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Layout plan

civil engineering and project management (Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University)

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PREPARATION OF LAYOUT PLAN ON

BUILDING & ITS MARKING ON GROUND

A mini project report submitted

In partial fulfilment of the requirement

For the degree of

BACHLEOR OF TECHONOLOGY
In

CIVIL ENGINEERING
BY

HASAN RAZA
(1904220000030)

Under the Guidance of

MR. Ankur Sahu

Assistant Professor

Department of Civil Engineering

Bansal Institute of Engineering & Technology

Lucknow –226021 (U.P)

2022-23
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
BANSAL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
(AFFILIATED BY DR. A.P.J Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow)

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CERTIFICATE

This is to be certified that Mr. HASAN RAZA(1904220000030) student of final year B.

Tech VII semester of Civil Engineering Department, Bansal Institute of Engineering&
Technology Lucknow(U.P) have completed mini project entitled.

Preparation of layout plan on building & its marking on ground, They have submitted
their Project Report for the partial fulfilment of the curriculum of the degree of bachelor
of civil from Bansal Institute of Engineering & Technology Lucknow.

Signature Signature
Mr. Mohd. Washiq Mr.Ankur Sahu
(Head of Department) (Assistant professor)
B.I.E.T Lucknow B.I.E.T Lucknow

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DECLRATION

I, Hasan Raza hereby to certify that the work is being presented in B. Tech Mini project
report entitled PREPARATION OF LAYOUT PLAN ON BUILDING AND ITS
MARKING ON GROUND, in fulfilment of requirements for award of bachelor of
technology in Civil Engineering and submitted to the Department of Civil Engineering of
Bansal Institute of Engineering and Technology, Lucknow (UP) is the authentic record of
my own work carried out under the guidance of

Mr.Ankur Sahu, Assistant professor, Civil EngineeringDepartment.

The matter presented in this mini project report has not been submitted by me for the
award of any other degree elsewhere.

HASAN RAZA
(1904220000030)

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like place on record my deep sense to Mr. Ankur Sahu (Assistant professor) in
Department of Civil Engineering,Bansal Institute of Engineering & Technology,
Lucknow,(U.P) India for his generous guidance, help and useful suggestions.

I express my sincere gratitude to Mohd. Wasiq, Head Department of Civil Engineering,

BIET, Lucknow , for his stimulating guidance , continuous encouragement and
supervision throughout the course of present work.

I also wish to extend my thanks to Mr. Ravi Mishra (Assistant professor) in Dept. of Civil
Engineering, BIET for their insightful comments and constructive suggestions to improve
the quality of research work.

I am extremely thankful to My Elder brother Iqbal Ahmad, Project Manager at KENTZ

, Doha Qatar for providing me The Opportunity of Studying.

HASAN RAZA
(1904220000030)

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ABSTRACT

Designing an effective construction site layout planning is essential to the successful

implementation of construction projects. Construction site layout planning involves the optimal
layout of facilities (i.e., fixed, and temporary facilities). Several techniques are used in
addressing the construction site layout planning problems. With the advent of the different
techniques used in addressing these problems, three major categories have been identified in
this study: knowledge-based models, mathematical models, and hybrid models. Most of the
reviewed peer-reviewed articles in this study focused on static construction site layout planning
problem, while a significant number also focused on dynamic site layout planning problems.
Nearly all the reviewed articles focused on solving the objective function of the optimal layout
of facilities. Furthermore, this study made use of a systematic review to extract essential data
from the reviewed articles. Analytical data on the research methods, improvement focus,
construction site layout planning problems, methods and objective functions were identified
and critically analysed to assist practitioners in the industry and future research purposes.

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TABLE OF CONTENT

PAGE
NO.

Certificate.........................................................................................................................1

Declaration.......................................................................................................................2

Abstract............................................................................................................................3
List of
figure....................................................................................................................7

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 WHAT IS BUILDING LAYOUT..............................................................................8

1.2 OBJECTIVE OF LAYOUT........................................................................................9
1.3 FEATURES OF PROCESS LAYOUT.....................................................................10
1.4 ADVANTAGE OF LAYOUT.................................................................................. 13
1.5 DISADVANTAGE OF LAYOUT.............................................................................14

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURER REVIEW.................................................................16

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY...............................................................................18

