Course teacher: Dr.

Pham Thi Hai Mien

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY HO CHI MINH

HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY
_____________________________________________________

BK OISP

Project 6: PLOT THE TRAJECTORY OF ELECTRON

IN STATIC ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD
Course teacher: Dr. Pham Thi Hai Mien

Group No: 06 Class: CC04 Completion Day: November 22, 2024

1. Lâm Bảo Châu Student ID: 2452163
2. Nguyễn Phúc Minh Khuê Student ID: 2452608
3. Phan Vũ Minh Thy Student ID: 2453236
4. Hồ Nguyễn Hoàng Thư Student ID: 2453216
5. Nguyễn Ngọc Minh Tú Student ID: 2453385

Ho Chi Minh City, November, 2024

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 Course teacher: Dr. Pham Thi Hai Mien

TABLE OF CONTENT

INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………………..2
THEORY………………………………………………………………………………………....2
Charge in electric field………………………………...…………………………....3
Charged particles in a magnetic field………………..….…………………………..4
Charged particles move in an electromagnetic field…………………………….….4
Alogrithm…………………………...………………………………………………5
MATLAB CODE & EXPLANATION…………………………………………………………...6
RESULTS & DISCUSSION…………………………………………………………...........……8
CONCLUSION………………………..…………………………………………………….........9
REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………….………...……9

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 Course teacher: Dr. Pham Thi Hai Mien

I. Introduction:
When the electron moves in an uniform electromagnetic field, it will be acted by Lorentz force:
𝐹 = 𝐹𝐸 + 𝐹𝐿 = 𝑞𝐸 + 𝑞𝑣 × 𝐵
We can thus determine the acceleration of the electron. If we know the initial position and
velocity, we can determine the kinetic motion equations of electron x (t), y (t) and z (t). Eliminating
t from mentioned motion equations, we can derive f (x, y, z) = const, which is the orbital equation
of electron.

II. Theory:
1. Charge in electric field:
• Consider a positive charge q placed within an electric field. The electric field exerts a force on the
charge, defined by the equation 𝐹 = 𝑞. 𝐸 , where 𝐹 is the force, 𝑞 is the magnitude of the charge,
and 𝐸 is the electric field. The force is directed along the electric field lines. If no other forces act
on the charge besides the electric force, the charge will accelerate uniformly in the direction of
the field lines.
• For negatively charged particles, the electric field exerts a force on them as well, but in the opposite
direction to the electric field lines. As a result, negatively charged particles also experience
uniform acceleration, but their motion is in the opposite direction to that of a positively charged
particle under the same electric field.
• Assume a positive charge q enters the electric field between two parallel plates of a capacitor,
with the electric field lines perpendicular to the direction of the charge's motion. In this situation,
both the weight 𝑃 of the charged particle and the electric force 𝐹 = 𝑞. 𝐸, act on the charge, and
both forces are directed downward.
As a result, the particle moves vertically downwards at a constant speed. Since no forces are acting
on the particle in the horizontal direction, it moves uniformly in the horizontal direction. This type
of motion mirrors that of a projectile thrown horizontally in the presence of gravity. Thus, the
path of a positively charged particle in a uniform electric field follows a parabolic trajectory.

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 Course teacher: Dr. Pham Thi Hai Mien

• If the gravitational force is neglected, the negatively charged particle will move along a
parabolic path in the electric field. Since the electric force acts in the opposite direction to the
field lines, the particle follows a different trajectory compared to a positive charge. When the
gravitational force is considered, the negatively charged particle may move along a convex
parabola either upwards or downwards, depending on which force - electric or gravitational -
dominates. If these two forces are equal in magnitude, the particle will move horizontally
with a constant velocity, which matches the initial velocity of the charge as it enters the
electric field, without any vertical displacement.
• The motion of charged particles in electric fields has practical applications, such as in the
development of electron beam tubes. Similarly, the motion of charged particles moving at an
angle to the electric field lines is studied in a similar manner. In this case, the trajectory of
the charged particle will be either parabolic or a branch of a parabola, resembling the motion
of an object thrown at an angle in a gravitational field.
• Now, consider the motion of a charged particle in the electric field of another charge, assuming
that the second charge is stationary. As the distance between the two charges changes, the force
of interaction between them varies. When the charges are far apart, the interaction force is small,
and the trajectory of the moving charge appears only slightly curved. As the particle gets closer
to the stationary charge, the interaction force increases, causing the orbit to curve more sharply.
Once the particle moves farther away, the interaction force weakens, and the trajectory becomes
less curved. In this case, the trajectory of the moving charge follows a hyperbolic path.

