)
Let P(x1, y1) be a point on the curve (i) the tangent at which passes through the point ( 4

3
.
, 0)

As P(x1, y1) lies on the curve 3x 2

1
− y
2
1
= 8 ...(ii)
Differentiating (i) w.r.t. x, we get
dy
6x - 2y dx
= 0

dy 3x
⇒ =
dx y

3x1
∴ Slope of tangent at P (x 1, y1 ) =
y1

∴ The equation of tangent to the curve (i) at P (x 1, y1 ) is

3x1
y − y1 = (x − x1 )
y1

Since it passes through the point ( 4

3
, 0) , we get
3x1 4
0 − y1 = ( − x1 )
y1 3

2 2
⇒− y = 4x1 − 3x
1 1

⇒ 3x
2
1
− y
2
1
= 4x1 ⇒ 4x1 = 8 (using (ii))
⇒ x1 = 2
Substituting this value of x1 in equation (ii), we get
3×2 2
− y
2
1
= 8

⇒ y
2
1
= 4 ⇒ y1 = ± 2
Thus, we get the points P(2, ± 2) on the curve (i), the tangent at which passes through the point ( 4

3
, 0) .
∴Equations of tangents to the curve are
y-2= (x − 2) and y + 2 =
3×2

2
(x − 2)
3×2

−2

⇒ y − 2 = 3(x − 2) and y + 2 = -3(x - 2)

⇒ 3x - y - 4 = 0 and 3x + y + 4 = 0
Hence, the equations of required tangents are 3x - y - 4 = 0 and 3x + y - 4 = 0
24. Let r metres be the radius of the circle and d metres be a side of the square formed by the two pieces of the wire, then

2π r + 4d = 50 ...(i)
Let A sq. metres be the combined area of the circle and the square, then
2

A = π r2 + d2 = πr
50−2πr
2
+ (
4
) (using (i))
Differentiating it w.r.t. r, we get
dA

dr
= 2π r + ⋅ 2(50 - 2π r) (-2π ) = 2π r +
16
1 1

2
2
π r −
25

2
π

2
d A
and 2
= 2π +
1

2
π
2

dr

Now dA

dr
= 0 ⇒ 2π r + 1

2
2
π r −
25

2
π =0
⇒ 4r + π r = 25 ⇒ (4 + 22

7
) r = 25 ⇒ r = 7

2
d A
For r = 7

2
, 2
= 2π +
1

2
π
2
> 0
dr

⇒ A is minimum when r = 7

2
7
∴ The length of the piece of wire bent into the form of circle = 2π r = 2 ⋅ 22

7
⋅
2
m = 22m and the length of the piece of wire bent
into the form of square = 50 m - 22 m = 28 m.
25. Given equation of the curve is
3x2 - y2 = 8 ...(i)
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
dy
6x − 2y = 0
dx
dy
⇒
dx
=
3x

y
, which is slope of tangent at any point on the curve
−y
⇒ slope of normal at any point on the curve is − dx

dy
=
3x

Given that the normal is parallel to the line x + 3y = 4

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 y
∴ −
3x
= −
1

3
...[Slope of Tangent]
⇒ y = x ...(ii)
From (i) and (ii), we get
3x2 - x2 = 8
⇒ x2 = 4
⇒ x = ±2

For x = 2, y = 2 [using (iii)]

and for x = -2, y = -2 [using (iii)]
Thus, the points on the curve at which normal to the curve are parallel to the line x + 3y = 4 are (2, 2) and (-2, -2)
∴ Required equations of normal are
1 1
y-2=− 3
(x - 2) and y + 2 = − 3
(x + 2)
or 3y + x = 8 and 3y + x = -8

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 Solution

QUESTION BANK

Class 12 - Applied Maths

Section A
1.
(c) 9%
Explanation:
9%

2. (a) R

Explanation:
R

3.
(c) ₹ 1750
Explanation:
Let sum invested be ₹ x.
x×3×8 6x
∴ S.I. = 100
= 25
...(i)
2
10
C.I. = 4000[(1 + 100
) − 1]

= 4000[(1.1)2 - 1] = 4000(1.21 - 1)
= 4000 × 0.21 = ₹ 840 ...(ii)
∴ 2 × = 840
6x

25

⇒ x= 840×25

12
= 70 × 25 = ₹ 1750
∴ Sum invested = ₹ 1750

4.
(b) 8 years
Explanation:
8 years

5. (a) equal
Explanation:
equal
6.
(c) ₹ 121.44
Explanation:
P = ₹ 2400, r = 5% p.a. or 5

2
% half yearly
Time = 2 half years
2

∴ C.I. = 2400 [(1 + 5

200
) − 1]

= 2400[(1.025)2 - 1]
= 2400[1.0506 - 1] = ₹ 121.44

7.
(b) ₹ 1750
Explanation:
Amount of each annuity = ₹ 200,
r = 8% p.a. = 2% quarterly
⇒ i = 0.02, n = 2 × 4 = 8 quarters

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 [(1 + 0.02)8- 1]
200(1+0.02)
∴ FV = 0.02

[(1.02)8- 1]
200(1+0.02)
=
0.02
200(1+0.02)
=
0.02
[1.1716 - 1]
200(1.02)
=
0.02
× 0.1716
= ₹ 1750.32 ∼ ₹ 1750

8.
(c) 9%
Explanation:
Simple interest for 2 years = ₹ 270
Simple interest for 1 year = ₹ 135
Difference between compound interest and simple
interest = ₹ (282.15 - 270.00) = ₹ 12.15
∴ ₹ 12.15 is interest on ₹ 135 for 1 year

∴
135×r×1

100
= 12.15
⇒ r= 12.15×100

135

⇒ r= 1215

135
=9
∴ rate of interest = 9%

9.
(c) A is true but R is false.
Explanation:
Given r = 8 % p.a. compounded semi-annually.
So, effective rate of return
2

= (1 + 8

200
) − 1 = (1.04)
2
− 1

= 1.0816 - 1 = 0.0816
∴ Effective rate of return = 8.16 %

∴ Assertion is true. Reason is false.

10.
(d) A is false but R is true.
Explanation:
Given original cost = ₹ 40000, useful life = 10 years
Annual depreciation = ₹ 3500
original cost − scrap value
Annual depreciation =
useful life
40000− scrap value
⇒ 3500 = 10

⇒ 35000 = 40000 - scrap value

⇒ scrap value = ₹ 5000
∴ Assertion is false. Reason is true.

Section B
5 2.5
11. Given A = ₹ 100000, r = 2
% per half year ⇒ i = 100
= 0.025 and n = 20 half year
Using formula
n 20
(1+i) −1 (1.025) −1
A = R[ i
] ⇒ 100,000 = R [ 0.025
]

⇒ R= 100000×0.025

20
(1.025) −1

⇒ R= 2500

1.637−1
=
2500

0.637

⇒ R = ₹ 3924.64
Let x = (1.025)20

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 Taking logarithm on both sides, we get
log x = 20 log 1.025
⇒ log x = 20 × 0.0107

⇒ log x = 0.2140
⇒ x = antilog 0.2140
⇒ x = 1.637

12. Cost of flat = ₹ 6000000, cash payment ₹ 1000000

So, balance = ₹ 6000000 - ₹ 1000000 = ₹ 5000000
7.5
Given P = ₹ 5000000, n = 12 × 20 = 240 months, i = 1200
= 0.00625
240
5000000×0.00625×(1.00625)
∴ EMI = 240
(1.00625) −1

= 5000000×0.00625×4.4608

3.4608
= ₹40279.70
13. Original cost = ₹ 900000, scrap value = ₹ 70000, annual depreciation = ₹ 70000
900000−270000
∴ 70000 = n
630000
⇒ n=
70000
⇒ n = 9 years
14. Given beginning value of the investment = ₹ 20000
Final value of the investment = ₹ 32000
Number of years = 5
1 1

F.V. n
1

So, CAGR = ( P .V
) -1 = ( 32000

20000
)
5
-1 = (1.6) 5 -1
1

Let x = (1.6) 5

⇒ log x = log 1.6 = 0.2041 = 0.04082

1 1
×
5 5

⇒ x = antilog 0.04082 = 1.098

So, CAGR = 1.098 - 1 = 0.098
Hence, CAGR = 0.098 × 100 % = 9.8 %
15. Let P be ₹ x, S.I. = ₹ 1000, r = 10% p.a., n = 4 years
x×10×4
∴
100
= 1000
⇒ x = 2500
∴ Sum = ₹ 2500
Section C
16. Madhu paid the balance in 20 monthly installments of ₹ 21000 each
Let Principle = P, i = ​ = 0.0075, n = 20 and E = 21000​​
1200
9

E =
Pi

−n
​
1−(1+i)

P ×(0.0075)
⇒ 21000 =
−20
1−(1.0075)

P ×(0.0075)
⇒ 21000 =
1−0.8611
​
P ×(0.0075)
⇒ 21000 =
0.1389

⇒ 21000 × 0.1389 = P × (0.0075) ​

⇒ P = 388920​​
Thus, the balance is ₹ 388920
Madhu exchanged her old car valued at ₹ 150000 and a new one priced at ₹ 650000.
So, Madhu had ₹ 500000 after the exchange.
She paid approximately ₹ 388920in the form of monthly installments.
Therefore, the down payment x = 500000 - 388920 = 111080.
Hence, the value of x is 111080.
6
17. Given, P = ₹ 250000, i = = 0.005 and n = 5 × 12 = 60.
12×100

60
250000×0.005×(1.005)
i. EMI = 60
(1.005) −1

250000×0.005×1.3489
= 0.3489
= ₹ 4832.69
ii. Principal outstanding at beginning of 40 th month
EMI[(1+i)60−40+1 −1] 4832.69×[(1.005)
21
−1]

= 60−40+1
=
21
i(1+i) 0.005×(1.005)

4832.69×[1.1104−1] 4832.69×0.1104
= 0.005×1.1104
=
0.005×1.1104
= ₹ 96096.72

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 EMI[(1+i)60−40+1 −1]
iii. Interest paid in 40th payment = 60−40+1
(1+i)

21
4832.69×[(1.005) −1]
4832.69×0.1104
= 21
=
1.1104
= ₹ 480.48
(1.005)

iv. Principal paid in 40 th payment = EMI - Interest paid in 40 th payment

= 4832.69 - 480.48 = ₹ 4352.21
v. Total interest paid = n × EMI - P = 60 × 4832.69 - 250000
= 289961.40 - 250000 = ₹39961.40
18. Face value C = ₹2,000
Coupon rate id = 10% annually or 0.1
Therefore R = C × id = 2,000 × 0.1 = ₹200
No. of periods before redemption (n) = 5
Yield rate i = 11% or 0.11
Therefore,
−n
∣ 1−(1+i) ∣ −n
V = R∣ ∣ + C(1 + i )
∣ i ∣
−5
1−(1+0.11)
−5
= 200 [ ] + 2000(1 + 0.11)
0.11

−5
1−(1.11)
−5
= 200 [ ] + 2000(1.11)
0.11

1−0.593451
= 200 ∣
∣
∣ + 2000(0.593451)
∣
0.11

= 200 (3.6959) + 1186.902 - 739.18 + 1186.902

= 1926.08
Therefore, the value of the bond is ₹1,927.
19. Face value of the bond C = ₹600
Nominal rate of interest i = 8% or 0.08
As dividends are paid semi-annually
0.08
Therefore, Rate of interest per period id = 2
= 0.04
Therefore, periodic dividend payment R = C × id = 600 × 0.04 = 24
So, semi-annual dividend R is ₹24
Yield rate is 8% = 0.08, compounded semi annually
0.08
Therefore i = 2
= 0.04
No. of years n = 5
Therefore, no. of dividend periods (n) = 5 × 2 = 10
Purchase price (V) of the bond is given by
−n
∣ 1−(1+i) ∣
V = R∣ ∣ + C (1 + i )
−n

∣ i ∣
−10
∣ 1−(1+0.04) ∣ −10
= 24 ∣ ∣ + 600(1 + 0.04)
∣ 0.04 ∣
−10
∣ 1−(1.04) ∣ −10
= 24 ∣ ∣ + 600(1.04)
∣ 0.04 ∣

1−0.6755
= 24 [ ∣ +600(0.6755)
0.04

= 194.7 + 405.3 = 600

Therefore, purchase price of bond is ₹600.
20. Given beginning value of investment = ₹ 20,000
Final value of the investment = ₹ 32,000 No. of years = 5
1

End Value n

So, CAGR = ( ) − 1
Beginning Value
1

32000
=(
5
) − 1
20000

= (1.6) 5 − 1
1

x = (1.6) 5

Let,
Taking log both sides, we get

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LEARN TODAY LEAD TOMMORROW
 log x = 1

5
log(1.6)
⇒ log x = 1

5
× 0.2041
⇒ log x = 0.04082
⇒ x = antilog (0.04802)
= 1.098
CAGR = 1.098 - 1 = 0.098
= 9.8%
Section D
21. i. 8%
ii. 13 % 1

iii. 8%
OR
12.5%
22. i. ₹ 4593
ii. ₹ 233336.89
iii. ₹ 1312.52
OR
₹ 3280.48
Section E
23. Let ₹ R be the amount set aside each year. Since the cost of the new machine is 25% more than the cost of the present one.
Therefore,
Cost of the new machine = ₹52,000 + × 52,000 = ₹65,000
25

100

Scrap value of the present machine = ₹2,500

So, net amount required at the end of 25 years to purchase the new model = ₹(65,000 - 2,500) = ₹62,500
Now,
iS 35
R= n
, where S = 62,500, n = 25 and i = 100
= 0.035
(1+i) −1

⇒ R= 0.035×62500

25
=
21875

2.3632−1
=
2187.5

1.3632
= 1,604.68
(1.035) −1

Thus, ₹1,604.68 are set aside each year out of the profits to purchase the new model of the machine.
nt
(1+r) −1
24. FC = P × ( r
)

4×10
(1+0.015) −1
2,00,000 = P × ( 0.015
)

Now, calculate the value inside the parentheses:

(1.015)40- 1 = 1.8140 - 1= 0.8140
2,00,000 = P × ( 0.8140

0.015
)

Now, calculate the value inside the second set of parentheses:

≈ 54.267
0.8140

0.015

Now, solve for P:

2,00,000
P= 54.267

P ≈ ₹ 3,684.81
So, Anil must set aside approximately ₹ 3,684.81 at the end of each quarter for 10 years to accumulate ₹ 2,00,000 with a 6%
quarterly compounded interest rate.
25. Given,
Principle P = 500000
i = Rate of interest per rupee per month
= 10

1200
=
1

120

n = Number of installments = 60
1
EM I = P (i + )
n

1 1
= 500000 ( + )
120 60

1
= 500000 ( )
40

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= 12500
The EMI for a loan is ₹ 12500.

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 Solution

QUESTION BANK

Class 12 - Applied Maths

Section A
1.
(b) a sample
Explanation:
An observed set of the population that has been selected for analysis is called a sample. A sample is a small part of the whole
information.

2.
(c) σ
Explanation:
σ

3.
(c) 33
Explanation:
Given n = 34
⇒ degree of freedom (v) = 34 - 1 = 33

4.
(c) 5
Explanation:
5

5.
(c) estimating a statistic
Explanation:
estimating a statistic

6.
(d) Standard error
Explanation:
Standard error

7. (a) Both Descriptive and Inferential Statistics

Explanation:
Study of statistics can be categorized in two types:
i. Descriptive Statistics
ii. Inferential Statistics
8.
(d) All of these
Explanation:
All of these

9. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Explanation:

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 Given n = 100, σ = 8, x̄ = 45.
Confidence level = 95%
⇒ 1 - α = 0.95 ⇒ α = 0.05 ⇒ = 0.025
α

∴ Z α = Z0.025 = 1.96
2
α 8
Now, margin of error = Z . α = 1.96 × = 1.96 × 0.8 = 1.57
2 √n √100

∵ μ = x̄ ± margin of error = 45 ± 1.57.