3.1 HORIZONTAL CONTROLS...............................................................................19

3.2 VERTICAL CONTROLS ....................................................................................20
3.3 BASE LINE.............................................................................................................22
3.4 BETTERBOARD AND OFFSET.........................................................................24
3.5 LAYOUT A RECTANGULAR BUILDING SITE..............................................27
3.6 LAYOUT AN IRREGULAR BUILDING SITE..................................................28
3.7 METHOD OF BUILDING LAYOUT PLAN.......................................................29

CHAPTER 4: RESULT AND DISCUSSION..............................................................31

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION...................................32

REFERENCES

LIST OF TABLES
TITLES
LAYOUT OF BUILDING…………………………………………………………8
HORIZONTAL CONTROL……………………………………………………..15
BASE LINE………………………………………………………………………… 17
BATTER BOARDS AND OFFSET PAGE……………………………………….18
SITE LINE………………………………………………………………………….22
FLOOR PLAN…………………………………………………………………… 23

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CROSS SECTION........................................................................................24

CHAPTER-01

INTRODUCTION

1.1What Is Building Layout?

A building layout indicates the foundation plan on a ground surface, as shown in

its drawings so that in order to carry out excavation, the positions, as well as orientation of
the structure, can be precisely defined.The foundation is set out as per the engineer’s or
architect’s foundation plan drawings and specifications.The layout of building plan involves
the entire structure, so it must be done once the conditional survey with desk study is
completed.All garbage, obstacles, and even growing plants should be cleared from
the whole area. Setting out a building is the process of bringing architectural
concepts from drawings to the ground. It determines the location point of site
boundaries, wall centre lines, foundations, columns, along with other structural elements.It
also provides the proper size, angle, as well as level of the building. The entire structure must
be placed and constructed in accordance with the initial setting out.

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Fig1: Building Foundation Layout

1.2 Objectives Of Building Layout

• The purposes of surveying for construction works are to set out the planned
structure in accordance with established designs and indicate the
project’s controlling points in the most practical way for the construction forces.
• The stakes, drill holes, batter boards mostly with string lines, cut–and–fill notations,
and some other traditional methods are used to indicate the building’s corners as well
as other lateral and vertical positions.
• Generally, some type of reconnaissance, as well as site assessment, precedes the exact
layout of the structure. The procedures listed below are typical of large construction
projects:
➢ Conducted reconnaissance (aerial, map, and ground)
➢ Choosing a location (paper and instrument)
➢ Specifying control (horizontal and vertical)

1.3 FEATURES OF PROCESS LAYOUT

1. Frequent movement of inventories between operations and departments.

2. Many orders in process at any time.

3. Extensive space of storage in departments for unprocessed inventories.

4. Sufficient storage space around machines.

5. High inventories of in-process materials.

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6. A lack of mechanical pacing of work.

7. General purpose materials handling equipment.

1.4 Advantages of Product Layout

(1) Removal of obstacles in production:

Product layout ensures unrestricted and continuous production thereby minimising
bottlenecks in the process of production, this is because work stoppages are minimum under
this method.

(2) Economies in material handling:

Under this method there are direct channels for the flow of materials requiring lesser time
which considerably eliminate back-tracking of materials. On account of this, cost of material
handling is considerably reduced. This is greatly helpful in achieving desired quality of the
end product.

(3) Lesser manufacturing time:

Under this method (as already pointed), backward and forward handling of materials is not
involved, it leads to considerable saving in manufacturing time.

(4) Lesser work in progress:

On account of continuous uninterrupted mass production, there is lesser accumulation of
work in progress or semi-finished goods.

(5) Proper use of floor space:

This method facilitates proper and optimum use of available floor space. This is due to non-
accumulation of work in progress and overstocking of raw materials.

(6) Economy in inspection:

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Inspection can be easily and conveniently undertaken under this method and any defect in
production operations can be easily located in production operations. The need for inspection
under this method is much less and can be confined at some crucial points only.

(7) Lesser manufacturing cost:

On account of lesser material handling, inspection costs and fullest utilisation of available
space, production costs are considerably reduced under this method.

1.5 Disadvantages of Product Layout:

(1) Lesser flexibility:
As work is carried in sequence and process arranged in a line, it is very difficult to make
adjustments in production of operations. Sometimes, certain changes under this method
become very costly and impractical. On account of this drawback, this method is not suitable
in the production of goods which are subject to quick style and design changes .

(2) Large investment:

Under this method, machines are not arranged in accordance with functions as such similar
type of machines and equipment is fixed at various lines of production. This leads to
unavoidable machinery duplication resulting in idle capacity and large capital investment on
the part of the entrepreneur.

