II PUC PHYSICS

Electric Charge and Fields

1. Write any three properties of an electric charge.
(a) Charge is a scalar quantity.
(b) Like charges repel and unlike charges attract.
(c) Charges are quantized.
2. Write any three properties of electric field 3. Write any three properties of magnetic field
lines. lines.
(a) They never cross each other. (a) They never cross each other.
(b) Tangent to the field lines gives direction of (b) Tangent to the field lines gives direction of field.
field. (c) If the lines are crowded, then field is strong.
(c) If the lines are crowded, then field is strong.
4.
Electric field lines around Electric field lines around Electric field lines around dipole
positive Point charge negative point charge

Electric field lines around Electric field lines around two Magnetic field lines around a bar
two Positive charges negative charges magnet

5. State and explain Gauss’s Law of electric field.

1
Statement: The flux of electric field through any closed surface is times the total charge enclosed by
o
the surface.
1
Explanation:  = q. o → permittivity of free space. q→charge, →electric flux
o
• Some important 5 Marks questions (At least study formulas and terms)
6. State and explain Coulomb’s law.
7. Obtain an expression for electric field due to a dipole at a point on axial line and equatorial line.
8. State Gauss’ theorem. Obtain an expression electric field at a point due to charged infinitely long wire.
9. State Gauss’ theorem. Obtain an expression electric field at a point due to charged infinitely large sheet.
10. State Gauss’ theorem. Obtain an expression electric field at a point due to a charged spherical shell.
Electric Potential and Capacitors
1. Write any three properties of equipotential surfaces.
(a) They never intersect each other.
(b) Electric field is always normal to the equipotential surface.
(c) All points on equipotential surface have same potential.
2. How can you increase the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor?
(a) Increase the area of plates (b) decrease the distance between the plates
3. Equipotential surfaces
Point charge dipole

Current Electricity
1. State and explain Ohm’s Law.
Statement: Current through the conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference between its ends.
Explanation, VI  V=RI
R→Resistance V→potential difference I→current
2. Mention three limitations of Ohm’s law.
Ohm’s law fails if (a) V is not proportional to I. (b) Relation between V and I depend on the sign of V.
(c)Relation between V and I is not unique.
KCL, KVL, Lenz’s Law Lenz’s Law Einstein’s
Node Rule Loop Rule Photoelectric equation
Law of Law of Law of Gives polarity of Law of conservation of
conservation of conservation conservation of induced emf Energy
charge of Energy Energy

3. State and explain Junction rule or Kirchhoff’s Current Law-KCL.

Statement: At any junction, the sum of the currents entering the
junction is equal to the sum of currents leaving the junction.
Explanation: I1 + I2 − I3 − I 4 + I5 = 0 i.e.  I = 0
4. State and explain Loop rule or Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law-KVL.
Ans: Statement: The algebraic sum of changes in potential around any closed loop containing resistors and
cells is zero.
Explanation: R2 I3
Applying the II law to the mesh
+I2R2 + I3R3− I1R1 − E1 +E2=0 E2 R3
i.e.  E + IR =0 I2

I1 E1 R1
5. Obtain an expression for drift velocity and current density.
6. Derive an expression for equivalent emf and internal resistance of two cells in series and parallel.
7. Obtain the balancing condition of a Wheatstone’s network.
Moving charges and Magnetism
1. Obtain an expression for magnetic field at a point due to a current carrying coil.
2. Derive an expression for force between two infinitely long straight parallel conductors carrying current in
the same direction.
Magnetism and Matter
3. State and explain Gauss’s law for magnetism.
→ →
Net magnetic flux through any closed surface is zero.  B =  B . S = 0
ALL
4. Write any three properties of magnetic field lines (Answer is in second
question of first chapter)
5. Draw the field lines around a bar magnet. Ans:

6. Distinguish Dia, Para and ferromagnetic materials

Diamagnetic Paramagnetic Ferromagnetic

1 They are repelled weakly They are attracted weakly by a They are attracted strongly by
by a magnet magnet a magnet
2 Susceptibility very low Susceptibility very low and Susceptibility very high and
and negative positive positive
3 Relative permeability is Relative permeability slightly Relative permeability if much
less than one greater than one greater than one

Electromagnetic induction
1. State and explain faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction.
Statement: “The magnitude of the induced emf in a circuit is equal to the time rate of change of magnetic
flux through the circuit”.
d B
Explanation:  = − → induced emf. d→change of flux dt→time
dt
2. Obtain an expression for motional emf.
3. What is an ac generator? On which principle does it work. Obtain an expression for ac. Represent ac
in a waveform.
Alternating Current
1. What is a transformer? Write its principle. Explain the working of a transformer.
Definition: Transformer is a device which is used to change the amplitude of alternating voltage.
Principle: Transformer works on the principle of mutual induction.
Working:
For a transformer ,  s = i p = N s =T ..................(5)
p is Np
If Ns > Np then it is called step up transformer. It increases the amplitude of
alternating voltage.
If Ns < Np then it is called step down transformer. It decreases the amplitude of alternating voltage.

Efficiency of a transformer is given by  = Output Power = Vs I S

Input Power Vp I p
2. Write any three sources of energy loss in a transformer
(a) Energy loss due to eddy current
(b) Energy loss due to flux leakage
(c) Energy loss due to resistance of wires.

Wave Optics
1. Type of wave fronts by different sources.
Source Point Source Linear Source Point or linear source at infinity
Wavefront Spherical Cylindrical Plane
2. Write any two applications of polaroids
(a) To produce polarized light (b) in Sun glasses (c) in 3D movie cameras

Dual nature of radiation and matter

• Name any three types of electron emission.
(i) Thermionic emission (ii) Field emission (iii) Photoelectric emission
 • Define any three types of electron emission.
Thermionic emission:Electrons are removed from the surface of a metal by supplying heat energy. This
process is called thermionic emission.
Field emission:Electrons are removed from the surface of a metal by applying very strong electric field. This
process is called field emission.
Photo electric emission:Electrons are removed from the surface of a metal by applying radiation of suitable
frequency. This process is called field emission.
• Three properties of Photon: (a) Photons are electrically neutral. (b) Photons carry energy (c) Photons travel
with a speed of 3x108m/s in vacuum
• Write Einstein’s photoelectric equation. What are the explanations given by Einstein on the
observations of photoelectric effect?
Atoms
1. Write three postulates of Bohr’s atom model.
a) Electrons revolve in certain stable orbits called non radiating orbits.
b) Non radiating or stationary orbits are those in which the angular momentum of electron is some integral
multiple of h/2.
nh
 mvr =
2
c) If an electron makes a transistion form higher energy level of energy Ef to lowe energy level of energy
Ei, a photo will be emitted. h = Ei−Ef
2. Write any three limitations (drawbacks) of Bohr’s theory:
1) It is applicable to only hydrogenic atoms.
2) Fine structure of certain spectral lines is not explained
3) Intensities of spectral lines is not explained

Nuclei
1. Write any three characteristics of nuclear force
Nuclear force
(a) is a strongest force in nature (b) does not depend on charge (c) is a short range force.
2. Differences between fission and fusion
Fission Fusion
1 Heavy nucleus splits into two or more lighter Two lighter nuclei combine together to form a
nuclei and energy is released heavy nucleus and energy is released.
2 High temperature is not required for fission High temperature is required for fusion
3 Energy released for per fission is more Energy released per fusion is less

Semiconductors
3. Distinguish between Conductors, semiconductors and insulators on the basis of band theory.
Conductors: Metals are allow current to flow through them.
In metals the conduction and valance bands overlap.
Hence energy gap = 0
A large number of electrons are available for electrical conduction.
Resistance of such materials is low.
Overlapping
Conduction Band
Electron energies

Eg 0
EV
EC Valence
Band
 Insulators:
They do not allow electrons through them.
Conduction band and valence band are separated by large energy gap, Eg>3eV
No free electrons are available in conduction band.
Hence insulator have large resistance.