So, confidence interval is (45 -1.57, 45 + 1.57) i.e. (43.43, 46.57).
∴ A is true.
Also, R is true and R is the correct explanation of A.
10. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
Inspector made the following hypothesis:
H0 : μ ≤ 16
H0 : μ > 16
Given μ = 16, n = 100, x̄ = 15.9, σ = 0.5, α = 0.05
0

x̄− μ 15.9−16
So, Z = σ
0
=
0.5
= -2
√n √100

Z0.05 = 1.645
Since Z < Z0.05
So, do not reject H0 i.e. the inspector was right in his suspicions.
Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Section B
11. Given μ = 295, n = 50, x̄ = 297.6, σ = 12 and α = 0.05
0

So, Z = Z0.025 = 1.96

α

Confidence interval = x̄ ± Z α
σ

2 √n

= 297.6 ± 1.96 × 12

√50

= 297.6 ± 3.3
So, confidence interval is (297.6 - 3.3, 297.6 + 3.3) i.e. (294.3, 300.9).
Since the hypothesized value of population mean μ = 295 lies in the confidence interval (294.3, 300.9), so H0 cannot be rejected.
0

12. We are given

μ = 50, x̄ = 55, SD = 10, n = 20

H0: μ = 50

H1 : μ > 50
x̄−μ 55−50
t= = = 2 ⋅ 236
SD 10

√n √20

t > t
cal value tab value
Hence H0 is rejected.
So, Advertising Campaign was successful.
13. Given n = 300, p̄ = 0.31, P0 = 0.24
Z = 2.84 > 0
∵

So, p-value = area under standard normal curve to the right of Z

= 1 - 0.9977 = 0.0023
14. Given n = 120, x̄ = 8.4, μ = 8, σ = 3.2 0

∵ Z = 1.37 > 0

So, p-value = 2(area under standard normal curve to the right of Z)

= 2(1 - 0.9147) = 2 × 0.0853 = 0.1706.
15. Given sample size 400 and 230 are vegetarian eaters.
So sample proportional = = 0.575 230

400

Population proportion P = Prob. (vegetarian eaters from the village) = 1

(Since vegetarian and non-vegetarian foods are equally popular),

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 Q=1-P
1
= 1 −
2
1

2
−−
−
PQ
The standard error S.E. = √ N
−−−−−−
1 1
( )( )
√ 2 2
=
400
−−−
0.25
= √
400

−−−−−−−
= √0.000625

= 0.025
Section C
16. Performing independent samples t-test,not assuming equal variances.
Assumptions: both populations must be normal.
The null hypothesis: the mean IQs are equal.
The alternative hypothesis: the mean IQs are different.
Degrees of freedom: df= min(N1, N2) - 1 = 13
The standard error:
−−−−−−−
s
2
s
2 −−−
2
−−−−
2

SE = √ 1

n1
+
2

n2
= √
10

16
+
8

14
= 3.2896
The test statistics:
¯ ¯
( X 1 − X 2 )−0
107−112
t= SE
=
3.2896
= -1.52
The two-tailed cumulative probability value associated with the given t-statistic can be determined from the Student’s t-
distribution table or calculated using the technology (function T.DIST.2T() of MS Excel).
For df = 13 and t = -1.52, p = 0.152
Since the p-value is greater than both α values, fail to reject the null hypothesis at both significance levels.
The samples do not provide sufficient evidence to conclude the difference between the mean IQs.
17. A group of 5 patients treated with medicine A weigh 10, 8, 12, 6, 4 kg. A second group of 7 patients treated with medicine B
weigh 14, 12, 8, 10, 6, 2, 11 kg. Comment on the rejection of hypothesis with 5% level of significance.
[Given: t(10,0.05) = 1.812]
Consider,
H0 : μ
​ = μ and
1 2

H1 : μ 1 > μ2

Where μ and μ denotes population means for the given two groups.
1 2

for Medicine A
∑x 40
x̄ = = = 8
n 5

x 10 8 12 6 4 ∑x = 40

x − x̄ 2 0 4 -2 -4 0

(x − x̄)
2
4 0 16 4 16 ∑(x − x̄)
2
= 40
For Medicin B
∑y 63
ȳ = = = 9
n 7

y 14 12 8 10 6 2 11 ∑y = 63

y − ȳ 5 3 -1 1 -3 -7 2 0

(y − ȳ )
2
25 9 1 1 9 49 4 ∑(y − ȳ )
2
= 98
1
Now, S 2
=
n1 + n2 −2
[∑(x − x̄)
2
+ ∑(y − ȳ ) ]
2

2 1
S = [40 + 98]
5+7−2

S2 = 10
1
× 138 = 13.8
−
− −
−
S = √13.8 = 3.71

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 x̄− ȳ
t =
1 1
s√ +
n n
1 2

8−9
t =
1 1
3.71√ +
5 7

−1
t =
7+5
3.71√
35

−1
t =
12
3.71√
35

−1
t =
3.71×0.58

t = -0.46
Given: t(10,0.05) = 1.812
Since, tcal.value < ttab value
Hence null hypothesis H0 may be accepted with 5% significance.

18. i. Given α = 0.05, df = 16

Consult the t-distribution table.
See area in right tail (upper tail) 0.05 in topmost row against degree of freedom 16 in leftmost column. The critical value is
1.746.
ii. Given α = 0.01, df = 22.
See area in right tail (upper tail) 0.01 in topmost row against degree of freedom 22 in leftmost column. The critical value is
2.508 and for left tail (lower tail) critical value is -2.508 (∵ curve is symmetric).
Hence, the critical value for left tailed test is -2.508.
iii. Given α = 0.10, df = 18.
See area in right tail = α

2
= 0.05 in topmost row against degree of freedom 18 in leftmost column. The critical value is
0.10

1.734.
Hence, the critical value for left tail is -1.734 and the critical value for right tail is +1.734.
19. We have,
μ = Population mean = 100, n = Sample size = 10

We define
Null Hypothesis H0: The data are consistent with the assumption of a mean I.Q. of 100 in the population.
Alternate hypothesis H1: The mean I.Q. of population ≠ 100
Let the sample statistic t be given by
¯ n

, where S2 =
X −μ 2
t= S n−1
1 ¯
∑ (xi − X )
i=1
√n

Let us now compute X

¯
and S2.
Computation of X
¯
and S
xi d1 = xi - 90 di2

70 -20 400

120 30 900

110 20 400

101 11 121

88 -2 4

83 -7 49

95 5 25

98 8 64

107 17 289

100 10 100

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 ∑ di = 72 ∑ di2 = 2352

Here, di = xi - 90
¯
∴ X = 90 + 1

10
∑ di = 90 + 72

10
= 972 [Using : X
¯
= A+
1

n
∑ di]
2

S2 =
(72)
1

n−1
{∑ d
2
i
−
1

n
(∑ di ) } =
2 1

9
{2352 −
10
}=
1833.6

9
= 203.73
¯
X −μ 97.2−100 −2.8 −2.8
∴ t= ⇒ t = = =
4514
= -0.62
S/√n 203.73 √20.37
√
10

⇒ |t| = 0.62
The sample statistict follows student's t -distribution with v = (10 - 1) = 9 degrees of freedom. It is given that t9(0.05) = 2.262
∴ Calculated |t| < tabulated t9(0.05)
So, the null hypothesis may be accepted at 5% level of significance.
Hence, the assumption of a population mean I.Q. of 100 is valid.
The 95% confidence limits within which the mean I.Q. values of samples of 10 boys will lie are
¯
X − t9(0.05) and X
S ¯
+ t9(0.05) S

√n √n
−−−−− −−−−−
or 97.2 - √ 203.73

10
× 2.262 and 97.2 + √ 203.73

10
× 2.262
or, 97.2 - 4514 × 2.262 and 97.2 + 4.514 × 2.262
or, 97.2 - 10.21 and 97.2 + 10.21
or, 86.99 and 107.41
Hence, the required 95% confidence interval is [86.99, 107.41]
20. We have,
μ = Population mean = 110, X = Sample mean = 105
¯

17
2
n = Sample size = 17 and, ∑ (x i
¯
− X) = 1225
i=1
n
2
2 1 ¯
∴ s = ∑ (xi − X )
n
i=1

1225 −−−−−−
⇒ s
2
=
17
= 72.0588 ⇒ s = √72.0588 = 8.4887
We define, Null Hypothesis H0: There is no significant difference between the sample mean and population means i.e. assumption
that mean of the population is 110 cm is valid.
Alternate hypothesis H1: Assumption that mean of the population is 110 cm is not valid. Let t be the test statistic given by
¯
X −μ 105−110 −−−−− −5×4
t= s
⇒ t= 8.4887
× √17 − 1 =
8.4887
= -2.3561
√n−1

⇒ |t| = 2.3561
The sample statistic follows Student's t -distribution with v = (17 - 1) = 16 degrees of freedom.
We shall now compare this calculated value with the tabulated value of t for 16 degrees of freedom at 5% and 1% levels of
significance.
At 5% level of significance: It is given that t16(0.05) = 2.12
We find that Calculated |t| = 2.3561 > 2.12 = t16(0.05)
i.e. Calculated |t| > Tabulated t16(0.05)
So, we reject the null hypothesis at 5% level of significance. Hence, the assumption that the population has a mean of 110 cm is
not correct.
The confidence limits at 5% level of significance are
¯
X − t16(0.05) and X
s ¯
+ t16(0.05) s

√n−1 √n−1

or 105 - 8.4887

4
× 2.12 and 105 + 8.4887

4
× 2.12
or, 105 - 4.499 = 100.501 and 105 + 4.499 = 109.499
The confidence interval is [100.501,109.499]
At 1% level of significance: It is given that t16(0.01) = 2.921
Clearly, calculated |t| < tabulated t16(0.01)
So, we accept the null hypothesis at 1% level of significance. Hence, the assumption that the mean of the population is 110 cm is
valid.
The confidence limits at 1% level of significance are

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 ¯
X −
s
t16(0.01) and X
¯
+
s
t16(0.01)
√n−1 √n−1

or, 105 - 8.4887

4
× 2.921 and 105 + 8.4887

4
× 2.921
or, 105 - 6.199 = 98.801 and 105 + 6.199 = 111.199
The confidence interval at 1% level of significance or at 99% confidence level is [98.801, 111.199]
Section D
21. i. Number of terms in first set i.e. n1 = 9
∑x
Mean tillers of caged sample is x̄ = n1

17+26+18+25+27+28+26+23+17
=
9

=
207

9
= 23
ii. Number of terms in second set i.e. n2 = 9
Mean tillers of electrified sample is
y
ȳ =
n1

16+16+22+16+21+18+15+20
=
8

=
144

8
= 18
iii. The formula for standard error is
−−−−−−−−−−−−−
2 2
∑(x− x̄) +∑(y− ȳ )
s= √
n1 + n2 −2

OR
The formula for two sample t-test is
x̄− ȳ
−−−−
n n
−
1 2
t = √
s n1 + n2

22. i. Number of terms in first group i.e. n1 = 7

Mean weight of old chickens, reared on a high protein diet is
∑x
x̄ =
n1

12+15+11+16+14+14+16
=
7

=
98

7
= 14
ii. Sum of the squares of mean deviations of old chickens is
2 2 2 2
∑(x − x̄) = (x1 − x̄) + (x2 − x̄) + … + (x7 − x̄)

= (12 - 14)2 + (15 - 14)2 + (11 - 14)2 + (16 - 14)2 + (14 - 14)2 + (14 - 14)2 + (16 - 14)2
=4+1+9+4+0+0+4
= 22
iii. Formula for standard error is
−−−−−−−−−−−−−
2 2
∑(x− x̄) +∑(y− ȳ )
s= √
n1 + n2 −2

We already have the following values

2 2 2
Now, ∑(y − ȳ ) 2
= (y1 − ȳ ) + (y2 − ȳ ) + … +(y7 − ȳ )

= (8 - 11)2 + (10 - 11)2 + (14 - 11)2 + (10 - 11)2 + (13 - 11)2

=9+1+9+1+4
= 24
−−−−− −−
22+24
So, S = √ 7+5−2
= √
46

10

−
−−
= √4.6 = 2.14
OR
The formula for two sample t-test is
x̄− ȳ
−−−−
n n
−
1 2
t = √
s n1 + n2

−−−
14−11 7×5
So, t = 2.14
√
7+5
−−
3 35
= √
2.14 12

−−−
−
= 1.40 × √2.92

= 1.40 × 1.71 = 2.39

Section E

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23. Step 1: Hypothesis H0: μ 1 = μ2 and H1: μ 1 ≠ μ2 (claim)
Step 2: Find the critical values. The test is two-tailed and a = 0.05, also variances are unequal, the degrees of freedom are the
smaller of n1 - 1 or n2 - 1. In this case, the degrees of freedom are 8 - 1 = 7. Hence, from f-table F, the critical values are -2.365
and -2.365.
x̄1 − x̄2 191−199
Step 3: t = = = -0.57
2 2 382 122
s s
1 2 √ +
√ + 8 10
n n
1 2

Step 4: Make the decision.

Do not reject the null hypothesis, since -0.57> -2.365.

Step 5: Make Conclusion. There is not enough evidence to support the claim that the average size of the farms is different.
24. Given μ = 15 months, x̄ = 17 months, n = 30 and S = 5.5
0
¯
¯

Let the hypothesis be given as

Null hypothesis H0 : μ = 15
Alternative hypothesis H a : μ ≠ 15
x̄− μ 17−15 2× √30
So, the test statistic t = S
0
=
5.5
= 5.5

√n √30

⇒ t = 1.9917
df = 30 -1 = 29
∵ t = 1.9917 > 0.

So, p-value of 1.9917 = 2 × area under the t-distribution curve to the right of t.
From the t-distribution table, we find that t = 1.9917 lies between 1.699 and 2.045 for which area lies between 0.025 and 0.05, so
p-values lies between 2 × 0.025 and 2 × 0.05 i.e. between 0.05 and 0.10
So, 0.05 < p-value < 0.10
∵ p-value > 0.05,

So, do not reject H0.

25. Given μ = 2 hours
0

i. The hypothesis is given as

Null hypothesis H0 : μ = 2
Alternative hypothesis Ha : μ ≠ 2.
1.7+1.5+2.6+2.2+2.4+2.3+2.6+3.0+1.4+2.3
ii. x̄ = 10

⇒ x̄ =
22

10
⇒ x̄ = 2.2
So, sample mean is 2.2
iii. Sample standard deviation
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
(1.7−2.2) +(1.5−2.2) +(2.6−2.2) +(2.2−2.2) +(2.4−2.2) +(2.3−2.2) +(2.6−2.2) +(3.0−2.2) +(1.4−2.2) +(2.3−2.2)
S= √
9

−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
0.25+0.49+0.16+0+0.04+0.01+0.16+0.64+0.64+0.01
= √
9
−−−
2.39 −−−−−
= √
9
= √0.2656 = 0.52
So, sample standard deviation is 0.52.
x̄− μ 2.2−2
iv. The test statistic t = S
0
=
0.52

√n √10

0.2× √10
⇒ t= 0.52
=1.22
Degrees of freedom = 10 - 1 = 9
∵ t = 1.29 > 0

So, p-value of 1.22 = 2 × area under the t-distribution curve to the right of t.
From the t-distribution table, we find that t = 1.22 lies between 0.883 and 1.383 for which area lies between 0.10 and 0.20. So,
p-values lies between 2 × 0.10 and 2 × 0.20 i.e. between 0.20 and 0.040.

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v. Given α = 0.05
∵ p-value > 0.05

So, do not reject H0.

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 Solution

QUESTION BANK

Class 12 - Applied Maths

Section A
1.
(d) 2, 3
Explanation:
The given differential equation can be written as
5
2 2 3
dy d y
[3 − (
dx
) ] =x 9
(
2
)
dx

2
d y
The highest order derivative present is 2
. So, its order is 2 and its exponent is 3, so it degree is 3.
dx

2. (a) 2
Explanation:
We know that,
The degree is the power of the highest order derivative.
The highest order is 2 and its power is 2.
Hence, the degree of a differential equation is 2.
3.
(d) y'y" + y = x2
Explanation:
y'y" + y = x2 is a second order differential equation.