(3) Higher overhead charges:

Higher capital investment leads to higher overheads (fixed overheads) under this method.
This leads to excessive financial burden.

(4) Interruption due to breakdown:

If one machine in the sequence stops on account of breakdown, other machines cannot
operate and work will be stopped. The work stoppage may also take place on account of
irregular supply of material, poor production scheduling and employee absenteeism etc.

(5) Difficulties in expanding production:

Production cannot be expanded beyond certain limits under this method.

(6) Lack of specialisation in supervision:

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Supervision of different production jobs becomes difficult under this method as there is
absence of specialised supervision as the work is carried on in one line having different
processes and not on the basis of different departments for different specialised jobs.

(7) Under-utilisation of machines:

As has already been pointed out, separate set of one type of machines is fixed at different
lines of production. Usually, these machines are not properly and fully utilised and there
remains idle capacity in the form of under utilised equipment.

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CHAPTER-02

LITERATURE REVIEW

The literature review was done by applying the seven steps of Creswell (2003).

These were chosen to give understanding of the amount of literature with those keywords.
The search of relevant literature has been using the search engine with a reference to the last
10 years. The search string was “Building near/0 Design near/1 management”. The databases
were AB/Inform (AB), Web of Science and Scopus. The first search presented
289/6/192articles in the different bases and these were then reduced to 60/6/69 after
discarding commercials and irrelevant journals (e.g., medical, chemistry etc.). Then the
results were skimmed by reading the abstracts, keywords and titles, discarding those who
were irrelevant. The review paper (2014) gives a good insight of the substantial amount of
work done in the IGLC community concerning building design management, and this was
added as well.

The purpose of this study is to examine, review and analyse the current literature on building
and construction quality and determine the related themes and gaps.
Design/methodology/approach-A systematic review approach was adopted on the building
quality literature, and keywords such as "construction" or "building"; "defect" and "quality"
or "rework" were searched through the Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar
databases. A number of articles were found and filtered by title, abstract and keyword
relevancy. Further articles were cross-referenced from these and again filtered by title,
abstract and keyword relevancy. The time period for the search was 2000-2020. A total of 97
articles were found and analysed on the topic. Findings-A number of recurring themes were
found throughout the literature. They are safety, occupier satisfaction, cost, time, licensing,
culture, training, software and building quality frameworks, classifications and
recommendations. These themes were linked to display relationships between them from the
literature. Based on the project lifecycle stages, an amalgamated classification system was
developed and is presented here. The gaps in the current literature have been analysed and

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reported on. Originality/value-A comprehensive descriptive, thematic and gap analysis was
conducted on the available literature of building and construction quality. The emerging
themes were discovered, their relationships were demonstrated and the research gaps were
identified. A new classification system positioned in the project lifecycle stages is presented.

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CHAPTER-03
METHODLOGY

3.1 HORIZONTAL CONTROLES

Fig 2 : Horizontal controls

• Horizontal control is points which are also known as coordinates with respect to
specific issues.

• Control points should be used so that each point of the plan can be located on
the ground.

3.2 VERTICAL CONTROLS

• The Vertical control points are specified to a vertical datum – often a timber in
concrete.
• These levels are generally established during the levelling phase by using a
theodolite.

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3.3 BASE LINE

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A baseline is a straight reference line with respect to which corners of the building are
located on the ground. It may be outer boundary of a road or curb or boundary of the area
or simply a line joining any two points.

3.4BATTERBOARDS AND OFFSET PEGS

Once points specifying the layout are located on ground pegs are driven in the ground at that
spot. Once excavations for foundations begin, the corner pegs will be lost. To avoid these extra
pegs called offset pegs are used. Batter boards are normally erected near each offset peg and
are used to relocate the points after the excavation has been done.

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3.5 LAYOUT A RECTANGULAR BUILDING SITE

Starting from a baseline (line AB in Figure 4-1) that is parallel to construction, establish the
maximum outer borders (AB, CD, AC, BD) of the building area.

Suppose we know the co-ordinates(x,y) of the points X with respect to point A then we can
locate it by measuring their x distance along line AB and y distance along line AC and BD
respectively to locate them. These two points can be joined to make line XX. To locate point
G and H, straight line is set out using 3-4-5 triangle rule and distance XG and XH which is
known is marked on those lines. After the four corners (X, X, G. and H) have been located,
drive stakes at each corner. Dimensions are determined accurately during each step.