2. Charged particles in a magnetic field:

• The dynamics of charge carriers within a magnetic field exhibit a complexity that surpasses
that observed in an electric field. The interaction experienced by a charge q due to a
magnetic field, while the charge is traversing at a velocity v, is denoted as the Lorentz force.
• This force is mathematically represented as 𝐹 = 𝑞. [𝑣, 𝐵]
• The intensity of the Lorentz force is contingent not solely upon the velocity but also upon
the orientation of that velocity.
The direction of the Lorentz force is orthogonal to both v and B.
The orientation adheres to the left-hand rule.
• In the context of a steady-state and uniform magnetic field, the trajectory of a charged
particle can be characterized as follows:
• v ⊥ B: The Lorentz force does not alter the magnitude of the velocity; rather, it induces a
variation in the velocity's direction, resulting in uniform motion, with the radius of the
𝑚.𝑣
trajectory expressed as: 𝑅 = 𝑞.𝐵

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 Course teacher: Dr. Pham Thi Hai Mien

- An increase in the particle's velocity correlates with an expansion of the orbital radius
(the magnetic field impedes the ability of a faster particle to alter the trajectory of a slower
particle).
- A heightened magnetic field strength results in a diminished radius of the circular path.
- An increase in the particle's mass corresponds to an enlargement of the orbital radius
(greater mass enhances inertia, thereby complicating the magnetic field's ability to modulate its
orbital motion).
- An increase in charge lea ds to a reduction in the orbital radius.
• Given that the mass of the ion is substantially greater than that of the electron, electrons
exhibit a considerably swifter rotational motion in a magnetic field than ions.
• (v , B) = α. Subsequently, we will examine the velocity of the electron in two distinct
orientations: along the longitudinal axis of the magnetic field (yx) and in the direction
orthogonal to the magnetic field (yy).

• In the orientation parallel to the magnetic field, the charged particle follows a linear
trajectory.
• In the direction perpendicular to the magnetic field, subject to the influence of the Lorentz
force, the charged particle adheres to a circular trajectory within a plane that is orthogonal
to the magnetic field.
• Consequently, the charged particle demonstrates a helical motion. The distance h that the
particle covers along the magnetic field after completing a full helical revolution is defined
as the helix step:
2𝜋
ℎ = 𝑣𝑥 .
𝑞𝑏
• It is evident that, for the same value of velocity vx, the twist of the electrons is much smaller
than that of the ions.

3. Charged particles move in an electromagnetic field:

• Under such conditions, the middle of the cyclotron (called the main center) starts to shift in
a route perpendicular to the magnetic field. That motion of the thinking is known as drifting.
• Assuming that, in addition to the uniform and regular magnetic field, there is additionally a
uniform and regular electric powered area whose route is perpendicular to the strains of
magnetic induction additionally performing on the particle, this subject is known as the
intersecting field. Suppose that the magnetic subject is perpendicular to the aircraft of the
determine and is directed closer to us, whilst the electric powered area is directed alongside
the y-axis. Let's first vicinity a positive charge at the origin. Then the magnetic discipline no

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 Course teacher: Dr. Pham Thi Hai Mien

longer acts on the charge, and beneath the motion of the electric powered subject it starts off
evolving to pass swiftly alongside the y-axis. But the magnetic area acts on the transferring
charge. When the particle's pace is small, it generally strikes in the course of the electric
powered field, whilst the magnetic discipline solely barely curves its trajectory. Under the
motion of the electric powered field, alongside with the amplification in the pace of the
principal particle, the Lorentz pressure is additionally increased, making the particle's orbit
greater and extra twisted.
Finally, when the pace is so outstanding that the Lorentz pressure outweighs the accelerating
pressure of the electric field, the action slows down. After a positive amount of time, the
particle stops and all is repeated from the beginning. The right answer to this trouble suggests
that the particle's trajectory is a cycloid curve.
• Depending on how quick the particle was once at the commencing and how lengthy it was
once at that point, its trajectory is both a cycloid or a curve as proven in the figure:

• These curves are referred to as cycloid circles. Thus, the action of charged particles in the
intersection subject is complex. It can be expressed as the rotation of the particle in the
cycloid and the motion of the predominant core in the course perpendicular to the
vectors and .
• That is drift. The waft pace fee does no longer rely on the cost cost however solely on the
electric powered and magnetic subject strength. But that route does not suggest that the flow
happens with uncharged particles. Under the motion of electric powered and magnetic fields,
solely charged particles can move.
• In the common case, when the preliminary speed of the particle is no longer perpendicular
to the magnetic field, the trajectory of movement is a helix wrapped round the parabola.
• For electrons, the action drifts in the equal route as the positively charged particle. But, the
orbits of the electrons will of direction be specific from these of the high quality ions. The
first is that the electrons rotate in the contrary path of the high-quality ion. The 2d is that the
cyclotron radius of the electron is a lot smaller than the cyclotron radius of the ion. When
the preliminary velocities of electrons and ions are perpendicular to the course of the
magnetic field, the electrons and ions cross in one route with the identical flow velocity.