4.
(d) not defined
Explanation:
2 2
d y d y
As the term log ( 2
) is not a polynomial in 2
. So, the degree of the given differential equation is not defined.
dx dx

5.
(d) 1, 3
Explanation:
y = Ax + A3 ⇒
dy

dx
=A
∴ The differential equation of family of curves is
3
dy dy
y = x( dx
) +( dx
)

∴ Order = 1, degree = 3

6.
(d) 3, 3
Explanation:
The given differential equation can be written as
2 3 3
dy d y
(1 + 3
dx
) = 64( 3
)
dx

Order = 3, degree = 3

7. (a) one
Explanation:
dy = ∫ log |y + 1| = log |x - 1| + log C
1 1
∫ dx ⇒
y+1 x−1

⇒ y + 1 = C(x - 1)

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 When x = 0, y = 2
∴ 3 = C(0 - 1) ⇒ C = -3

(y + 1) = -3(x - 1)
Hence, the given differential equation has one solution.
8.
−−−−−
(b) √1 − x 2

Explanation:
dy

dx
- x

2
y= 1

2
1−x 1−x
x
1
∫ − dx
log(1− x )
2 −−−−−
I.F. = e 1−x2 =e 2 = √1 − x 2

9.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
+ 4x3 ⋅ e-y
dy
Given dx
=e x−y

e-y
dy
⇒
dx
= (e x
+ 4x )
3

⇒ eydy = (e x
+ 4x )
3
dx
Integrating both sides, we get
∫ e dy = ∫ (e + 4x ) dx
y x 3

⇒ ey = ex + x4 + C
∴ Assertion is true.

Also, Reason is true, but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.

10. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
Section B
−−−−− −−−−−
11. Given 2 2
x√1 + y dx + y √1 + x dy =0
y
⇒
x
dx + dy =0
√1+x2
√1+y 2

On integrating both sides, we get

y
dy = C
x
∫ dx + ∫
√1+x2 2
√1+y

−1 −1

⇒
1

2
∫ (1 + x )
2
2 (2x)dx +
1

2
∫ (1 + y )
2
2 (2y)dy =C
1 1
2 2
(1+ x ) 2 (1+ y ) 2
⇒
1

2
⋅
1
+
1

2
⋅
1
=C
2 2
−−−−− −−−−−
2
⇒ √1 + x + √1 + y
2
=C
−−−− − −−−−−
Hence, solution is
√1 + x2 + √1 + y 2 = C, where C is arbitrary constant.
−−−−− y
12. Given x 2
e √1 − y dx +
x
dy =0
-xex dx
y
⇒ dy =
√1−y 2

Integrating both sides, we get

y
x
∫ dy = − ∫ xe dx
√1−y 2

(put 1 - y2 = t ⇒ -2y dy = dt ⇒ ydy = −

1

2
dt)
⇒ −
1

2
∫
1
dt = − (x. e x
− ∫ 1. e dx) + C
x

√t

= -xex + ex + C
1/2
1 t
⇒ − ⋅
2 1

−−−−−
⇒ − √1 − y
2
= - (x - 1)ex + C
= (x - 1)ex - C ...(1)
−−−−−
2
⇒ √1 − y

Given that y = 1, when x = 0

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 ⇒ 0 = (0 - 1) e0 - C ⇒ 0 = -1 - C ⇒ C = -1
Substituting this value of C in (1), we get
= (x - 1) ex + 1, which is the required particular solution.
−−−−−
2
√1 − y

dy y
13. Given 2(y + 3) - xy dx
=0⇒ y+3
dy = 2

x
dx
3 2
⇒ (1 - y+3
) dy = x
dx.
On integration, we get
y - 3 log |y + 3| + c = 2 log |x|
⇒ log |x2(y + 3)3| = y + c ⇒ |x2 (y + 3)3| = ey+c
⇒ |x2(y + 3)3| = ey ⋅ ec ⇒ x2(y + 3)3 = ± ec ey = A ey (say)
Given that y(1) = -2 i.e. when x = 1, y = -2
∴ 1 = Ae-2 ⇒ A = e2.
∴ The particular solution is x2(y + 3)3 = e2. ey i.e. x2(y + 3)3 = ey+2.
14. Given y = 50 e-0.004 t ...(i)
where y is in watts and t is in days
a. At t = 90 days, y = ?
y = 50 e-0.004 × 90 = 50 e-0.36
y = 50 e-0.36
Let x = e-0.36, then logex = -0.36
2.303 log10x = -0.36 ⇒ log10 x = − 0.36

2.303

⇒ log10 x = -0.1563 = 1 .8437 ¯

¯¯

⇒ x = antilog 1 .8437 = 0.6977

¯
¯¯

So, y = 50 × 0.6977 ⇒ y = 34.88 watts

Hence, 34.88 watts power will be available at the end of 90 days
50
b. At t = ?, y = = 25 2

So, from equation (i),

25 = 50 e-0.004 t
⇒
1

2
= e-0.004 t
1
⇒ loge 2
= -0.004 t
loge 2 2.303 log10 2
⇒ t= 0.004
= 0.004

⇒ t= 2.303×0.3010

0.004
= 173.3
Hence, it will take approximately 173 days for the amount power to be half of its original strength.
15. The order and degree of the given differential equation are 2 and 2 respectively. So, product = 2 × 2 = 4.
Section C
16. Let A denote the amount of the radioactive substance present at any instant t and
let A0 be the initial amount of the substance.
It is given that
dA

dt
αA ⇒
dA

dt
= −λA ...(i)
where λ is the constant of proportionality such that λ > 0. Here, the negative sign indicates that A decreases with the increase in t.
Now,
dA
= −λA
dt
1
⇒ dA = −λdt
A
1
⇒ ∫ dA = −λ ∫ 1. dt
A

⇒ log A = -λ t + C ...(ii)
Initially i.e. at t = 0, we have A = A0. Putting t = 0 and A = A0 in (ii), we get
log A0 = 0 + C ⇒ C = log A0
Putting C = log A0 in (ii), we get
log A = -λ t + log A0

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 ⇒ log(
A0
A
) = −λt ...(iii)
A0 A0
It is given that A = 2
at t = 1600 years. Putting A = 2
and t = 1600 in (iii), we get
log( 1

2
) = -1600 λ ⇒ λ = 1600
1
log 2
Substituting the value of λ in (iii), we get
log( A

A0
) = −(
1600
1
log 2) t

log 2
A − t
⇒ = e 1600
A0
log 2
− t
⇒ A = A0 e 1600

Putting t = 10, we obtain the amount of the radioactive substance present after 10 years and is given by
log 2
−
A = A0 (0.9957) [∵ e 160 = 0.9957]
∴ Amount that disintegrates in 10 years = A0 - A = A0 - 0.9957 A0 - 0.0043
0.0043A0
percentage of the amount disintegrated in 10 years = A0
× 100 = 0.43
Hence, 0.43% of the original amount disintegrates in 10 years.
17. The given equation of one parameter family of curves is
x2 - y2 c(x2 + y2)2 ...(i)
Differentiating (i) with respect to x, we get
= 2c(x2 + y2)(2x + 2y
dy dy
2x - 2y dx dx
)
) = 2c(x2 + y2)(x + y
dy dy
⇒ (x - y dx dx
) ...(ii)
On substituting the value of c obtained from (i) in (ii), we get,
2 2 2 2
dy 2(x − y )(x + y ) dy
(x − y ) = (x + y )
dx 2 dx
2 2
(x + y )

(x2 + y2)(x - y ) = 2(x2 - y2)(x + y

dy dy
⇒
dx dx
)
{x(x2 + y2) 2x(x2 - y2)} {2y(x2 - y2) + y(x2 + y2)}
dy
⇒ - = dx

(3xy2 - x3) = (3x2y - y3)

dy
⇒
dx

⇒ (x3 - 3 xy2) dx = (y3 - 3x2y) dy, which is the given differential equation.
dy
18. We have, x dx
+ y = x log x
dy
⇒
dx
+
x
1
y = log x ...(i)
dy 1
This is linear differential equation of the form dx
+ Py = Q with P = x
and Q = log x
1

∴I.F. = e = elog x = x [∵ x > 0]

∫
x
dx

Multiplying both sides of (i) by I.F. = x, we get

dy
x dx
+ y = x log x
Integrating with respect to x, we ge
yx = ∫ x log x dx [Using: y (I.F.) = ∫ Q (I.F.) dx + C]
II
I
2

⇒ yx = x

2
(log x) 1

2
∫ x dx
2 2

⇒ yx = x

2
(log x) - x

4
+ C ...(ii)
It is given that y (1) = 1

4
i.e. y = 1

4
where x = 1. Putting x = 1 and y = 1

4
in (ii), we get
1

4
=0- 1

4
+C⇒C= 1

Putting C = 1

2
in (ii), we get
2 2
x x x
xy = 2
(log x) - 2
+ 1

2
⇒ y= 1

2
x log x - 4
+
1

2x
1 x 1
Hence, y = 2
x log x - 4
+
2x
is the solution of the given differential equation.
19. Let P be the principal at any time t. Then,
dP 5P
=
dt 100

dP P
⇒ =
dt 20
1 1
⇒ dP = dt
P 20

Integrating both sides, we get

1 1
∫ dP = ∫ dt
P 20

⇒ log P = 1

20
t + log C

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 P 1
⇒ log = t
C 20
t

⇒ P = C e ...(i) 20

It is given that P = 1000 when t = 0.

Substituting these values in (i), we get
1000 = C
Substituting C = 1000 in (i), we get
t

P = 1000 e ...(ii) 20

Let t1 years be the time required to double the principal i.e. at t = t1, P = 2000.
Substituting these values in (ii), we get
t1

2000 = 1000 e 20

t
1
t1
⇒ e 20 =2⇒ 20
= loge 2 ⇒ t1 = 20 loge 2
Hence, the principal doubles in 20 loge 2 years.
20. The equation of the family of circles of radius r is
(x - a)2 + (y - b)2 = 2 ...(i)
where a and bare a parameters.
Clearly equation (i) contains two arbitrary constants. So, let us differentiate it two times with respect to x.
Differentiating (i) with respect to x, we get
dy
2 (x - a) + 2 (y - b) dx
=0
dy
⇒ (x - a) + (y - b) dx
= 0 ...(ii)
Differentiating (ii) with respect to x, we get
2 2
d y dy
1 + (y - b) + ( ) = 0 ...(iii)
dx2 dx

dy 2
1+( )

⇒ y-b=− dx
...(iv)
d2y

dx2

Putting this value of (y - b) in (ii), we obtain

∣ 2
dy dy
∣1+ ( ) }
dx dx
∣
x-a= 2
...(v)
d y

2
dx

Substituting the values of (x - a) and (y - b) in (i), we get

2
2 ∣2 2 2
dy dy dy
{1+( ) ∣ ( ) ∣1+ ( ) } 3
dx dx dx 2 2 2

= r2 ⇒ {1 + (
∣ dy d y
2
+ ) } = r ( )
2 2 2 2 dx 2
d y d y dx
( ) ( )
dx2 dx2

This is the required differential equation.

Section D
- y = 2x3 ⇒ = 2x2
dy dy y
21. i. x dx dx
- x

P = − , Q = 2x2 1

x
dy dy y
ii. x dx
− y = 2x
3
⇒
dx
−
x
= 2x
1 −1 1
I.F. = e =e ∫ −
x
dx − log x
=e log x
= x

iii. Solution is y. = ∫ 1

x
2x
2
⋅
1

x
dx + C

= x2 + C i.e. y = x3 + Cx
y
⇒
x

OR
When x = 1, y = 2
⇒ 2 = 13 + C × 1 ⇒ C = 1
∴ y = x3 + x
Section E
22. Let M be the mass of the radium at time t years, then according to given
∝ - M ⇒ = -kM
dM dM

dt dt

⇒
dM

M
= -kdt

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 On integration, we get
∫
dM
= -k ∫ dt + C
M

⇒ loge M = -kt + C ...(i)

At t = 0, M = M0
⇒ loge M0 = 0 + C ⇒ C = log M0
Substituting the value of C in equation (i), we get
loge M = -kt + loge M0
⇒ loge M

M0
= -kt

⇒
M

M0
= e-kt

⇒ M = M0 e-kt ...(ii)
M0
At t = 1600 years, M = 2

e-k ×
M0
⇒
2
= M0 1600

⇒ e-1600 k = 1

2
...(iii)
⇒ at t = 100 years, M = ?
M = M0 e-k × 100
1

⇒ M = M0 (e − 1600k) 16

⇒ M = M0( 1

2
) 16

1
1
Let x = ( 2
)
16
(using(iii))
log10x = 1

16
log10 1

2
= 1

16
(-log 2) = − 0.3010

16

⇒ log10 x = -0.0188
⇒ log10 x = 1 .9812 ¯
¯¯

⇒ x = antilog 1 .9812 = 0.9576¯

¯¯

So, M = 0.9576 M0
Percentage of radium present after 100 years
0.9576M0
= M0
× 100 = 95.76%
Hence, the percentage of radium lost in 100 years
= (100 - 95.76)% = 4.24% i.e. 4.2% (approx.)
23. Let there be N radioactive nuclei in a sample at any time t and let N0 be the initial number of radioactive nuclei. Then, the rate of
dN
decay of the radioactive substance is given by dt
.
dN
∝ N
dt

⇒
dN

dt
= −λN where λ > 0 is a constant
dN
⇒ = −λdt
N

⇒ ∫
1

N
dN = −λ ∫ dt [On integrating]
⇒ log N = -λ t + C ...(i)
At t = 0, we have N = N0. Putting t = 0 and N = N0 in (i), we have,
log N0 = 0 + C ⇒ C = log N0
Putting C = log N0 in (i), we have,
log N = −λt + log N0
N
⇒ log
N0
= −λt ...(ii)
It is given that 10% of the original number of radioactive nuclei have undergone disintegration in a period of 100 years. Therefore,
the number of radioactive nuclei available at t = 100 is given by
9N0
N = N0 − 10

100
× N0 =
10

9N0
Putting N = 10
and t = 100 in (ii), we have,
9 1 9
log = −100λ ⇒ λ = − log
10 100 10

Put the value of λ in (ii), we have,

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 9
log
N0
N
= (
100
1
log
10
)t ...(iii)
We have to find the value of N at t =1000 years. Putting t = 1000 years in (iii) we have,
N 9
log = 10 log( )
N0 10

10
N 9
⇒ log = log ( )
N0 10

10
N 9
⇒ = ( )
N0 10

10 10
N 9 9
⇒ × 100 = ( ) × 100 =
N0 10 8
10

Therefore, we have,
10
9
∴ Percentage of radioactive nuclei that remain after 1000 years = N

N0
× 100 =
8
.
10
10

Thus, 9

8
% of radioactive nuclei will remain after 1000 years.
10

24. Let A be the quantity of radius at any time t, therefore, we have,

dA
∝ A
dt
dA
= −λA
dt
dA
= −λt
A
dA
∫ = −λ ∫ dt
A

log A = −λt + c ...(i)

Let A0 be the initial amount of radium percentage,then,we have,
log A0 = −λ(0) + c
c = log (A0)
Using, equation (i),
log A = −λt + log A0

log(
A0
A
) = −λt ...(ii)
Given, its half-life is 1590 years, therefore, we have,
1
A0
2
log( ) = −λ(1590)
A0

1
log( ) = −λ(1590)
2

-log 2 = −λ(1590)
log 2 = λ(1590)
log 2
= λ
1590

Therefore, equation (i) becomes,

A log 2
log( ) = − t
A0 1590

Now, put t = 1, we have,

A log 2
log( ) = −
A0 1590

log 2
A −
= e 1590
A0

A0
= 0.9996
1 −
A

A0
= 1 - 0.9996
A0 −A

A0
= 0.0004
percentage to be disappear is one year
A0 −A
= × 100
A0

= 0.0004 × 100
= 0.04%
25. Let y be the number of bacteria at any instant t.
Given that the rate of growth of bacteria is proportional to the number present
dy
∴ ∝ y
dt
dy
⇒
dt
= ky (k is a constant)
Separating variables,

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 dy
⇒
y
= kdt
Integrating both sides,
dy
⇒ ∫ = k ∫ dt
y

⇒ log y = kt + c ...(i)
′
Let y be the number of bacteria at t = 0.
′
⇒ log y = c
Substituting the value of c in (i)
′
⇒ log y = kt + log y
′
⇒ log y - log y = kt
y
⇒ log = kt ...(ii)
′
y

Also, given that number of bacteria increases by 10% in 2 hours.