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3.6 LAYOUT AN IRREGULAR BUILDING SITE

Where the outline of the building is other than a rectangle, the procedure in establishing each
point is the same as defined for laying out a simple rectangle. However, more points have to
be positioned, and the final proving of the work is more likely to disclose a small error. When
the building is an irregular shape, it is sensible to first lay out a large rectangle which will
includes the entire building or the greater part of it. This is shown in Figure 4-2 as HOPQ When
this is established, the remaining portion of the layout will consist of small rectangles, each of
which can be laid out and shown separately. These rectangles are shown as LMNP ABCQ,
DEFG, and IJKO in Figure.

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Since the corner pegs of the building are to be removed during excavation these points are
transferred outside that periphery by extending lines and driving pegs in the ground. The
following procedure applies to a simple layout as shown in Figure 4-4, page 4-4, and must
be amended to apply to different or

more complex layout problems:

Step 1: After locating and dipping stakes A and B. erect batter boards

1, 2, 3, and 4. Extend a chalk line (X) from batter board 1 to batter

board 3, over stakes A and B.

Step 2: After locating and dipping stake C, erect batter boards 5 and

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6. Extend chalk line Y from batter board 2 over stakes A and C to

batter board 6.

Step 3: After locating and dipping stake D, erect batter boards 7 and

8. Extend chalk line Z from batter board 5 to batter board 7, over

stakes C and D.

Step 4: Extend line O from batter board 8 to batter board 4, over stakes D and B.

Where foundation walls are wide at the bottom and extend beyond the outside dimensions of
the building, the excavation must be larger than the laid-out size. To lay out dimensions of this
excavation, measure out as far as required from the building line on each batter board and
stretch lines between these points, outside the first layout.

3.7Method of Building Plan Layout

Considering the detailing and complexity of a project, different types of drawings are issued
by an architect for the easy understanding and smooth working of construction process. Some
the types of drawings are discussed in depth below,

1. Site Plan

Site plan is comprehensive detailed drawing of the building or an apartment representing

whole plan of a building. It shows property boundaries and means of access to the site, and
nearby structures if they are relevant to the design.

For a construction project, the site plan also needs to show all the services connections like
drainage and sewer lines, water supply, electrical and communications cables, exterior
lighting etc.

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Fig 1: Site Plan of a house

2. Floor Plan

A plan means, top view of any building or object. Floor plan is the most fundamental
architectural diagram, a view from above showing the arrangement of spaces in building in
the same way as a map, but showing the arrangement at a particular level of a building.

Floor plan view is defined as a vertical orthographic projection of an object on to a horizontal

plane cutting through the building. This shows the walls, windows, door and other features
such as stairs, fittings and even furniture too.

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Fig 2: 2D Floor Plan

Floor plan is usually given in 2D form, which has all the measurements and detailing. Now a
days for a better understanding and conceptualise the plan prior to the construction, floor plans
are made in 3D where one can see how the entire apartment looks with furniture from above,
giving you a way to see not only how objects fit in the space, but how specific furniture pieces
look together.

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3. Cross Section

Geometrically, a cross section is a horizontal orthographic projection of a building on to a

vertical plane cutting through the building. Cross section is vertical cut section of any
building which shows the details of dimension, thickness of any component of a building. It
also represents the sill height, lintel height, floor height and other minute details of a
structure.

Fig 4: Cross Section.

The section plane where the plan is vertically cut is represented in the 2d floor plan by a bold
dotted straight line.

4. Elevation

An elevation drawing is an orthographic projection drawing that shows one side of the house.
The purpose of an elevation drawing is to show the finished appearance of a given side of the
house and furnish vertical height dimensions. Majorly it is divided into 3 types.

1. External Elevation
Exterior elevation is the outside representation of a building. It consists of details of type of
finish, floor height and projections if any.

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Exterior elevations can be 2D or 3D drawings. 2D drawings typically have measurements on

them, showing where the relationship between exterior elements like doors and lights. 2D
elevations also can have callouts to different kinds of bricks, stones, and paints, so you know
exactly where each material needs to go.

2. Internal Elevation

Interior elevations are very similar to exterior elevations in purpose. Elevations are
extremely useful when constructing a room such as a kitchen or bathroom, which
require visualisation of built in elements.

Usually interior elevations are made in 3D that show your furniture in your space.
The inner elevation effects a lot on the living condition and peaceful mind. These
days great importance is given to interior elevation than exterior elevation. Interior
elevation has the paint cooler, lightning types, furniture design and floor patterns.

