Republic of the Philippines

PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS

Institute of Engineering and Technology
Piccio Garden, Villamor, Pasay City
1st semester, A.Y 2024-2025

AIRCRAFT
MATERIALS II
COMPOSITE (LEC)

Name: Joshua Miguel C. Vizcarra Year and Section: AAMT 2-9

Subject Code: AMT 2106 Date: September 9, 2024

 Republic of the Philippines
PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
Institute of Engineering and Technology
Piccio Garden, Villamor, Pasay City
1st semester, A.Y 2024-2025

ATR 72 Development History

Figure 1: ATR 72 Blueprint

Background
The French aerospace company ATR along with Italian aircraft manufacturer
developed and constructed the ATR 72, a family of twin-engine turboprop, short-haul
regional airliners. The aircraft's number/name "72" refers to its standard seating capacity,
which can accommodate up to 72 passengers. The 72 is a stretched version of its smaller
counterpart, the ATR 42 (42-seater), however it shares the same engines, systems,
cockpit, and fuselage cross sections. In addition, the ATR 72 has been utilized as a freight
plane, business transport, and marine patrol aircraft.

Construction
Light metal alloy makes up the fuselage, while aluminum alloy makes up the high,
tapering wings and metal spars support a six-bladed propeller. Composite materials, such
as Kevlar/Nomex, CFRP/Nomex, GFRP/Nomex, and GFRP/polyeurathane sandwiches,
account for about 19% of the aircraft's weight. These materials are used for the fin, t-type
 Republic of the Philippines
PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
Institute of Engineering and Technology
Piccio Garden, Villamor, Pasay City
1st semester, A.Y 2024-2025

tail, wing/body fairings and skin panels, rudders and elevators, engine cowlings, nose
wheel doors, and main landing gear firings. With their CFRP spars on the engine nacelles,
light alloy ribs, and an all-composite tail assembly, the ATR 72 variants are somewhat
lighter than the ATR 42. Pannier-mounted main landing gear is used.

Designing, Certification, and First Flight

The announcement of the ATR 72 program was launched on January 15, 1986.
This new regional airliner was directly derived from the ATR 42, in which the two shared
many similarities. The main distinction between the two aircraft was the increase in
maximum seating capacity from 48 to 78 passengers. This was accomplished by
extending the fuselage by 4.5 meters (15 feet), as well as by widening the wings, using
stronger engines, and adding roughly 10% more fuel to the aircraft. The first flight of the
prototype took place on October 27, 1988. The French Directorate General for Civil
Aviation certified its airworthiness on September 25, 1989. The following month, the
aircraft was first put into service by Finnair on October 27, 1989.

Variants and Further Development

Similar to the ATR 42, the ATR 72 underwent evolution throughout time, giving rise
to several versions. The original model was called ATR 72"-200". Pratt & Whitney Canada
PW124B engines were used to power these models. Later models such as "-210," had
modified PW127 engines that produced more horsepower, a bigger door, and performed
better in hot and muggy weather. A decade after the ATR 72’s initial release, the ATR 72-
500 made its debut in 1998, having the largest cabin available for turboprops. The most
recent version, the ATR 72-600, was unveiled in 2007 and made its debut in flight in 2009.
The -600 series aircraft boasts an enhanced weight capacity, having increased passenger
capacity from 72 to 78, redesigned cabin, upgraded cockpit screens, updated electronics,
 Republic of the Philippines
PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
Institute of Engineering and Technology
Piccio Garden, Villamor, Pasay City
1st semester, A.Y 2024-2025

and lighter seats and bigger storage bins. Since 2008, ATR has been involved in the
European Clean Sky Joint Technology Initiative. An ATR 72-600 with 'green' technology
made its first flight on July 8, 2015; it was used to test new composite materials for
insulation, air conditioning, electrical distribution, and energy dispersal modifications,
assessing their impact on the aircraft's overall efficiency as part of the Clean Sky initiative.
 Republic of the Philippines
PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
Institute of Engineering and Technology
Piccio Garden, Villamor, Pasay City
1st semester, A.Y 2024-2025

Sukhoi Superjet 100 Development History

Figure 2: Sukhoi Superjet 100

Background
Sukhoi was established in May 2000 to create the first all-new commercial aircraft
in post-Soviet Russia. Research on the Russian Regional Jet (RRJ) began in 2001.
Sukhoi found a requirement for an aircraft with a range of 3,000 to 4,500 km (1,900 to
2,800 mi), which is more than that of normal regional jets. Its development began in 2000,
and it made its first flight on May 19, 2008, followed by its first commercial flight with
Armavia on April 21, 2011. However, on March 14, 2022, EASA cancelled the Superjet's
airworthiness certificate as part of the EU's sanctions against Russia following the
Russian invasion of Ukraine.

Construction
The primary structure is generally made of high strength aluminum alloy. Certain
components are made of fiber-reinforced composite materials. The magnetic compass is
not in close proximity to magnetic materials. Certain parts that need to be lightweight,
 Republic of the Philippines
PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
Institute of Engineering and Technology
Piccio Garden, Villamor, Pasay City
1st semester, A.Y 2024-2025

corrosion resistant, or meet space constraints are made of titanium or steel. Steel,
titanium, or suitable composite materials that are resistant to corrosion are used to build
firewalls. For parts under tension, materials with good fatigue characteristics and a
modest rate of crack propagation are preferred. Aluminum-zinc alloys can be found in
parts of the primary load-bearing structures as well as on the upper surface of the wing
box. The ideal strength, fatigue, stress, and corrosion resistance are achieved by
selecting specific material tempers. Secondary structural components are made of
composite materials or aluminum alloy.