110 ′
⇒ y= y
100
y
⇒
′
=
11

10
...(iii)
y

Substituting this value in (ii)

11
⇒ k × 2 = log
10
1 11
⇒ k= log
2 10

So, (ii) becomes

1 11 y
⇒ log × t = log
2 10 y′
y
2 log
′

...(iv)
y
⇒ t=
11
log
10

Now, let 't' be the time when the number of bacteria increases from 100000 to 200000.
′ ′
⇒ y = 2y at t = t
So from (iv)
y
2 log
y′ 2 log 2
′
⇒ t = =
11 11
log log
10 10

2 log 2
So bacteria increases from 100000 to 200000 in log 11
hours.
10

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 Solution

QUESTION BANK

Class 12 - Applied Maths

Section A
1. (a) 12
Explanation:
X represents number of males.
p=q= 1

P((n - 1) persons being selected) = 3

10
2

nC n-1
n-1 p q
3
=
10
2
n−1 n
1 1 3
n( ) ( ) =
2 2 10
2
n−1 n
1 1 3
n( ) ( ) =
2 2 10
2
n 12
1 1
n( ) = 12( )
2 2

⇒ n = 12
2.
(b) 11

243

Explanation:
Total number of balls = 2 + 4 = 6
2 1 1 2
p = = ⇒ q = 1 − = ,n= 5
6 3 3 3

P(X ≥ 4) = P(X = 4) + P(X = 5)

4 5
5 1 2 5 1 10 1 11
= C4 ( ) + C5 ( ) = + =
3 3 3 243 243 243

3.
(b) 25
Explanation:
This is an example of a binomial distribution.
Let A be the event of obtaining an even number when a fair dice is thrown.
∴ pA =
1

∴ pAc = 1 - pA = 1

1
Variance over 100 trials = n pA p A
c = 100 × 4
= 25

4.
(d) 7

128

Explanation:
We know that, P(X = r) = nCr(p)r(q)n-r
Here, n = 10, p = 1

2
,q =
1

And r ≥ 8 i.e., r = 8, 9, 10
⇒ P(X = r) = P(r = 8) + P(r = 9) + P(r = 10)
8 10−8 8 10
10 1 1 10 1 1 10 1
= C8 ( ) ( ) + C9 ( ) ( )+ C10 ( )
2 2 2 2 2
10 10 10
10! 1 10! 1 1
= ( ) + ( ) + ( )
8!2! 2 9!1! 2 2
10 10
1 1
= ( ) ⋅ [45 + 10 + 1] = ( ) ⋅ 56
2 2
1 7
= ⋅ 56 =
32⋅32 128

5.
119
(c) 128

Explanation:

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 n = 8, p = 1

2
= q

P(|x - 4|) ≤ 2
⇒ -2 ≤ x - 4 ≤ 2

⇒ 4 - 2 ≤ x ≤ 2 + 4

⇒ 2 ≤ x ≤ 6

P(2 ≤ x ≤ 6) = P(2) + P(3) + P(4) + P(5) + P(6)

1 1 1 1 1
P(2 ≤ x ≤ 6) = 8
C2 (
8
8
) + C3 (
8
) +
8
C4 (
8
8
) + C5 (
8
8
) + C6 (
8
)
2 2 2 2 2

119
=
128

6.
(b) 0.0902
Explanation:
Given P(X = 1) = P(X = 2)
2 −λ
−λ λ e
⇒ λe =
2!

2
⇒ λ − 2λ = 0 ⇒ λ = 0, 2

⇒ λ = 2
4 −2
2 ⋅e 16×0.1353
Now, P(X = 4) = 4!
=
24
= 0.0902

7.
(b) 3
Explanation:
A fair coin is tossed ⇒ p = q = 1

P(X ≥ 1) ≥ 0.8
⇒ 1 - P(0) ≥ 0.8

⇒ P(0) = 0.2
n
⇒ (
1

2
) = 0.2
⇒ 2-n = 0.2
⇒ 2n ≥ 5
⇒ n ≥ 3

8.
(b) The outcomes must be dependent on each other
Explanation:
We know that, in a Binomial distribution,
i. There are 2 outcomes of each trial.
ii. There is a fixed number of trails.
iii. The probability of success must be the same for all the trails.

9. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Explanation:
P(X = 0) + P(X = 1) + P(X = 2) + P(X = 3) = 1
⇒ k2 + 2k2 + k + k = 1
⇒ 3k2 + 2k - 1 = 0
⇒ (3k - 1) (k + 1) = 0

, −1 (∵ k ≠ -1)
1
⇒ k =
3

So, k = 1

3
.
Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
10. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:

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 Let 2P (X = 0) = 3P(X = 1) = 4P(X = 2) = 5P(X = 3) = k
⇒ P(X = 0) = , P(X = 1) = , P(X = 2) = and P(X = 3) = .
k k k k

2 3 4 5

∵ P(X = 0) + P(X = 1) + P(X = 2) + P(X = 3) = 1

k k k k
⇒ + + + = 1
2 3 4 5
30k+20k+15k+12k 60
⇒ = 1 ⇒ k =
60 77

Hence P (X = 0) = k

2
⇒ P (X = 0) =
30

77
k 20
P (X = 1) = ⇒ P (X = 1) =
3 77
k 15
P (X = 2) = ⇒ P (X = 2) =
4 77

andP (X = 3) = k

5
⇒ P (X = 3) =
12

77
.
So, the probability distribution of X is
X 0 1 2 3
30 20 15 12
P(X) 77 77 77 77

∴ Assertion is true.
Also, Reason is true.
Assertion is the correct explanation of Assertion.
Section B
11. Given μ = 10, σ = 2
X−10
So, Z = 2
12−10
For X = 12, Z = 2
= 1,
14.5−10
for x = 14.5, z = 2
= 2.25
∴ P(12 < X < 14.5) = P(1 < Z < 2.25) = F(2.25) - F(1)
= 0.9878 - 0.8413 = 0.1465
12. Given, μ = 10, σ = 1.5
x−10 x−10
P( X > x) = P (Z > 1.5
) = 1 − P (Z ≤
1.5
)

Given P( X > x) = 0.0038

x−10
⇒ 1 − P (Z ≤ ) = 0.0038
1.5

x−10
⇒ P (Z ≤ ) = 0.9962
1.5

x−10
⇒ F ( ) = F (2.67)
1.5

x−10
⇒
1.5
= 2.67 ⇒ x = 14.005 i.e. x = 14
13. When we toss two coins, the sample space is—
S = {HH, HT, TH, TT}.
A = {HH}, B = {HT, TH}, C = {HT, TH, TT}
i. A and C = A ∩ C = ϕ
ii. A but not B = A - B = {HH}
14. Let X be a random variable denoting the number of aces in a sample of 4 cards drawn from a well-shuffled pack of 52 playing
cards. Then, X can take values 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4
Now, we have,
48
C4
P(X = 0) = P(no ace) = 52 C
4
4 48
C1 × C3
P(X = 1) = P(1 ace) = 52
C4

4 48
C2 × C2
P(X = 2) = P(2 aces) = 52
C4
4 48
C3 × C1
P(X = 3) = P(3 aces) = 52
C4

4
C4
P(X = 4) = P(4 aces) = 52
C4

Therefore, the probability distribution of X is given by:

X 0 1 2 3 4
48 4 48 4 48 4 48 4
C4 C1 × C3 C2 × C2 C3 × C1 C4
P(X) 52 52 52 52 52
C4 C4 C4 C4 C4

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15. Let X be a random variable denoting the number of aces in a sample of 2 cards drawn from a well-shuffled pack of 52 playing
cards. Then, X can take the values 0, 1 and 2.
Now,we have,
P(X = 0) = P(no ace)
48
C2
= 52
C2

= 1128

1326

= 188

221

P(X = 1) = P(1 ace)

4 48
C1 × C1
= 52
C2

96 32
= 663
=
221

P(X = 2) = P(2 aces)

4
C2
= 52
C2

= 663
3
=
221
1

Thus, the probability distribution of X is as follows:

X 0 1 2
188 32 1
P(X) 221 221 221

Section C
16. Let p = Probability of a success and q = Probability of a failure
p = P (a bulb will fuse after 150 days) = 0.05 and q = 1 - 0.05 = 0.95
n = 5 and P (X = r) = C (n, r) prqn-r
i. No bulb is fused, r = 0
5

P (X = 0) = C (5, 0), (0.05) 0

(0.95)
5
= (
19

20
)
5
= (0.95)

ii. Not more than one fused bulb

P (not more than one fused bulb) = P (X = 0) + P (X = 1)
5

= (
19

20
) + C(5, 1) (0.05) (0.95)4
5 4
19 19
= ( ) + 5(0.05)( )
20 20

4
19 19 5
= ( ) ( + )
20 20 20

4
19 6 4
= ( ) ( ) = 1.2(0.95)
20 5

iii. P (more than one fused bulb out of 5) = 1 - [P (X = 0) + P (X = 1)]

= 1 - 1.2(0.95)4 [By (ii) part]
iv. P (at least one fused bulb) = 1 - P (X = 0)
5

=1−( 19

20
) = 1 − (0.95)
5

17. Let X be a random variable denoting the event of getting twice the number. Then, X can take the values 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6.
Thus, the probability distribution of X is as follows:
X 1 2 3 4 5 6
11 9 7 5 3 1
P(X) 36 36 36 36 36 36

Computation of mean and variance:

xi pi pixi pi x
2
i

11 11 11
1 36 36 36

9 18
2 36 36
1
7 21 63
3 36 36 36

5 20 80
4 36 36 36

5 3

36
15

36
75

36

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 1 6
6 36 36
1
91 2 301
∑ pi xi = = 2.5 ∑ pi x = = 8.4
36 i 36

Therefore,Mean = ∑ p i xi = 2.5
Variance = ∑ p i
x
2
i
- (Mean)2 = 8.4 - 6.25 = 2.15
18. Let X is the random variable that denotes that a bulb is defective.
Also, n = 10, p = and q = and P(X = r) = C p q
1

50
49

50
n
r
r n−r

i. None of the bulbs are defective i.e., r = 0

0 10−0 10
10 1 49 49
∴ P (X = r) = P(0) = C0 ( ) ( ) = ( )
50 50 50

ii. Exactly two bulbs are defective i.e., r = 2

2 8
10 1 49
∴ P (X = r) = P(2) = C2 ( ) ( )
50 50

2 8 10
10! 1 49 1 8
= ( ) ⋅ ( ) = 45 × ( ) × (49)
8!2! 50 50 50

iii. More than 8 bulbs work properly i.e., there are less than 2 bulbs that are defective.
So, r < 2 ⇒ r = 0,1
∴ P(X = r) = P(r < 2) = P(0) + P(1)
0 10−0 1 10−1
10 1 49 10 1 49
= C0 ( ) ( ) + C1 ( ) ( )
50 50 50 50

10 9
49 10! 1 49
= ( ) + ⋅ ⋅ ( )
50 1!9! 50 50

10 9 9
49 1 49 49 49 1
= ( ) + ⋅ ( ) = ( ) ( + )
50 5 50 50 50 5

9 9
59(49)
49 59
= ( ) ( ) =
50 50 10
(50)

19. Let X denotes the number of kings in a draw of two cards. X is a random variable which can
assume the values 0,1 or 2.
Then P(X = 0) = P(no card is king)
48
C2
= 52
C2

= 48×47

52×51
188
= 221

P(x = 1) = P(exactly one card is king)

4 48
C1 × C1
= 52
C2

= 4×48×2

52×51

= 32

221

P(X = 2) = P(both cards are king)

4
C2
= 52
C2

4×3
= 52×51

= 221
1

E(X) = ∑ x i pi

i=1

188 32
=0× 221
+ 1 ×
221
+ 2 ×
1

221

= 34

221
2
n n

Var(X) = ( ∑ x 2
i
pi ) − ( ∑ xi pi )
i=1 i=1

= (0 2
×
188

221
+ 1
2
×
32

221
+ 2
2
×
1

221
) −(
221
34
)

= 36

221
−
1156

48841

= 6800

48841

= 0.1392
−−−−−−
σ = √Var(X)
−−−−−
= √0.1392
= 0.3730

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20. Let p denote the probability of drawing a ball that bears the mark 'A'. Therefore, we have,
10 2
p = =
25 5

Let X denote the number of balls that bear the mark 'A' in 6 draws. Then, X is a binomial variate with parameters n = 6 and p = 2

Also, q = 1 - p = 1 − 2

5
=
3

Now, P(X = r) = Probability of getting r balls bearing mark 'A'.

r 6−r
3
=
6
Cr (
2

5
) (
5
) , r = 0, 1, 2, .... 6 ...(i)

i. Probability that all balls bear 'A' = P(X = 6)

6 6−6 6

=
6
C6 (
2

5
) (
3

5
) = (
2

5
) [Using (i)]
ii. Not more than 2 balls will bear 'B' mark means that there can be either no ball or one ball or two balls of 'B' mark. This
implies that there can be either 6 or 5 or 4 balls of ‘A’ mark.
∴ Required probability = P (X ≥ 4)

= P (X = 4) + P (X =5) + P (X = 6)
4 2 5 6 0 4
6 2 3 6 2 3 6 2 3 2
= C4 ( ) ( ) + C5 ( ) ( ) + C6 ( ) ( ) = 7( )
5 5 5 5 5 5 5

3 6−3 3 3

iii. Required probability = P (X = 3) = 6

C3 (
2

5
) (
3

5
) = 20(
2

5
) (
3

5
) [Using (i)]
iv. Probability that at least one ball will bear 'B' mark = P(Y ≥ 1)
= 1 - P(Y = 0)
0 6

= 1 −
6
C0 (
3

5
) (
2

5
) [Using (ii)]
6
2
= 1 − ( )
5

Section D
21. i. P(X = 0) + P(X = 1) + P(X = 2) + P(X = 3) + P(X = 4) = 1
(1−k)
k k
⇒ 0 + + + + 2k = 1
6 3 2
k+2k+3−3k+12k
⇒ = 1
6

⇒ 12k + 3 = 6 ⇒ k = 3

12
=
1

4
.
ii. Required probability = P(X ≥ 2)
= P(X = 2) + P(X = 3) + P(X = 4)
k 1−k
= + + 2k
3 2
2k+3−3k+12k 11k+3
= =
6 6
1
11× +3

=
6
4
=
23

24
.
iii. E(X) = 1 × P(1) + 2 × P(2) + 3 × P(3) + 4 × P(4)
k k 3(1−k)
= 1 × + 2 × + + 4 × 2k
6 3 2
1
44× +9
k+4k+9−9k+48k 44k+9 4 20 10
= = = = =
6 6 6 6 3

= 3
1

3
weeks.
OR
Expected scholarship offered by the college
k k (1−k)
= ₹ [9600 × 6
+ 12000 ×
3
+ 20000 ×
2
+ 50000 × 2k]

= ₹[ 9600

24
+
12000

12
+ 20000 ×
3

8
+ 50000 ×
1

2
]

= ₹(400 + 1000 + 7500 + 25000) = ₹ 33900.