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 Course teacher: Dr. Pham Thi Hai Mien

4. Algorithm:

• Motion Equation:

𝑎𝑥 𝑡 2
𝑥 = 𝑥𝑜 + 𝑣𝑜𝑥 𝑡 +
2

𝑎𝑦 𝑡 2
𝑦 = 𝑦𝑜 + 𝑣𝑜𝑥 𝑡 +
2
𝑎𝑧 𝑡 2
𝑧 = 𝑦𝑜 + 𝑣𝑜𝑧 𝑡 +
2

III. MATLAB Code and Explanation:

Declare and prepare for the steps of calculating equations related to the motion of electrons in a
static electromagnetic field:
clc;
clear;
format rat;
syms t;
q = -1.602e-19; % Charge of electron (C)
me = 9.109e-31; % Mass of electron (kg)

Input and check the user's input values, then assign default values;
If no input value is given, automatically assign a default value to continue the calculation:
xyz= input( 'Insert the initial value of the electron, position of
vector= ' );
if isempty(xyz)
xyz = [0 0 0];
end
x0=(1);
y0=(2);
z0=(3);

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 Course teacher: Dr. Pham Thi Hai Mien

v0= input('Insert velocity vector, v=');

if isempty(v0)
v0 = [1 1 1];
end
v0x=v0(1);
v0y=v0(2);
v0z=v0(3);

E= input('Insert the electric field vector,E=');

if isempty(E)
E=[1 1 0];
end
Ex=E(1);
Ey=E(2);
Ez=0;

B= input('Insert the magnetic field which is parallel to z-axis,

B=');
if isempty(B)
B=[0 0 1];
end
Bx=0;
By=0;
Bz=B(3);

Calculate and display electron force and acceleration to simulate electron motion:
b = cross(v0,B);
Fx = q*( Ex + v0y*Bz - v0z*By );
Fy = q*( Ey + v0z*Bx - v0z*Bz );
Fz = q*( Ez + v0x*By - v0y*Bx );
F = sqrt(Fx^2+Fy^2+Fz^2);
disp('F=');
disp(F);

ax = Fx/me;
ay = Fy/me;
az = Fz/me;
a=sqrt(ax^2+ay^2+az^2); %acceleration;
disp('a=');
disp(a);

Input time, calculate velocity and display it:

tg=input('Insert time to calculate velocity,t=');
vx = subs(v0x+ax*t, t, tg);
vy = subs(v0y+ay*t, t, tg);
vz = subs(v0z+az*t, t, tg);
v = subs(sqrt(vx^2+vy^2+vz^2), t, tg);
disp('v=');
disp(v);

Write and display the motion equations:

%Motion equations;
x= x0 + v0x*t + 1/2*ax*t^2;
y= y0 + v0y*t + 1/2*ay*t^2;

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 Course teacher: Dr. Pham Thi Hai Mien

z= z0 + v0z*t + 1/2*az*t^2;
disp('x=');disp(x);
disp('y=');disp(y);
disp('z=');disp(z);

Plot the trajectory of electron:

fplot3(x,y,z);
title('The trajectory of electron');
xlabel('x-axis');
ylabel('y-axis');
zlabel('z-axis');
grid on;

IV. Results and discussion:

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 Course teacher: Dr. Pham Thi Hai Mien

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 Course teacher: Dr. Pham Thi Hai Mien

Above results exactly match the results manually calculated. With Matlab calculation, we can
replace appropriately many other values of quantities to study other special cases.

V. Conclusion:
The project has completed the solution for problem using MATLAB symbolic calculation.
With this tool we can solve more complex motion situations that cannot be solved by the analytical
method.

VI. References:
A. L. Garcia and C. Penland, MATLAB Projects for Scientists and Engineers, Prentice Hall,
Upper Saddle River, NJ, 1996. http://www.algarcia.org/fishbane/fishbane.html. Or
https://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/2268-projects-for-scientists-and-
engineers

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