Funding and Designing

After studying the Russian aviation market, Sukhoi determined that the country
would be in need of a Russian Regional Jet (RRJ). This jet would have a longer range
than normal regional planes, between 3,000 and 4,500 km (1,900 and 2,800 mi). In
October 15, 2001The Russian government allocated $46.6 million to the creation of a
new regional jet with 70–80 seats. In 2003, Russian aerospace agency, Rosaviakosmos,
chose the Sukhoi RRJ program. Between 2003 and 2015, the RRJ program allotted $63.5
million for the development of a 4-5 tf (8,800–11,000 lbf) engine. At first, four engines
were planned: the Snecma/NPO Saturn SaM146, the General Electric CF34-8, the Pratt
& Whitney PW800, and the Rolls-Royce BR710. On April 29, 2003, Snecma and NPO
Saturn was selected and signed a formal agreement to confirm the use of the 14,000-
17,000 lbf (62-76 kN) SaM146 engine. In October 2003, key suppliers for various
components were chosen, including Thales for Avionics, Messier-Bugatti-Dowty for
landing gear, Honeywell for APU, Liebherr for flight controls, Intertechnique for fuel
systems, ParkerHannifin for hydraulic systems, and B/E Aerospace for interiors. The
Komsomolsk-on-Amur factory was chosen in February 2005 for final assembly, which
includes jig-less assembly, automated component alignment, and automatic riveting. At
 Republic of the Philippines
PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
Institute of Engineering and Technology
Piccio Garden, Villamor, Pasay City
1st semester, A.Y 2024-2025

the Farnborough Air Show in 2005, it was rebranded and became known as the Sukhoi
Superjet 100.

Test Flights, Certification and Production

The Sukhoi Superjet 100 (SSJ 100) underwent its maiden ground test on January
28, 2007, in Moscow, which was performed by the Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute
(TsAGI). On September 26, 2007, it was presented at Dzyomgi Airport in Komsomolsk-
on-Amur. A year later, the Gromov Flight Research Institute completed the maiden run of
the SaM146 engine on February 21, 2008, and three months later, it flew for the first time
on May 19, 2008, and again on December 24, 2008. By January 2009, the first two
prototypes had completed over 80 flights and the engines had amassed 2,300 hours of
testing; a third prototype joined the test campaign the same year, and certification was
expected in the third quarter of 2009, putting delivery back to later that quarter. On
February 4, 2010, the fourth prototype flew utilising engines removed from the first
prototype due to ongoing engine production delays, particularly NPO Saturn quality
issues. TsAGI completed the aircraft's static certification tests on September 15, 2010.
By June 2010, certification was 90% complete, however it was postponed owing to
SaM146 engine issues that were not discovered during testing. In September 2010,
certification was expected in November. The first production aircraft designed for Armavia
flew for the first time on November 4, 2010. By November 2010, the SSJ test fleet had
completed 948 flights, accumulating 2,245 hours. On February 3, 2011, IAC awarded a
Type Certificate. EASA's Type Certificate was issued on February 3, 2012, authorising
operations in European nations. However, on March 14, 2022, following Russia's invasion
of Ukraine, EASA withdrew the Superjet's airworthiness certificate as part of the EU
sanctions.
 Republic of the Philippines
PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
Institute of Engineering and Technology
Piccio Garden, Villamor, Pasay City
1st semester, A.Y 2024-2025

References

1. ATR 42/72 - program supplier guide | Airframer. (n.d.).

https://www.airframer.com/aircraft_detail.html?model=ATR_42/72#4

2. Global, F. (2019, December 27). PICTURE: Superjet 100 makes maiden flight. Flight
Global. https://www.flightglobal.com/picture-superjet-100-makes-maiden-
flight/80348.article

3. Karnozov, V. (2019, December 27). Made in Siberia: The Sukhoi Superjet. Flight
Global. https://www.flightglobal.com/made-in-siberia-the-sukhoi-
superjet/71806.article

4. Kingsley-Jones, M. (2019, October 9). Russian Revolution: The Sukhoi Superjet. Flight
Global. https://www.flightglobal.com/russian-revolution-the-sukhoi-
superjet/71801.article

6. Klisauskaite, V. (2023, December 9). ATR Evolution: A history of the models and plans
for the future. Simple Flying. https://simpleflying.com/atr-42-72-series-
history-and-future/

7. Nikolsky, A. & Nepomnyashchy, A. (2010, July 6). Sukhoi Superjet Behind Schedule.
The Moscow Times
https://archive.md/20120911170400/http://www.themoscowtimes.com/ved
omosti/article/sukhoi-superjet-behind-schedule/409846.html
 Republic of the Philippines
PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
Institute of Engineering and Technology
Piccio Garden, Villamor, Pasay City
1st semester, A.Y 2024-2025

8. Orban, A. (2022, March 18). Sukhoi Superjet 100 and Beriev Be-200 lose European
approval, MC-21 does not get one - Aviation24.be. Aviation24.be.
https://www.aviation24.be/organisations/easa-european-aviation-safety-
agency/sukhoi-superjet-100-and-beriev-be-200-lose-european-approval-
mc-21-does-not-get-one/

9. Polek, G. (2015, July 8). ATR’s “Green” demonstrator takes flight. Aviation International
News. https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/air-transport/2015-07-
08/atrs-green-demonstrator-takes-flight

10. Sukhoi/Boeing RRJ wins Russian state tender. (2008, January 23). Aviation
International News.
https://web.archive.org/web/20190402053330/https://www.ainonline.com/a
viation-news/aviation-international-news/2008-01-23/sukhoi/boeing-rrj-
wins-russian-state-tender

11.Superjet 100. (2018, September 7).

https://web.archive.org/web/20190402154855/https://www.uacrussia.ru/en
/aircraft/lineup/civil/superjet-100/#history