22. i. Since, it is given that during prime time the husband is watching T.V. 70% of the time
Required probability = 1 - P(husband is watching television during prime time)
= 1 - 0.7 = 0.3
ii. Let H be the event that husband is watching T.V., W be the event that wife is watching T.V. Then, P(H) = 0.7, P (H
¯
) = 0.3

P(W|H) = 0.3 and P (W |H ) = 0.4

¯

∴ Required probability = P(H|W)

P (H)⋅P (W ∣H)
= ¯
¯¯¯ ¯
¯¯¯
P (H)⋅P (W ∣H)+P ( H )P (W ∣ H )

0.7×0.3 0.21 7
= 0.7×0.3+0.4×0.3
=
0.33
=
11

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 iii. Required probability = P(H ∩ W) = P(H)P(W | H) = 0.7 × 0.3 = 0.21
OR
P (H∩ W )
Required probability = P(W) =
P (H∣W )

= 0.21
=
21

100
×
11

7
=
33

100
= 0.33
7/11

Section E
23. Given probability of hitting a shooting target = p = 2

3
.
So, q = 1 - p = 1− 2

3
=
1

3
.
Let the number of trials be n.
The probability of hitting target atleast once = P(X ≥ 1) = 1 - P(0)
n
n n 1
= 1 − C0 q = 1 − ( )
3

According to given,
n
1 1 99
1 − ( ) > 0.99 ⇒ 1 − n
>
3 3 100

99 1 1 1
⇒ 1 − > n
⇒ > n
100 3 100 3

n
⇒ 100 < 3

⇒ 3
n
, which is satisfied if n is atleast 5.
> 100

Hence, Rohit must shoot the target at 5 times.

24. When a die is thrown, sample space = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}. It has six equally likely outcomes.
p = probability of an odd number = = , so q = 1 − = . 3

6
1

2
1

2
1

As the die is thrown 5 times, so there are 5 trials i.e. n = 5.

r 5−r 5
P(r) = 5
Cr p q
r 5−r
=
5
Cr (
1

2
) (
1

2
) =
5
Cr (
1

2
)

i. Probability of an odd number exactly 3 times = P(3)

5 10 5
5 1
= C3 ( ) = =
2 32 16

ii. Probability of an odd number atleast 4 times = P(X ≥ 4)

5 5
= P(4) + P(5) = 5
C4 (
1

2
) +
5
C5 (
1

2
)

5
= ( C4 +
5 5
C5 ) (
1

2
) = (5 + 1) ×
1

32
=
3

16
.
iii. Probability of an odd number maximum 3 times = P (X ≤ 3)
= 1 - (P(4) + P(5)) = 1− (see part (ii)) 3

16
13
=
16

25. The number of ways of choosing two integers (without replacement) from the first six positive integers = 6C2 = 15, so the sample
space S has 15 equally likely outcomes. These outcomes are:
1, 2; 1, 3; 1, 4; 1, 5; 1, 6; 2, 3; 2, 4; 2, 5; 2, 6; 3, 4; 3, 5; 3, 6; 4, 5; 4, 6; 5, 6
As the random variable X denotes the larger of the two numbers, X can take values 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
(Because 1 is not larger than any number from 1 to 6)
Note that in the sample space S, we have
Larger of two numbers Number of outcomes

2 1

3 2

4 3

5 4

6 5
P(X = 2) = 1

15
, P(X = 3) = 2

15
, P(X = 4) = 3

15
, P(X = 5) = 15
4
, P(X = 6) = 5

15

∴ The probability distribution of X is:

X 2 3 4 5 6
1 2 3 4 5
P(X) 15 15 15 15 15

∴ Mean = μ = ∑ pixi = 15
1
(1 × 2 + 2 × 3 + 3 × 4 + 4 × 5 + 5 × 6)
= 1

15
(2 + 6 + 12 + 20 + 30) = 70

15
=
14

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Now ∑ pix = 2
i
1

15
(1 × 22 + 2 × 32 + 3 × 42 + 4 × 52 + 5 × 62)
= 1

15
(4 + 18 + 48 + 100 + 180) = 350

15
=
70

3
2
70 70 196
∴ Variance = ∑ pix - μ =
2
i
2

3
− (
14

3
) =
3
−
9
=
14

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 Solution

QUESTION BANK

Class 12 - Applied Maths

Section A
1.
(c) yc = a + bx
Explanation:
yc = a + bx

2.
(b) 19, 25, 31
Explanation:
3-years moving average are
15+24+18 24+18+33 18+33+42
, ,
3 3 3

i.e. 57

3
,
75

3
,
93

3
i.e. 19, 25, 31

a+c+d+e
3. (a) 4

Explanation:
a+c+d+e

4.
(c) all of these.
Explanation:
all of these.

5.
(d) Irregular
Explanation:
Irregular

6.
(b) Minimum
Explanation:
The line is termed as the line of best fir from which the sum of squares of distances from the points is minimized.

7. (a) Cyclical Trend

Explanation:
There are 4 phases through which trade cycles are passed. They are prosperity, recession, depression, and recovery. In
economic terms, these 4 stages are called economic fluctuations.
8. (a) 40, 42, 44
Explanation:
40, 42, 44
9. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
Given values are 17, 22, 21, 35, 40, 51.
3 -years moving averages are
17+22+21 22+21+35

3
=
60

3
= 20,
3
=
78

3
= 26 ,
21+35+40 96 35+40+51 126

3
=
3
= 32, 3
=
3
= 42

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 ∴ Assertion (A) is true.
Also, Reason (R) is true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
10.
(c) A is true but R is false.
Explanation:
A is true but R is false.

Section B
11. To calculate the trend values, we make the following table
Year Production (in Tonnes) Three yearly moving totals Three yearly moving averages

1 4 - -

2 5 14 4.67

3 5 16 5.33

4 6 18 6

5 7 21 7

6 8 24 8

7 9 25 8.33

8 8 27 9

9 10 - -
12. Calculation of 5-year moving averages:

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13.

We get the following graph from the above data:

14. Secular Trend: It is a general tendency, of time series to increase or decrease or stagnate during a long period of time. An upward
tendency is usually observed in the population of a country, production, sales, prices in industries, the income of individuals, etc.,
A downward tendency is observed in deaths, epidemics, prices of electronic gadgets, water sources, mortality rate etc.
Seasonal Variations: Seasonal variations refer to the changes that take place due to the rhythmic forces which operate in a regular
and periodic manner. These forces usually have the same or most similar pattern year after year. When we record data weekly,
monthly or quarterly, we can see and calculate seasonal variations. Thus, when a time series consists of data only based on annual
figures, there will be seen no seasonal variations. These variations may be due to seasons, weather conditions, habits, customs or
traditions. For example, selling of umbrellas and raincoats in the rainy season, sales of cold drinks in the summer season, crackers
in the Deepawali season, purchase of dresses in a festival season, sugarcane in Pongal season.
15. There are two models of time series analysis
i. Additive model: This model is based on the assumption that the sum of four components is equal to the original value i.e., 0 =
T+C+S+I
where, T= trend, C = cyclical, S = seasonal, I = irregular, O = original
ii. Multiplicative model: In this model four components have a multiplication relationship, so O = T × C × S × I
Section C
16. Since we are to calculate four monthly moving averages, so the period is even, therefore, we have to calculate centred moving
averages.

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 We get the following graph from the above data:

The dotted curve shows four monthly moving averages.

17. In order to find which moving average will be appropriate, we will have to estimate the length of the cycle of the above data. We
observe that the data has the pattern (137, 140, 134), (137, 151, 121), (124, 159, 157), (169, 172, 150). Thus, we have cycle length
of 3. So, we will calculate 3 yearly moving averages as shown in the following table.
Calculation of 3-yearly moving averages
Year Production 3-yearly moving totals 3-yearly moving averages

2003 137 - -

2004 140 411 137.00

2005 134 411 137.00

2006 137 422 140.67

2007 151 409 136.33

2008 121 396 132.00

2009 124 404 134.67

2010 159 440 146.67

2011 157 485 161.67

2012 169 498 166.00

2013 172 491 163.67

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 2014 150 - -
These moving averages and the original data are plotted on the graph paper to obtain the following graph.

Year (ti) Sales (₹ lakhs)(yi) xi = ti - 2014 - 15 xi × 2 xiyi x

2

18. i

2011 76 -3.5 -7 -532 49

2012 80 -2.5 -5 -400 25

2013 130 -1.5 -3 -390 9

2014 144 -0.5 -1 -144 1

2015 138 0.5 1 138 1

2016 120 1.5 3 360 9

2017 174 2.5 5 870 25

2018 190 3.5 7 1330 49

Σyi = 1052 Σxi =0 Σxi yi = 1232 Σx

2
i
= 168
Σyi 1052
a=
n
=
8
= 131.5
Σxi y 1232
b =
2
i
=
168
= 7.33
Σx
i

So, trend equation is

y = 131.5 + 7.33x
19. Construct the table as given below:
Quantity (Weights) Unit price (₹/kWh)
Sector (q0 + q1) p0(q0 + q1) p1(q0 + q1)
q0 q1 p0 p1

Commercial 5416 6015 1.97 10.92 11431 22519.07 124826.52

Residential 15293 20262 2.32 6.16 35555 82487.60 219018.80

Industrial 21287 17832 0.79 5.13 39119 30904.01 200680.47

Agriculture 9473 8804 2.25 8.10 18277 41123.25 148043.70

∑ p0 (q0 + q1 ) = 177033.93 ∑ p1 (q0 + q1 ) = 692569.49

Σp ( q + q )
Marshall-Edgeworth's index number = 1 0 1
× 100
Σp0 ( q0 + q1 )

= 692569.49

177033.93
× 100 = 391.20
Weighted average of price relatives method
This is the commonly used method to construct consumer or wholesale price index when base and current prices of a number of
items, along with weights or quantities are given. Weighted average of price relatives is given by
p
1
Σ( ×100)×w
p0

P01 =
Σw
, or
∑ Iw p1
P01 =
∑w
, where I = p
× 100 , the price relative.
0

20. Fitting of a straight-line trend by the method of least squares to the following data:
Year (x) Sales (Y) (in lakh ₹) X = x - 2014 X2 XY Yt = a + bX

2010 65 -4 16 -260 70 + 4.745 (-4) = 70 - 18.98 = 51.02

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 2012 68 -2 4 -136 70 + 4.745 (-2) = 70 - 9.49 = 60.51

2013 70 -1 1 -70 70 + 4.745 (-1) = 70 - 4.745 = 65.255

2014 72 0 0 0 70 + 4.745 (0) = 70 + 0 = 70

2015 75 1 1 75 70 + 4.745 (1) = 70 + 4.745 = 74.745

2016 67 2 4 268 70 + 4.475 (2) = 70 + 9.49 = 79.49

2019 73 5 25 365 70 + 4.475 (5) = 70 + 23.725 = 93.725

n=7 ∑ Y = 490 ∑X = 1 ∑X
2
= 51 ∑ XY = 242

∑Y 490
a= n
= 7
= 70
∑ XY 242
b= 2
= 51
= 4.745 approx.
∑X

so, the trend line is given as,

Yt = 70 + 4.745 X
Section D
21. i. yt = 23.6 + 7.4x
ii. 43.7%
iii. 27.2%
OR
yt = 11.6 + 5.2x

Year (xi) Index Number (y) x =

xi −A

x2 xy
22. i. 0.5

1996 6.5 -5 25 -32.5

1997 5.3 -3 9 -15.9

1998 4.3 -1 1 -4.3

1999 6.1 1 1 6.1

2000 5.6 3 9 16.8

2001 7.8 5 25 39

n=6 ∑y = 35.6 ∑x =0 ∑x
2
= 70 ∑ xy = 9.2
∑y 35.6 ∑ xy 9.2
a = = , b = = = 0.13
n 6 2 70
∑x

∴ Equation of straight-line trend is given by

y = a + bx = 5.9 + 0.13x
ii. a. Trend Values
1996 5.9 + (-5) × 0.13 = 5.25

1997 5.9 + (-3) × 0.13 = 5.51

1998 5.9 + (-1) × 0.13 = 5.77

1999 5.9 + (1) × 0.13 = 6.03

2000 5.9 + (3) × 0.13 = 6.29

2001 5.9 + (5) × 0.13 = 6.55

Expected sales trend for 2002
2002−1998.5
= 5.9 + 0.13 ( )
0.5

= ₹ 6.81 lakhs
OR
Year (xi) Profit (y) x = xi - A x2 xy
b.
2004 114 -3 9 -342

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 2005 130 -2 4 -260

2006 126 -1 1 -126

2007 144 0 0 0

2008 138 1 1 138

2009 156 2 4 312

2010 164 3 9 492

n=7 ∑y = 972 ∑x =0 ∑x
2
= 28 ∑ xy = 214
∑y ∑ xy
972 214
a = = = 138.86, b = = = 7.64
n 7 2 28
∑x

So, required equation of straight- line trend is

y = a + bx = 138.86 + 7.64x
Section E
23. In order to calculate three days moving averages, we first calculate three days moving totals as follows:
Number of letters, in hundreds, posted on Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday = 35 + 70 + 36 = 141
Place this value against the middle day i.e. Tuesday as shown in the following table.
Now, compute the number of letters, in hundreds, posted on Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday. This number is 70 + 36 + 59 =
165.
Place this value against the middle day i.e. Wednesday.
Calculate now the number of letters, in hundreds, posted on Wednesday, Thursday and Friday. This number is 36 + 59 + 62 = 157.
Write this number against the middle day i.e.
Thursday.
Continue this process to calculate three days moving totals and place them against the centre (middle) day as shown in the
following table.
Divide each one of three days moving totals by 3 to get 3 days moving averages as shown in fourth column of the following table.
Computation of three days moving averages
Number of letters posted (in
Day Three days moving totals Three days moving averages
hundreds)

Monday 35 - -

Tuesday 70 141 47

Wednesday 36 165 55.00

Thursday 59 157 52.33

Friday 62 181 60.33

Saturday 60 193 64.33

Sunday 71 - -
These averages are displayed on the graph paper as shown by dotted graph in Fig. continuous curve is the curve obtained by
plotting actual values.