Empty

Electron energies
Conduction
EC Band
Eg > 3eV
EV
Valence
Band
Semiconductors:
Semiconductors have conducting property between conductors and insulators.
Energy gap between conduction band and valence band is less than 3eV.
Very few free electrons are found in conduction band.
Resistance of semiconductors is not as high as that of the insulators.
Electron energies

EC
Eg < 3eV
EV

1. Distinguish between intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors.

Intrinsic Semiconductor Extrinsic semiconductor
It is a pure semiconductor crystal It is a semiconductor doped with impurities
Contains same number of holes and electrons Number of electrons and holes are not same
Conductivity is because of both the electrons Conductivity is mainly due to the majority charge
and holes carriers.

2. Give any three differences between p-type and n-type semiconductors.

P-type semiconductor N-type semiconductor
semiconductor doped with trivalent impurity Semiconductor doped with pentavalent impurity
Contains more number of holes than electrons Contains more number of electrons than holes
Conductivity is mainly because of holes Conductivity is mainly because of electrons
Holes are majority carriers electrons are Electrons are the majority carriers
minority carriers Holes are minority carriers

3. Differences between forward bias and reverse bias.

Forward Bias Reverse Bias
1 Resistance of diode is very less Resistance of diode is very high
2 Large current flows through the diode Very small current flows through the diode
3 Width of depletion region decreases Width of depletion region increases
4. What is a Half wave rectifier? Explain with a circuit diagram.
The circuit which converts ac into dc is called a rectifier.
Half wave rectifier gives rectified output voltage corresponding to only one-half cycle of the ac input.
 When A is positive, diode is forward biased and it conducts.
Current flows through the load resistor RL from x to Y
When A is negative, the diode is reverse-biased and it does not conduct.
No current flows through RL.
Current flows through RL in one direction only. Hence output is DC

Input voltage Input ac

at A

Output voltage Output pulsating dc

across RL
t

5. What is a rectifier? With relevant circuit diagram and waveforms explain the working of P-N
junction diode as full-wave rectifier.

Input voltage
at A
t

Input voltage
at B
t

Due to Due to Due to

D1 D2 D1
Output voltage
Across RL
t
 The circuit which converts ac into dc is called a rectifier.
Full wave rectifier gives out put corresponding to corresponding to both the half cycle of the ac input.
When A is positive with respect to the C diode D1 gets forward biased and it conducts.
D2 is reverse biased and will not conduct.
Current flows through RL from x to y.
When A is negative with respect to C, diode D1 is reverse biased and it does not conduct.
Diode D2 is forward biased and it conducts.
Current flows through RL from x to Y
Always current flows in same direction through RL. Hence output is dc.
• Some devices and their principles
• Optic fiber-Total internal reflection
• AC dynamo – electromagnetic induction- Conversion of mechanical energy to electrical energy
• Transformer – Mutual Induction
• Possible problems and formulas to solve them.
. R=RoA1/3
Mass defect =[Zmp + (A-Z) mn] – M
Binding energy = m. 931.5MeV

1 q
. Problem from electric potential: V = , W = qV
4π ∈ o r

Problem from electric potential and capacitor:

C 1C 2 1 2
Q=CV, Cp= C1+C2 Cs = , U= cv ,
C1 + C2 2

. Problem from current electricity:

ρ ε1r2 + ε 2 r1 r1r2
V=IR, R= , ε eq = ε1 + ε 2 , req = r1+r2, ε eq = req =
A r1 + r2 r1 + r2
. Problem from Alternating current:

1 XC XL
X L = 2πνL , X C = , Z = R 2 + (X c - X L )2 , tan φ =
2πνC R