5. Landscape Plans
A perfect home or a building has a lush green garden adjacent to it, which enhances
the beauty or aesthetics appearance of the building. Hiring a landscape architect for
the beautification of houses is trending now a days.

On landscape plans, you’ll see everything from flowers to sidewalks and lawn
decorations to fountains. It majorly consists of sidewalks, plantations and other
decorative features that can enhance the living area.

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Fig 8: Landscape Plan

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CHAPTER – 04

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Future efforts should consider the application of construction site layout planning models in
simultaneously solving static and dynamic problems onsite using different techniques. This
approach will allow researchers to make a comparative analysis of the different methods and
their impact on construction site layout planning. For instance, such comparative analysis
could involve applying knowledge-based models and mathematical models to develop
hybridmodels to address static and dynamic construction site layout planning problems
within the same study. Additionally, the models can be integrated with other emerging
technologies like costing and scheduling software, visualisation, and cloud-based
technologies to improve critical success factors like addressing pre-planning problems in the
design, track cost and safety levels during construction, enhance communication and
collaboration among onsite workers and construction teams in construction. Future research
should consider onsite factors and constraints like space utilisation, unequal space
availability, regular and irregular shaped geometry of facilities, and vertical facility layout in
construction site layout planning.

The study by Soltani and Fernando (2004) considered a static construction site layout
planning problem even though it recognised the dynamic nature of the construction site and
identified that the optimisation analysis tool is limited in its capacity only to be used
effectively for small and medium-sized projects. However, the study
simultaneouslyinvestigates issues around transport cost, safety risks, and visibility on site.
This is a rare combination of factors to consider in a single study, and this suggests that many
studies can be investigated considering similar factors. Similarly, in the study by El-Rayes&
Khalafallah (2005), the construction site layout planning model impacted positively on cost
but experienced a trade-off in safety. Likewise, this study's various optimisation algorithms
can be extended to address multi-objective optimisation problems in construction site layout
planning, focusing on the different factors that are critical to successful site layout planning
and simultaneously solving both static and dynamic site layout planning problems.

CHAPTER -05

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CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

both the current and futurelayout costs of possible actions. Current costs are calculated using
the contribution function based on the previous decisions storedin the state vector, while
future costs are estimated using a vector of regression factors that are updated through the
ADP iterations. An application example is analyzed to evaluate the performanceof the present
model. The results of the analysis illustrate the newcapabilities of the model developed in
outperforming existing models and in generating global optimal solutions. These new and
unique capabilities should prove useful to construction planner sandA dynamic site layout
planning model was developed to enable contractors to minimize total site layout costs
constructionprojects. The model is designed to identify an global optimal location and
orientation for each temporary construction facility onsite. The model is also capable of
considering and complying with practical site layout constraints, including operational,
organizational, and/or safety constraints. The model is implemented usingapproximate
dynamic programming and utilizes a chain of decision epochs to represent the positioning
decisions of all facilities in each construction stage. The model is capable of generatingglobal
optimal dynamic site layout plans byestimating and optimizing the future costs of layout
decisions made in early stages.Optimal actions are taken at each decision epoch by applying
theoptimality equation that minimizes are expected to produce much needed savings in the
total sitelayout costs of construction projects. Despite these capabilities,the current limitations
of the present model include modeling site. In this paper the system architecture of a BIM-
and simulation-based site layout planning forbuilding construction projects has been
presented. The system combines the advantages of BIM for the comprehensive parametric
and 3D viewing of the site with the simulation advantages in order to evaluate the logistic
performance of site layout plans, which is created within the BIM environment. A first
prototypical system has already been implemented successfully. Building on the experience
gained from the prototypical implementation a more userfriendly system, that can be used for
planning the site layout of a variety of building construction projects will be developed later.
Also, the whole system needs to bevalidated. In conclusion, there is a consensus from all the
reviewed articles that optimizing the layout of facilities throughout the construction process
should be used for construction site layout planning. For example, Kumar & Cheng (2015)
suggest that construction site layout planning techniques that optimize facilities layout should
be favoured above the conventional techniques. These non-conventional techniques
complement the conventional methods but are more flexible and efficient in planning of site
layouts

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Produktionsprozessen im Bauwesen“. In: Advances in simulation for Production and Logistics
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für die Bauablaufsimulation im Hochbau“. Dissertation in University of Kassel, Germany.

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