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24. Calculation of 4-monthly centred moving average:

We get the following graph from the above data:

25. Here, n = 6
2007 + 2008
So, origin is mean of two middle years i.e. 2
= 2007.5
Construct the table as under:

Year Trend values

Profit (in ₹ '000) y x = ti - 2007.5 x2 xy
t yt = a + bx

2005 5 -2.5 6.25 -12.5 4.58

2006 7 -1.5 2.25 -10.3 6.74

2007 9 -0.5 0.25 -4.5 8.91

2008 10 0.5 0.25 5 11.09

2009 12 1.5 2.25 18 13.26

2010 17 2.5 6.25 42.5 15.43

∑ y = 60 ∑ x=0 ∑ x2 = 17.5 ∑ xy = 38
Σy
Now, a = n
=
60

6
⇒ a = 10
Σxy
and b = 2
=
38

17.5
⇒ b = 2.17
Σx

So, the required equation of the straight line is yt = 10 + 2.17x

So, trend values
for year 2005, x = -2.5
∴ yt = 10 + 2.17 × (-2.5) = 4.58

for year 2006, x = -1.5

∴ yt = 10 + 2.17 × (-1.5) = 6.74
for year 2007, x = 0.5

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∴ yt = 10 + 2.17 × (-0.5) = 8.91
for year 2008, x = 0.5
∴ yt = 10 + 2.17 × 1.5 = 13.26

for year 2009, x = 2.5

∴ yt = 10 + 2.17 × 1.5 = 13.26

for year 2010, x = 2.5

∴ yt = 10 + 2.17 × 2.5 = 15.43

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 Solution

QUESTION BANK

Class 12 - Applied Maths

Section A
1.
(b) − e
x
1

+1
+ C

Explanation:
(put ex + 1 = t ⇒ ex dx = dt)
x x
dx e e
I = ∫ = ∫ dx = ∫ dx
x −x
e +e +2 e2x +2ex +1 (e
x
+1)
2

1 1 1
∴ I = ∫ dt = − + C = − + C
2 t x
t (e +1)

2.
(c) 2
Explanation:
Put kx2 = t ⇒ x dx = dt

2k
2 t
kx 1 t e
∴ ∫ xe dx = ∫ e dt = + C
2k 2k
2
kx 2
⇒
e

2k
+ C =
1

4
e
2x
+ C (given)
On comparing, we get k = 2

3.
10
(c) 3

Explanation:
Given P = and p0 = 4 10

−−−−−
So, 4 = √9 + x0 ⇒ x0 = 7
7 7
3
−−−−−
P.S. = 7 × 4 − ∫ √9 + xdx = 28 − [
2

3
(9 + x) 2 ]
0 0

128 54 10
= 28 − ( − ) =
3 3 3

4.
3
2
(d) 3
(1 + x) 2 + C

Explanation:
2
1+x+ √x+x 1+x+ √x√1+x
∫ dx = ∫ dx
√x+ √1+x √x+ √1+x

√1+x( √1+x+
√x) −−−−−
= ∫ dx = ∫ √1 + xdx
√x+ √1+x
3
2
= (1 + x) 2 + C
3

5.
2 3

(c) x − x

2
+
x

3
- log |1 + x| + C
Explanation:
3
x
Given: ∫ x+1
dx

3 3
x x +1−1
⇒ =
x+1 x+1

3 2
(x+1)(x −x+1)
x +1 1 1
⇒ − = −
x+1 x+1 x+1 x+1
3
x 2 1
⇒ ∫ dx = ∫ ((x − x + 1) − ) dx
x+1 x+1

3 2
2 1 x x
⇒ ∫ (x − x + 1) dx − ∫ dx = − + x − ln |1 + x| + C
x+1 3 2

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 6. (a) log (1 + log x)
Explanation:
1
I = ∫ dx
x+x log x

dx
I = ∫
x(1+log x)

Put 1 + log x = t
1
⇒ dx = dt
x
1
I = ∫ dt
t

⇒ I = log |t| + C
I = log (1 + log x) + C
b

7. (a) ∫ f (x + c)dx
a

Explanation:
Put x = t + c ⇒ dx = dt
When x = a + c, t = a and when x = b + c, t = b
b+c b b

∴ ∫ f (x)dx = ∫ f (t + c)dt = ∫ f (x + c)dx

a+c a a

8.
(b) none of these
Explanation:
none of these

9.
d(AC)
(c) dx
=
1

x
(MC - AC)
Explanation:
d(AC) 1

dx
=
x
(MC - AC)

10.
(b) equilibrium point
Explanation:
The intersection of demand and supply curves is the equilibrium point.

11. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
Given f'(x) = 10x + 7
So, f(x) = ∫ (10x + 7)dx
⇒ f(x) = 5x2 + 7x + C.
Given f(1) = 20
⇒ 20 = 5 × 12 + 7 × 1 + C
⇒ C = 8

∴ f (x) = 5x2 + 7x + 8
∴ A is true.
Also, R is true and R is the correct explanation of A.
12.
(d) A is false but R is true.
Explanation:
d
[∫ f (x)dx] = f (x)
dx

But ∫ (
d

dx
′
f (x)) dx = ∫ f (x)dx = f (x) + C

So, d

dx
[∫ f (x)dx] ≠ ∫ (
d

dx
f (x)) dx

A is false. R is true.

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 b

13. (a) ∫ |f (y)|dy

a

Explanation:
Area of shaded region is given by
b b

A = ∫ |x|dy = ∫ |f (y)|dy
a a

14. We have,
2 2

x2 dx = [
3 3 3
x 2 1 8 1 7
∫ ] = − = − =
3 3 3 3 3 3
1
1

2 2
x+1
15. I = ∫ ( x+1
1
−
x+2
1
) dx = [log |x + 1| − log |x + 2|]
2
1
= [log∣
∣ x+2
∣]
∣
1
1

3 2 3 3 9
= log − log = log( × ) = log( ).
4 3 4 2 8

16. Put 1 + x = t ⇒ 6x dx = dt. 6 5

When x = 0, t = 1 and when x = 1, t = 2.

2
∴ I =
1

6
∫
1
1

t
dt = . 1

6
[log t]
2
1
=
1

6
(log 2 − log 1) =
1

6
log 2

1
2
17. Let I = ∫ xe dx x

Also let x2 = t ⇒ 2x dx = dt
Also, when x = 0, t = 0
When x = 1, t = 1
Hence,
1

I= 1

2
∫ et dt
0

1
1 t
= |e ∣∣
2 0
1
= 2
(e - 1)
2 1 2 1 2
x−1 x−1 x−1 x−1 x−1
18. ∫ dx = ∫ dx + ∫ dx = ∫ dx + ∫
x−1
dx
|x−1| |x−1| |x−1| −(x−1)
0 0 1 0 1

1 2
1 2
= ∫ (−1)dx + ∫ 1dx = −[x] + [x] = −(1 − 0) + (2 − 1) = 0.
0 1 0 1

19. The demand function is p = 10e-x. It is given that p0 = 1. Substituting p = 1 in p = 10 e-x, we obtain

1 = 10e-x ⇒ ex = 10 ⇒ x = loge10
∴ x0 = loge10
The consumer's surplus is given by
x0

CS = ∫ pdx − p0 x0
0

log 10
e

⇒ CS = ∫ 10e
−x
dx − 1 × log
e
10
0

−x loge 10
⇒ CS = −10[e ]
0
− loge 10 = −10 (e − loge 10
− 1) - loge10
⇒ CS = −10 ( 10
1
− 1) − loge 10 = 9 - loge10
20. The law of demand states that, if all other factors remain constant, the higher the price of a product, the less people will demand
that product and vice-versa.
21. The demand function is p = 100 - 8x. It is given that p0 = 4. Substituting p = 4 and x = x0 in p = 100 - 8x, we obtain
4 = 100 - 8x0 ⇒ x0 = 12
x0
∴ CS = ∫ 0
pdx − p0 x0

12 12
⇒ CS = ∫ 0
(100 − 8x)dx − 4 × 12 = [100x − 4x 2
]
0
− 48 = (100 × 12 - 4 × 144) - 48 = 576
Section B
2

22. ∫ x
dx
√x6 + a6

(put x3 = t ⇒ 3x2 dx = dt ⇒ x2 dx = 1

3
dt)

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LEARN TODAY LEAD TOMMORROW
 −− −−−−−−
∣ ∣
= 1
∫
dt
=
1 2 3 2
log∣t + √t + (a ) ∣ + C
3 2 3 ∣ ∣
√t2 + (a3 )

−− −−−−
= 1

3
log∣
∣x
3 6 6
+ √x + a ∣ ∣ + C
2
x +x−1
23. Let I = ∫ 2
dx
(x+1) (x+2)

Using partial fractions.

2
x +x−1 A B C
= + +
2 (x+1) 2 (x+2)
(x+1) (x+2) (x+1)

⇒ x2 + x - 1 = A (x + 1) (x + 2) + B (x + 2) + C (x + 1)2
= (A + C)x2 + (3A + B + 2C)x + (2A + 2B + C)
Equating similar terms, we get
A + C = 1, 3A + B + 2C = 1, 2A + 2B + C = -1
Solving, we get, A = 0, B = -1, C = 1
Thus,
I= 0 ∫ x+1
dx
+ (−1) ∫
dx

2
+ 1∫
dx

(x+2)
(x+1)

=+ x+1
1
+ log |x + 2| + c

1
∴ I = + log |x + 2| + c
x+1

24. Let I = ∫ 1
dx
x log x(2+log x)

Using partial fractions,

1 A B
= +
x log x(2+log x) x log x x(2+log x)

⇒ 1 = A(2 + logx) + B logx

Put x = 1
⇒ 1 = 2A ⇒ A =
1

Put x = 10-2
⇒ 1 = -2B ⇒ B = - 1

Thus,
1 dx 1 dx
I= 2
∫
x log x
+ (−
2
)∫
x(2+log x)

1 1
= 2
log | log x| − 2
log |2 + log x| + c

log x
I= 1

2
log ∣
∣ 2+log
∣
x∣
+ c

2x+1
25. Let I = ∫ 2
dx
(x+2)(x−3)

Using partial fractions,

2x+1 A B C
= + +
2 x+2 x−3 2
(x+2)(x−3) (x−3)

⇒ 2x + 1 = A (x - 3)2 + B (x +2) (x - 3) + C (x + 2)
= (A + B)x2 + (-6A - B + C)x + (9A - 6B + 2C)
Equating similar terms, we have
A + B = 0 ⇒ A = -B
- 6A - B + C = 2 ⇒ 5B + C = 2
9A - 6B + 2C = 1 ⇒ -15B + 2C = 1
Solving, we get, B = , C = , A = - 3

25
7

5 25
3

Thus,
I=- 25
3
∫
dx

x+2
+
3

25
∫
dx

x−3
+
7

5
∫
dx

2
(x−3)

I=− 25
3
log |x + 2| +
3

25
log |x − 3| −
7
+ c
5(x−3)

26. ∫ dx

3/4
= ∫
dx

3/4
2 4
x (x +1) 1
5
x (1+ )
4
x

(put 1+ 1
= t ⇒ (-4) . x-5 dx = dt ⇒ 1

5
dx = − dt)1

x4 x 4
1/4

=− 1

4
∫
dt

3/4
= −
1

4
∫ t
−3/4
dt = −
1

4
⋅
t
+ C
t 1/4

1/4

t1\4 +
1 1 1/4
=- C = −(1 + 4
) + C= −
x
(x
4
+ 1) + C
x

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LEARN TODAY LEAD TOMMORROW
27. Let x
=
x+1
A
+
B

x+2
(x+1)(x+2)

⇒ x = A (x + 2) + B (x + 1).
Equating the coefficients of x and constant terms on both sides, we get
A + B = 1 and 2A + B = 0.
On solving these equations, we get A = -1 and B = 2.
2 2
x 1 2
∴ ∫ dx = ∫ (− + ) dx
(x+1)(x+2) x+1 x+2
1 1

2
= [− log |x + 1| + 2 log |x + 2|]
1

= (-log 3 + 2 log 4) - (-log 2 + 2 log 3) = 2 log 4 + log 2 - 3 log 3

2

= log 4 2
+ log 2 − log 3
3
= log
4 ×2

3
= log
32

27
3

28. Let (x+1)(x+2)

1
=
x+1
A
+
x+2
B
...(i)
Then, 1 = A(x + 2) + B(x + 1) ...(ii)
Putting x + 2 = 0 or, x = - 2 in (ii), we get: B = -1
Putting x + 1 = 0 or, x = - 1 in (ii), we get: A = 1
Putting the values of A and B in (i), we get
1 1 1
= −
(x+1)(x+2) x+1 x+2

2 2 2

∴ I=∫ 1
dx = ∫ x+1
1
dx - ∫ x+2
1
dx
(x+1)(x+2)
1 1 1

⇒ I = [log(x + 1)] 2
1
− [log(x + 2)]
2
1

9
⇒ I = (log 3 - log 2) - (log 4 - log 3) = 2 log 3 - log 2 - log 4 = log 9 - log 8 = log ( 8
)

x
1 x e 1 (x+1)−1
29. ∫0 2
dx = ∫
0 2
e dx
x

(x+1) (x+1)

1 1
=∫ 0 x+1
1 x
e dx − ∫
0
1

2
e dx
x

(x+1)

(integrate the first integral by parts, taking 1

x+1
as the first function)
1
1 1
=[ x+1
1
⋅ e ]
x
− ∫
0
(−1)(x + 1)
−2
⋅ e
x
dx − ∫
0
1

2
x
e dx
0 (x+1)

1 1
=( 1

2
e
1
−
1

1
0
e )+ ∫
0
1

2
x
e dx − ∫
0
1

2
x
e dx
(x+1) (x+1)

= 1

2
e− 1

2
log x
30. Let I = ∫ 2
dx. Then,
x
1

2 2
2
I = ∫ log x ⋅ 1

2
dx = [(log x) (− 1

x
)]
1
− ∫
1

x
(−
x
1
) dx [Integrating by parts]
x
1 I II 1

2 2
I = [− 1

x
log x]
1
− [
1

x
]
1
= (− 1

2
log 2) + (1 × log 1) - ( 1

2
−
1

1
)

1 1 1 1 1 e
I=− 2
log 2 + 2
=
2
(-log 2 + 1) = 2
(-log 2 + log e) = 2
log ( 2
)

2−x
31. Log (x) = log ( 2+x
)

−1
2+x 2−x 2−x
⇒ f (−x) = log( ) = log ( ) = − log( ) = −f (x)
2−x 2+x 2+x

⇒ f (x) is an odd function.

1
2−x
∴ ∫ log( )dx = 0.
2+x
−1

32. It is given that the marginal cost MC and average cost AC are directly proportional to each other.
∴ MC = λ AC, where λ is the constant of proportionality.
dC C dC dx
⇒ = λ ⇒ = λ
dx x C x

Integrating both sides, we get

log C = λ log x + log k ⇒ logC = log x + log k ⇒ log C = log(kx λ λ
) ⇒ C = kx ... (i)
λ

It is given that C = 8 when x = 2 and C = 64 when x = 4. Putting x = 2, C = 8 and x = 4, C = 64 respectively in (i), we get
23 = 2
λ 2
64
∴ 8 = k × 2 and 64 = k × 4 λ λ
⇒
8
=
k×4

λ
⇒ 8= 2 λ

λ
⇒
λ
⇒ λ =3
k×2 2

Putting λ = 3 in 8 = k × 2 , we get: 8 = k × 8 ⇒ k = 1. Putting k = 1 and k = 3 in (i), we get: C = x3

λ

Hence, the total cost function C is given by C = x3

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LEARN TODAY LEAD TOMMORROW
33. Given P = 4 - x2 and x0 = 1

So, p0 = 4 - x02 ⇒ p0 = 4 - 12 ⇒ p0 = 3
1

∴ CS = ∫ (4 − x 2
) dx − 1 × 3
0

3 1

= [4x − x

3
] − 3 = 4 −
1

3
− 3 =
2

3
0

34. Given MR = 15 + 4x - 3x2

∴ R(x) = ∫ (15 + 4x − 3x
2
) dx

R(x) = 15x + 2x2 - x3 + k

∵ R(0) = 0

⇒ 15 × 0 + 2 × 0 - 0 + k = 0 ⇒ k = 0

∴ R(x) = 15x + 2x2 - x3

R(x)
∵ R(x) = px ⇒ P = x

⇒ P = 15 + 2x - x2
35. We have,
p p p
MC = ⇒
dC

dx
= ⇒ dC = dx
√px+q √px+q √px+q

Integrating both sides, we get

p −−−−−
C=∫ dx + k ⇒ C = 2√px + q + k ...(i)
√px+q

where k is the constant of integration.

