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Statistic and Probability Lesson 1

The document provides an overview of statistics, including its definition, uses in various fields such as business, healthcare, and education, and the types of data and measurement scales. It explains the differences between interval and ratio variables, highlighting their characteristics and examples. Additionally, it includes an assessment section for classifying variables as qualitative or quantitative.

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ambionred109319
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16 views16 pages

Statistic and Probability Lesson 1

The document provides an overview of statistics, including its definition, uses in various fields such as business, healthcare, and education, and the types of data and measurement scales. It explains the differences between interval and ratio variables, highlighting their characteristics and examples. Additionally, it includes an assessment section for classifying variables as qualitative or quantitative.

Uploaded by

ambionred109319
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Statistic and Probability

LESSON1
Statistics
Statistics is the study of the collection, analysis, interpretation, presentation, and organization of

data. In other words, it is a mathematical discipline to collect, summarize data. Also, we can say

that statistics is a branch of applied mathematics.


Use of Statistics
1. Decision-Making
◦ Business: Helps companies make data-driven decisions, such as market trends analysis, sales
forecasting, and customer behavior study.
◦ Government: Assists in policy-making, such as determining tax rates, allocating budgets, and planning
infrastructure projects.

2. Data Analysis and Interpretation


◦ Simplifies large and complex data sets into understandable formats like graphs, tables, or summaries.
◦ Enables identification of patterns, trends, and relationships within data.

3. Predictive Analysis
◦ Economics: Used to forecast GDP, inflation rates, and stock market trends.
◦ Weather: Assists in predicting weather conditions and natural disasters.
◦ Healthcare: Predicts the spread of diseases and outcomes of treatments.
4. Scientific Research
◦ Experimentation: Ensures the validity and reliability of results through
hypothesis testing.
◦ Measurement of Relationships: Analyzes correlations and causal links
between variables.
◦ Drug Testing: Determines the efficacy and safety of new medicines.
5. Education
◦ Helps in assessing student performance through tests and grades.
◦ Guides curriculum development by analyzing educational trends.
◦ Evaluates the success of teaching methods and interventions.
6. Quality Control
◦ Manufacturing: Ensures product quality through statistical process control.
◦ Technology: Tests the reliability and efficiency of new technologies.
7. Market Research
◦ Identifies customer needs and preferences.
◦ Assesses the effectiveness of advertising campaigns.
◦ Determines market demand for products and services.
8. Healthcare
◦ Tracks public health trends, such as disease outbreaks.
◦ Assists in resource allocation, such as hospital beds and vaccines.
◦ Analyzes the effectiveness of treatments and therapies.
9. Sports
◦ Tracks player performance and team statistics.
◦ Analyzes strategies to improve outcomes.
◦ Predicts the probability of wins or losses.
10. Social Sciences
◦ Examines social trends and behaviors, such as crime rates or unemployment.
◦ Evaluates the effectiveness of social policies or programs.
11. Finance and Economics
◦ Risk Analysis: Evaluates the risk of investments and insurance policies.
◦ Economic Indicators: Measures economic health through statistics like
unemployment and inflation rates.
12. Environmental Studies
◦ Tracks climate change patterns and effects.
◦ Analyzes natural resource usage and conservation efforts.
◦ Predicts environmental impacts of human activities.
13. Public Opinion Polls
◦ Measures public attitudes toward political candidates, policies, or social issues.
◦ Guides leaders in making decisions aligned with public opinion.
14. Engineering and Technology
◦ Enhances design efficiency by analyzing experimental data.
◦ Assists in failure analysis and system reliability studies.
Variable
A variable is a symbol or attribute used in statistics, mathematics, or science to

represent a quantity, characteristic, or value that can change or vary. It is the

fundamental unit of data collection and analysis, as it allows researchers to

observe, measure, and analyze changes or patterns.


Data types
•Quantitative Data: Numerical data (e.g., height,
weight).
•Qualitative Data: Categorical data (e.g., gender,
color).
•Discrete Data: Countable data (e.g., number of
students).
•Continuous Data: Data that can take any value
within a range (e.g., temperature).
Measurement Scale:
•Nominal Variable: Categories without a natural order (e.g., types of fruits: apple, banana,
orange).
•Ordinal Variable: Categories with a specific order or ranking (e.g., satisfaction levels:
poor, average, excellent).
•Interval Variable: Numerical data with equal intervals but no true zero point (e.g.,
temperature in Celsius).
•Ratio Variable: Numerical data with equal intervals and a true zero point (e.g., weight,
distance).
Difference between ratio and Interval
Interval level allows addition and subtraction operations, but it does not possess an absolute zero. Zero
is arbitrary as it does not mean the value does not exist. Zero only represents an additional
measurement point.

Ratio has The existence of the zero point

Feature Interval Variable Ratio Variable


True Zero Point No (zero is arbitrary) Yes (zero means "none")
Meaningful Ratios No Yes
Examples Temperature (°C, °F), Years Weight, Height, Distance, Income
Arithmetic Only addition and subtraction All operations, including ratios
Interval Vs Ratio
Interval Variable Examples Ratio Variable Examples

1.Temperature in Celsius (e.g., 0°C, 25°C, 100°C) 1.Height (e.g., 0 cm, 150 cm, 180 cm)
2.Weight (e.g., 0 kg, 50 kg, 75 kg)
2.Temperature in Fahrenheit (e.g., 32°F, 68°F, 212°F)
3.Distance (e.g., 0 km, 5 km, 20 km)
3.Dates (e.g., 2000, 2023, 1995)
4.Age (e.g., 0 years, 10 years, 50 years)
4.Time of day (on a 12-hour clock, e.g., 3:00 PM, 9:00 AM)
5.Income (e.g., $0, $500, $1000)
5.IQ scores (e.g., 90, 120, 140)
6.Number of books owned (e.g., 0 books, 5 books, 20 books)
6.SAT or standardized test scores (e.g., 400, 800, 1600)
7.Speed (e.g., 0 km/h, 60 km/h, 120 km/h)
7.Sea level (e.g., -20 meters, 0 meters, 50 meters) 8.Time taken to complete a task (e.g., 0 seconds, 30 seconds, 2
minutes)
8.Calendar years (e.g., 1000 AD, 2025 AD)
9.Calories consumed (e.g., 0 calories, 500 calories, 2000
9.Credit scores (e.g., 300, 700, 850) calories)

10.pH levels (e.g., 4.5, 7.0, 9.2) 10.Bank account balance (e.g., $0, $500, $10,000)
Assessment
Classify the variables Qualitative or Quantitative
Variable Type of variable If quantitative variable Type of Variable
Discrete or Continuous According to scale of
measurement
Class student number
Sex
Number of Siblings
Weight
Height
Age
Daily Allowance
Daily food expenditure
Sleeping time
Happiness Index
Multiple Intelligence
Next lesson : Use of mathematics in Data

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