It is given that the fixed cost of production is zero i.e. C = 0 when x = 0. Putting x = 0, C = 0 in (i), we get
0 = 2√q + k ⇒ k = −2√q
Putting k = −2√q in (i), we find that the total cost function is given by C = 2√−−−−−
px + q − 2√q

36. We are given that Marginal cost = 6 + 10x - 6x2

i.e., MC = 6 + 10x - 6x2
= 6 + 10x - 6x2 ⇒ C = ∫ C = 6x + 5x2 - 2x3 + k ... (i)
dC 2
⇒ (6 + 10x − 6x ) dx + k ⇒
dx

It is given that the cost of producing one unit of the commodity is ₹12 i.e. when x = 1, C = 12 Substituting x = 1 and C = 12 in (i),
we get
12 = 6 + 5 - 2 + k ⇒ k = 3
Putting k = 3 in (i), we get: C = 6x + 5x2 - 2x3 + 3. Hence, the total cost function is
C = 6x + 5x2 - 2x3 + 3
= 6 + 5x - 2x2 +
C 3
∴ AC = x x

Section C
2x
37. Let the integral be I = ∫ 2
dx
2+x−x

write the numerator in the following form

d 2
2x = λ { (2 + x − x )} + μ
dx

i.e. 2x = λ {-2x + 1} + μ
Equating the coefficients will given the values of λ , μ
λ = -1, μ = 1

2x λ{−2x+1}+μ
∴ I = ∫ dx = ∫ dx
2 2
2+x−x 2+x−x

Using the values of λ and μ gives

−1(−2x+1)+1
I = ∫ dx
2
2+x−x

−1{−2x+1} 1
= ∫ dx + dx
2 2
2+x−x 2+x−x

= -log |2 + x - x2| + ∫ 1

2
dx
2+x−x

= -log |2 + x - x2| - ∫ 1
dx
(x2 −x−2)

= -log |2 + x - x2| - ∫ 1

1 1
dx
( x2 −x+ −2− )
4 4

6 / 17
LEARN TODAY LEAD TOMMORROW
 = -log |2 + x - x2| - ∫ 1

1 9
dx
( x2 −x+ − )
4 4

= -log |2 + x - x2| - ∫ 1

2 2
dx
1 3
(x− ) −( ) )
2 2

1 3
∣ (x− )−( )∣

= -log |2 + x - x2| - 1 2 2
log∣ ∣ + C
3 1 3
∣ (x− )+( )∣
2 2

= -log |2 + x - x2| -
(x−2)
1 ∣ ∣
log + C
3 ∣ (x+1) ∣

38. The given integral is

1
I = ∫ dx
6
x(x +1)

5
x
= ∫ dx
6 6
x (x +1)

Let x6 = t
= 6x5 dx = dt
= x dx =5 dt

6
1 dt
I = ∫
6 t(t+1)

1 dt
= ∫
6 2
t +t

1 dt
= ∫
6 2 2
2 1 1 1
t +2t( )+ ( ) −( )
2 2 2

1 dt
= ∫
6 2 2
1 1
(t+ ) −( )
2 2

Let t + 1

2
= u

= dt = du
1 du
I = ∫
6 2
1
u2 − ( )
2
1
∣ u− ∣
x−a
=
1
×
1

1
log∣
2

1
∣ + c [Since ∫ 1
dx =
1
log∣
∣ x+a
∣ + c
∣ ]
6 x2 − a2 2a
2( ) ∣ u+ ∣
2 2

1 1
∣ t+ − ∣
1 2 2
I = log∣ ∣ + c
6 1 1
∣ t+ + ∣
2 2
6
1 ∣ x∣
I = log + c
6 ∣ 6
x +1
∣
x
39. Let the given integral be, I = ∫ dx
√x2 +x+1

(x2 + x + 1) + μ
d
Let x = λ dx

= λ (2x + 1) + μ
⇒ x = (2λ )x + λ + μ

Comparing the coefficients of like powers of x,

2λ = 1 ⇒ λ = 1

λ +μ=0
⇒ (
1

2
)+ μ =0
1
⇒ μ= −
2
1 1
(2x+1)−

So, I = ∫ 2 2
dx
√x2 +x+1

(2x+1)
1 1 1
= ∫ dx − ∫ dx
2 √x2 +x+1 2 2 2
1 1 1
√x2 +2x( )+ ( ) −( ) +1
2 2 2

1 2x+1 1 1
= ∫ dx − ∫ dx
2 √x2 +x+1 2 2
2 √3
1
√(x+ ) −( )
2 2

−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
−−−−−−−− ∣ 2 √3
2∣

=
1

2
2
× 2√x + x + 1 −
1

2
log∣x +
1

2
+ √(x +
1

2
) − (
2
) ∣ + c ...[Since,
∣ ∣
− −− −−−−
∫
1
dx = 2√x + c, ∫
1 2 2
dx = log |x + √x − a | + c]
√x √x2 − a2
−−−−−−−− 1 1
−−−−−−−−
log∣ + √x + x + 1∣
2 2
⇒ I = √x + x + 1 − ∣x + ∣ + c
2 2

40. Let x2 = y. Then,

2 y
x
=
2 2 (y+1)(y+4)
(x +1)(x +4)

7 / 17
LEARN TODAY LEAD TOMMORROW
 y
Let =
y+1
A
+
y+4
B
...(i)
(y+1)(y+4)

⇒ y = A(y + 4) + B(y + 1) ...(ii)

Putting y = -1 and y = -4 successively in (ii), we get
1 4
A= −
3
and B = 3

Substituting the values of A and B in (i), we obtain

y 1 4
= − +
(y+1)(y+4) 3(y+1) 3(y+4)

Replacing y by x2, we obtain

2
x
=− 1
+
4

(x2 +1)(x2 +4) 3(x2 +1) 3(x2 +4)

2
x 1 4 1 1 4 1
∴ I = ∫ dx = ∫ {− + } dx = − ∫ dx + ∫ dx
2 2
(x2 +1)(x2 +4) 3(x2 +1) 3(x2 +4) 3 x +1 3 x +4

⇒ I=− 1

3
tan
−1
x +
4

3
×
1

2
tan
−1
(
x

2
)+ C = −
1

3
tan
−1
x +
2

3
tan
−1
(
x

2
)+ C

41. Let I = ∫ 1
dx . Then,
√4x2 −9

1 1 1 1
I = ∫ dx = ∫ dx
2 9 2 2
2 2 3
√x − √x − ( )
4 2
−−−−−−−−−
2
1 2 3
⇒ I = log |x + √x − ( ) | + C
2 2

−−−−−− 2
2x+ √4x +9 ∣
∣
=
1

2
log |x + √x
2
−
9

4
| + C = 1

2
log∣
2
∣ + C
∣ ∣
1
−−−−−− 1
2
⇒ I = log |2x + √4x − 9| − log 2 + C
2 2
−−−−−−
=
1

2
2
log |2x + √4x − 9| + C1 , where C1 = − 1

2
log 2 + C
42. We have to find the area of the region bounded by
x = a ...(i)
and y2 = 4 ax ...(ii)
Equation (i) represents a line parallel to y-axis and equation (ii) represents a parabola. we slice this information into rectangular
strip of width = dx, Length = y - 0 = y
Area of rectangle = y△x
This approximating rectangle can move from x = 0 to x = a
Required area = Twice area of Region OCBO
= 2(Region OABO)
a
−−−
= 2 ∫ √4ax dx
0

−
− a −
= 2.2√a ∫ √x dx
0
a
−
− 2 −
= 4√a ⋅ ( x√x )
3
0

−
− 2 −
−
= 4√a ⋅ ( a√a )
3

Required area = 8

3
a
2
square units.

43. The given equation y = 4x - x2 represents a parabola opening downwards and cutting x-axis at O(0, 0) and B(4, 0)
Slicing the region above x-axis in vertical strips of length = |y| and width = dx, area of corresponding rectangle is = |y| dx
Since the corresponding rectangle can move from z = 0 to z = 4,
Therefore Required area of shaded region OABO is
4 4

A = ∫ |y|dx = ∫ ydx ...[As, y > 0 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 4 ⇒ |y| = y]

0 0

⇒ A = ∫ (4x - x2)dx
0

8 / 17
LEARN TODAY LEAD TOMMORROW
 2 3 4
4x x
⇒ A=[ 2
−
3
]
0

A = 32 - 64

⇒ A= 32

3
square units

44. Here we have,

2
x+3
∫ dx
x(x+2)
1

2 2

= ∫
x
dx + ∫ 3

x(x+2) x(x+2)
1 1

2 2

= ∫
dx
+ ∫
3
dx
(x+2) x(x+2)
1 1

3 2 1 1
= [log(x + 2)]
2
1
+
2
∫
1 x
−
x+2
dx [using partial fraction]
2
2 3 3
= [log(x + 2)] + [ log x − log(x + 2)]
1 2 2
1
2
3 1
= [ log x − log(x + 2)]
2 2
1

=
1

2
[3 log2 - log4 + log3]
=
1

2
[3 log2 - 2 log2 + log3] [∵ log4 = 2 log2]
1
=
2
[log2 + log3]
=
1

2
[log 6]
=
1

2
log 6
2

∴ ∫
x+3
dx = 1

2
log6
x(x+2)
1

45. Equation of the curve (parabola) is y = 4x2

x2 =
y
⇒
4
...(i)
√y
⇒ x= 2
…(ii)
Here required shaded area of the region lying in first quadrant bounded by a parabola (i), x = 0 and the horizontal lines y = 1 and y
= 4 is
∣ 4 ∣ ∣ 4 ∣ ∣ 4 1 ∣
√y 1
∣∫ xdy ∣ = ∣∫ dy ∣ = ∣∫ y 2 ∣
2 2
∣1 ∣ ∣1 ∣ ∣1 ∣
3 4
∣ ∣
∣ (y 2 ) ∣
1 ∣ 1 ∣
=
2 ∣ 3 ∣
∣ 2 ∣
∣ ∣
3 3
1 2
= . (4 2 − 1 2 )
2 3

9 / 17
LEARN TODAY LEAD TOMMORROW
 1 –
= (4√4 − 1)
3

=
1

3
(8 - 1) = 7

3
sq. units
46. To find area of region bounded by x-axis the ordinates x = -2 and x = 3 and y - 1 = x ...(i)
Equation (i) is a line that meets at axes at (0, 1) and (-1, 0)
A rough sketch of the given information is as under:-

The bounded region provides the required area.

Now Required area = Area of Region ABCA + Area of Region ADEA
3 ∣ −1 ∣
A= ∫ ydx + ∣ ∫ ydx∣
−1 ∣−2 ∣
3

= ∫ (x + 1)dx + |-2-1 (x + 1)dx|

−1

3 −1
2 2
x ∣ x ∣
= ( + x) + + x
2 ∣ 2 ∣
−1 −2

9
= [( 2
+ 3) - ( 1

2
- 1)] + ( 1

2
- 1) - (2 - 2)]
15 1 1
= [ + ] + ∣
∣−
∣
∣
2 2 2

=8+ 1

A= 17

2
sq. units
6
47. M R = 2
+ 5
(x+2)

R=∫
​ (M R)dx + C

= ∫ (
6

2
+ 5) dx +C
(x+2)

1
= 6∫ dx + 5 ∫ dx + C
2
(x+2)

−1
=6 (x+2)
+ 5x + c

−6
= + 5x + c
(x+2)

When R = 0 and x = 0
−6
0= + 5(0) + C
(0+2)

C=3
−6
∴ R =​​ (x+2)
+ 5x + 3

and demand function is given by,

R
p=​ x
−6
+5x+3
(x +2)
p=​ x

p=​ −6
+ 5 +
3

x
x(x+2)

Where p is the price, when number of units sold x.

48. i. MC = 30 + 2x.
dC
As MC = dx
,
C(x) = ∫ (MC) dx = ∫ (30 + 2x) dx
= 30x + x2 + k, where k is constant of integration.
Given fixed cost (in ₹) = 120 i.e. when x = 0, C(x) = 120
⇒ 30 × 0 + 02 + k = 120 ⇒ k = 120.
∴ C(x) = 120 + 30x + x2
∴ Total cost of producing 100 units = 120 + 30 × 100 + 1002 = 13120 (in ₹).

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 ii. Cost of increasing output from 100 to 200 = C(200) - C(100)
= (120 + 30 × 200 + 2002) - 13120 = 33000 (in ₹).
Alternatively, we can obtain it as
200 200
200
∫ (MC)dx = ∫ (30 + 2x)dx = [30x + x 2
]
100
100 100

= (30 × 200 + 2002) - (30 × 100 + 1002) = 33000 (in ₹).

49. Let C(x) be the total cost of x units of the product and MC be the marginal cost, then
MC = (given)
x

√x2 +400

As MC = dx
d
(C(x)), so d

dx
(C(x)) = x

√x2 +400

−− −−−−−
∴ C(x) = ∫ x
dx (put √x 2
+ 400 = t i.e. x2 + 400 = t2 ⇒ 2x dx = 2t dt i.e. x dx = t dt)
√x2 +400

= ∫
tdt

t
= ∫ 1 dt = t + k, k is constant of integration
−−−−− −−
⇒ C(x) = √x2 + 400 + k.
Given fixed cost (in ₹) = 1000 i.e. when x = 0, C(x) = 1000
−−−−−−−
⇒ 1000 = √0 + 400 + k ⇒ 1000 = 20 + k ⇒ k = 980
2

−−−−−−−
∴ C(x) = √x + 400 + 980
2

C(x) √x2 +400

980
Average cost = x
=
x
+
x
.
50. Let P be the profit function and R be the revenue function. Then,
R = px = 20x - 4x3 and MR = dR

dx
= 20 - 12x2
Now, P = R - C
dP dR dC
⇒ = −
dx dx dx
dP
⇒
dx
= MR - MC
= (20 - 12x2) - (2x + 6)
dP
⇒
dx

= 14 - 2x - 12x2 and
2

⇒
dP

dx
d P

2
= -2 - 24x
dx

For maximum value of P, we must have

dP

dx
=0

⇒ 14 - 2x - 12x2 = 0
⇒ 6x2 + x - 7 = 0
⇒ 6x2 + 7x - 6x - 7 = 0 ⇒ (6x - 7) (x - 1) = 0 ⇒ x - 1 = 0 ⇒ x = 1
2
d p
Clearly, ( 2
) = -2 - 24 = -26 < 0
dx x=1

Hence, the profit is maximum when x = 1. Therefore, x0 = 1. Putting x0 = 1 in p = 20 - 4x2, we obtain p0 = 16.
The consumer's surplus at x0 = 1 is given by
1

CS = ∫ pdx − p 0 x0

⇒ CS = ∫ (20 − 4x 2
) dx − 16 × 1
0

⇒ CS = [20x − 4

3
3
x ] − 16 = 20 −
4

3
− 16 =
8

3
0

51. Let R(x) be the revenue function of x units of the product and MR be the marginal revenue function, then
MR = 11 - 3x + 4x2.
As MR = dx
d
(R(x)), so d

dx
(R(x)) = 11 - 3x + 4x2
∴ R(x) = ∫ (11 - 3x + 4x2) dx
2 3
x x
= 11x - 3 ⋅ 2
+ 4 ⋅
3
+ k, where k is constant of integration.
When x = 0, R(x) = 0
3
⇒ 0 = 11 × 0 - × 0 + 0 + k ⇒ k = 0.
4
×
2 3

x2 + x3.
3
∴ R(x) = 11x - 2
4

If p is the price per unit when x units of the product are sold, then
R(x) = p⋅ x

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LEARN TODAY LEAD TOMMORROW
 ⇒ px = 11x - 3

2
x2 + 4

3
x3
⇒ p = 11 - 3

2
x+ 4

3
x2, which is the corresponding demand function.
Section D
2 1 2 1 2

52. i. ∫ f (x)dx = ∫ f (x)dx + ∫ f (x)dx = ∫ (2x + 3)dx + ∫ (x − 4)dx

−1 −1 1 −1 1

2 2
1 x
2
= [x + 3x] + [ − 4x]
1 2
1
1 7
= 4 − (−2) + (−6 − ( − 4)) =
2 2

2 1 2

ii. ∫ |x − 1|dx = ∫ |x − 1|dx + ∫ |x − 1|dx

0 0 1

2
2
2 1 x
= [x + 3x11 + [ − 4x]
2
1

1 7
= 4 − (−2) + (−6 − ( − 4)) =
2 2

2 6/5 2

iii. ∫ |5x − 6|dx = ∫ |5x − 6|dx + ∫ |5x − 6|dx

−1 −1 6/5

6/5 2

∫ −(5x − 6)dx + ∫ (5x − 6)dx

−1 6/5

6/5 2
2 2
5x 5x
= [− + 6x] + [ − 6x]
2 2
−1 6/5

5 36 36 5 5 5 36 36
= (− ⋅ + ) − (− − 6) + ( × 4 − 12) − ( × − )
2 25 5 2 2 2 25 5

36 17 36 137
= + − 2 + =
10 2 10 10

OR
1 1/3 2/3 1

∫ [3x]dx = ∫ [3x]dx + ∫ [3x]dx + ∫ [3x]dx

0 0 1/3 2/3

1/3 2/3 1

= ∫ 0dx + ∫ 1dx + ∫ 2dx

0 1/3 2/3

2/3
1
= 0 + [x] + [2x]
1/3 2/3

1 2
= + = 1
3 3

53. i. ∫ x dx
3

−2

Here, f(x) = x3
⇒ f(-x) = (-x)3 = -x3 = -f(x)
∴ f (x) is odd.

So, 3
∫ x dx = 0
−2

ii. ∫ (8x
5
− 4x
3
+ 7x) dx
−5

Here, f(x) = 8x5 - 4x3 + 7x

⇒ f (-x) = 8(-x)5 - 4(-x)3 + 7(-x)
= -8x5 + 4x3 - 7x = -f (x).
⇒ f(x) is odd.

So, ∫ (8x
5
− 4x
3
+ 7x) dx = 0.
−5

3
1−x
iii. ∫ log(
1+x
)dx
−3

1−x
Here, f (x) = log ( 1+x
)

1−x
= − log( ) = −f (x)
1+x

So,f (x) is an odd function.

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 3
1−x
∴ ∫ log( )dx = 0
1+x
−3

OR
2
2
1+12x
∫ dx
3
x+4x
−2
2
1+12x
Here, f (x) = 3
x+4x
2
1+12(−x) 2
1+12x
⇒ f (−x) = = − = −f (x)
3 x+4x3
−x+4(−x)

⇒ f(x) is odd.
2
2
1+12x
So, ∫
3
dx = 0.
x+4x
−2

54. i. Given MC = 300

√3x+25

1/2
300 (3x+25)
⇒ C(x) = ∫ dx = 300 ⋅ + k
1
√3x+25
×3
2
−−−−−−
⇒ C(x) = 200√3x + 25 + k

When x = 0, C(x) = 5000

⇒ 5000 = 200 × 5 + k ⇒ k = 4000
−−−−−−
∴ C(x) = 200√3x + 25 + 4000
C(x) 200√3x+25
ii. AC = x
=
x
+
4000

x
−−−−−−−
iii. When x = 200, C(200) = 200 √600 + 25 + 4000 = 5000 + 4000 = 9000
i.e. cost of producing 200 units = ₹ 9000.
OR
When x = 200,
200√600+25 4000
AC = + = 25 + 20 = 45
200 200

i.e. average cost of producing 200 units = ₹45

55. i. Given MR = 7 - 4x + 3x2
2
∴ R(x) = ∫ (7 − 4x + 3x ) dx
2 3

⇒ R(x) = 7x − 4 ⋅
x

2
+ 3 ⋅
x

3
+ k , where k is constant of integration
⇒ R(x) = 7x - 2x2 + x3 + k.
ii. Given that when x = 4, revenue = ₹20
∴20 = 7 × 4 - 2 x 42 + 43 + k
⇒ 20 = 28 - 32 + 64 + k ⇒ k = -40.

So, R(x) = 7x - 2x2 + x3 - 40.

iii. We know that revenue = price per unit x number of units sold
⇒ 7x - 2x2 + x3 - 40 = P × x
p = 7 - 2x + x2 -
40
⇒
x

OR
R(x) 2 3
7x−2x + x −40
Average revenue (AR) = x
=
x

= 7 − 2x + x − . 2 40

Section E
3 3
x −5x x −5x
56. =
(x2 −9)(x2 +1) (x−3)(x+3)(x2 +1)

3
x −5x A B Cx+D
Let 2
=
x−3
+
x+3
+
2
(x−3)(x+3)(x +1) x +1

⇒ x3 - 5x = A(x + 3)(x2 + 1) + B(x - 3)(x2 + 1) + (Cx + D)(x - 3)(x + 3)

⇒ x3 - 5x = A(x3 + 3x2 + x + 3) + B(x3 - 3x2 + x - 3) + C(x3 - 9x) + 0(x2 - 9)
⇒ A + B + C = 1, 3A -3B + D = 0, A + B - 9C = -5 and 3A - 3B - 9D = 0
1 1 3
⇒ A= , B = ,C = ,D = 0
5 5 5
3
3 x
x −5x 1 1 5
∴ ∫ dx = ∫ ( + + ) dx
2 2 5(x−3) 5(x+3) 2
(x −9)(x +1) x +1

1 1 3 2x
= log |x − 3| + log |x + 3| + ∫ dx + C
5 5 10 2
x +1

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 1 3 2
= log |(x − 3)(x + 3)| + log∣
∣x + 1∣
∣ + C
5 10
1 2 3 2
= log ⋅ ∣
∣x − 9∣
∣ + log∣
∣x + 1∣
∣ + C
5 10
5
x + 1
57. ∫ 2
dx
x + 1

x+1
=∫ x
3
− x +
2
dx
x +1

= ∫ x3 dx - ∫ xdx + ∫
x+1

2
dx
x +1
4 2

= x

4
−
x

2
+∫ x

2
dx + ∫
2
1
dx
x +1 x +1

+ I1 + tan-1 x + c
4 2
x x
= 4
−
2

x
∵ I1 = ∫ 2
dx
x +1

put x2 + 1 = t
2x dx = dt
xdx = dt

2
1

2
∫
dt

t
= 1

2
log t
1

= log t 2

−−−−−
= log √x2 + 1

−−−−−
+ tan-1 x + c
4 2
x x
∴
4
−
2
+ log √x 2
+ 1

C
58. Let (x−1)(x−2)(x−3)
x
= x−1
A
+
D

x−2
+
x−3

⇒ x = A(x - 2)(x - 3) + B(x - 1)(x - 3) + C(x - 1)(x - 2)

⇒ x = A(x2 - 5x + 6) + B(x2 - 4x + 3) + C(x2 - 3x + 2)
Equating the coefficients of x2, x and constant terms on both sides, we get
A + B + C = 0, -5A - 4B - 3C = 1, 6A + 3B + 2C = 0
1 3
⇒ A= 2
, B = -2, C = 2

∴ ∫
x
dx =∫ (
1
−
x−2
2
+
3
) dx
(x−1)(x−2)(x−3) 2(x−1) 2(x−3)

= 1

2
log Ix - 1I - 2 log Ix - 2| + 3

2
log Ix - 3| + C
2x+1
59. ∫ 2
dx
18−4x−x

Let 2x + 1 = A dx
d
(18 − 4x − x ) + B
2

⇒ 2x + 1 = A(-4 - 2x) + B
⇒ -2A = 2 and -4A + B = 1 ⇒ A = -1, B = -3
2x+1 −(−4−2x)−3
∴ ∫ dx = ∫ dx
2 2
18−4x−x 18−4x−x

−4−2x 1
= −∫ 2
dx − 3 ∫
2
dx
18−4x−x 18−4x−x

= −I 1 − 3I2

(put 18 - 4x - x2 = t ⇒ (-4 - 2x) dx = dt)

−4−2x
where I1 = ∫ dx
18−4x−x2

I1 = ∫ dt

t
= log |t| + C1 = log∣
∣18 − 4x − x ∣
∣ + C1
2

and I2 = − ∫ 2
1
dx = − ∫
2
1

2
dx
x +4x−18 (x+2) −( √22)

√22+x+2
1 1 ∣ ∣
=∫ dx = log
∣
+ C2
√22−x−2 ∣
2 2
( √22) −(x+2) 2√22

2x+1 3 ∣ √22+x+2 ∣
2
∴ ∫ dx = − log∣
∣18 − 4x − x ∣
∣ − log + C
18−4x−x
2
2√22 ∣ √22−x−2 ∣

60. Put x = a - t ⇒ dx = -dt

When x = 0, t = a and when x = a, t = 0
a 0 a
a
∴ ∫ f (x)dx = − ∫ f (a − t)dt = ∫ f (a − t)dt = ∫ f (a − x)dx
0
0 a 0

1 1

Now, I = ∫ 2 n
x (1 − x) dx = ∫ (1 − x) (1 − (1 − x)) dx
2 n

0 0

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LEARN TODAY LEAD TOMMORROW
 1 1
2 n n n+1 n+2
I = ∫ (1 − 2x + x ) x dx = ∫ (x − 2x + x ) dx
0 0

n+1 n+2 n+3 1

x 2x x 1 2 1
= [ − + ] = − +
n+1 n+2 n+3 n+1 n+2 n+3
0

(n+2)(n+3)−2(n+1)(n+3)+(n+1)(n+2)
⇒ I =
(n+1)(n+2)(n+3)

2 2 2
(n +5n+6)−2(n +4n+3)+(n +3n+2)

=
(n+1)(n+2)(n+3)

2
=
(n+1)(n+2)(n+3)

61. A rough sketch of the parabola y2 = 4ax is shown in Fig. Let S(a, 0) be the focus and L SL' be the directrix of the parabola y2 =
4ax. The required area is LO L'L. Since the curve is symmetrical about x-axis.
So, required area = 2(Area LO SL)

Here, we slice the area LOSL into vertical strips. For the approximating rectangle shown in Fig., we have
Length = |y|, Width = dx and so Area = |y|dx
Since the approximating rectangle can move between x = 0 and x = a. So, required area A is given by
A = 2(Area LOSL)
a

A = 2 ∫ |y|dx
0
a

⇒ A = 2∫ y dx [∵ y ≥ 0 ∴ |y| = y]
0
a

A = 2 ∫ √4ax dx [∵ P(x, y) lies on y2 = 4ax ∴ y = √4ax ]

−−− −−−
⇒
0
a

⇒ A = 4√−
− −
a ∫ √x dx
0

3 a

−
−
⇒ A=4 √a [
x 2

3
]

2 0
3
−
−
a2 sq. units
8
⇒ A=4 √a ×
2

3
(a - 0) =
2
3

62. Given f(x) = | x + 2 | + | x - 3 |.

When 0 ≤ x ≤ 3, x + 2 ≥ 0, x - 3 ≤ 0
⇒ | x + 2| = x + 2, | x - 3 | = - (x - 3)

⇒ f(x) = (x + 2) - (x - 3) = 5.

When 3 ≤ x ≤ 5, x + 2 ≥ 0, x - 3 ≥ 0
⇒ | x + 2| = (x + 2), | x - 3 | = x - 3

⇒ f(x) = (x + 2) + (x - 3) = 2x - 1.

5 3 5

∴ ∫ f (x)dx = ∫ f (x)dx + ∫ f (x)dx

0 0 3

= 5 (3 - 0) + (25 - 5) - (9 - 3) = 15 + 20 - 6 = 29.
63. Let f (x) = | x - 1| + | x - 2 | + | x - 3 |
⎧ (x − 1) − (x − 2) − (x − 3), 1 ≤ x ≤ 2

f (x) = ⎨ (x − 1) + (x − 2) − (x − 3), 2 ≤ x ≤ 3
⎩
(x − 1) + (x − 2) + (x − 3), 3 ≤ x ≤ 4

⎧ −x + 4, 1 ≤ x ≤ 2
⎪

⇒ f (x) = ⎨ x, 2 ≤ x ≤ 3
⎩
⎪
3x − 6, 3 ≤ x ≤ 4
2 3 4

∴ I = ∫ (−x + 4)dx + ∫ xdx + ∫ (3x − 6)dx

1 2 3

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LEARN TODAY LEAD TOMMORROW
 2 2 2 3 2 4
x x 3x
= [− + 4x] + [ ] + [ − 6x]
2 2 2
1 2 3

1 9 27 19
= (−2 + 8) − (− + 4) + ( − 2) +(24 − 24) − ( − 18) =
2 2 2 2

64. Givenf(x)= | x | + | x - 1 | + | x - 2 |
⎧ x − (x − 1) − (x − 2), 0 ≤ x ≤ 1

f (x) = ⎨ x + (x − 1) − (x − 2), 1 ≤ x ≤ 2
⎩
x + (x − 1) + (x − 2), 2 ≤ x ≤ 3

⎧ −x + 3, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
⎪

⇒ f (x) = ⎨ x + 1, 1 ≤ x ≤ 2
⎩
⎪
3x − 3, 2 ≤ x ≤ 3
3 1 2 3

∴ ∫ f (x)dx = ∫ (−x + 3)dx + ∫ (x + 1)dx + ∫ (3x − 3)dx

0 0 1 2

1 2 3
2 2 2
x x 3x
= [− + 3x] + [ + x] + [ − 3x]
2 2 2
0 1 2

1 1 27
= (− + 3) − 0 + [(2 + 2) − ( + 1)] + [( − 9) − (6 − 6)]
2 2 2

5 5 9 19
=
2
+
2
+
2
=
2
.
65. Let P denote the profit function. Then,
dP

dx
= MR - MC
⇒
dP

dx
= (30 - 6x) - (-24 + 3x)
2

⇒
dP

dx
= 54 - 9x and d P

2
= -9
dx

For maximum profit, we must have

dP

dx
= 0 ⇒ 54 - 9x = 0 ⇒ x = 6
2

Clearly, d P

2
= -9 < 0 for all x. Thus, the profit is maximum when 6 units are sold.
dx

This is the profit maximization level of output.

Now,
dP

dx
= 54 - 9x
⇒ P = ∫ (54 − 9x)dx [On integrating both sides]
9
⇒ P = 54x - 2
x
2
+ k ...(i)
It is given that the company suffers a loss of ₹ 121.50 if none of its products is sold. Therefore, P = -121.50 when x = 0.
Substituting these values in (i), we obtain k = -121.50. Putting k = -121.50 in (i), we obtain
9
P = 54x - 2
x
2
- 121.50
For break-even points, we must have
P=0
9
⇒ 54x - - 121.50 = 0
2
x
2

⇒ 9x2 - 108x + 243 = 0

⇒ x2 - 12x + 27 = 0 ⇒ (x - 3) (x - 9) = 0 ⇒ x = 3, 9
The total profit P between the break-even points is given by:
9 9 9 2
∫ P dx = ∫ (54x − x − 121.50) dx
3 3 2

= [27x 2
−
3

2
x
3
−
243

2
x]
3

= (27 × 9 2
−
3

2
× 9
3
−
243

2
× 9) - (27 × 3 2
−
3

2
× 3
3
−
243

2
× 3)

= 27(92 - 32) -
3 243

2
(9
3
− 3 )
3
- 2
(9 − 3)

3 243
= 27 × 12 × 6 - 2
× 6 × (81 + 27 + 9) - 2
× 6 = 162
Hence, the total profit between the break-even points is ₹ 162.
x
x
66. Given MR = 20e 10 (1 +
10
)

∴ R(x) = ∫ 20e 10 (1 +
10
x
) dx (integrate by parts, taking (1 + x

10
) as the first function)
x x
x d x
R(x) = 20 [(1 + ) ⋅ ∫ e 10 dx − ∫ { (1 + )∫ e 10 dx} dx]
10 dx 10
x x

= 20 [(1 + 10
x
) ⋅ e 10 ⋅ 10 − ∫
1

10
⋅ e 10 ⋅ 10dx]

x x
x
R(x) = 200 (1 + )e 10 − 200e 10 + k
10

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LEARN TODAY LEAD TOMMORROW
 Given R(10) = 200e
10 10
10
∴ 200 (1 + )e 10 − 200e 10 + k = 200e ⇒ 200e + k = 200e
10

⇒ k=0
x x
x
∴ R(x) = 200e 10 (1 +
10
− 1) = 20xe 10 .

67. Given p = 274 - x2 and MC = 4 + 3x.

So, R = px ⇒ R = 274x - x3
∴ MR = dR

dx
⇒ MR = 274 - 3x2.
For maximum profit in monopoly market,
MC = MR
⇒ 4 + 3x = 274 - 3x2
⇒ 3x2 + 3x - 270 = 0
⇒ x2 + x - 90 = 0
⇒ (x + 10) (x - 9) = 0

⇒ x = 9 (∵ x > 0)

Now, when x0 = 9, p0 = 274 - (9)2 ⇒ p0 = 193.

x0

∴ Consumer surplus (C.S.) = ∫ pdx − x0 × p0

0

= ∫ (274 − x 2
) dx − 9 × 193
0

9
3

= [274x − x

3
] − 1737
0
3
(9)
= 274 × 9 − 3
− 1737

= 2466 - 243 - 1737 = 486.

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