Complete Crash Course

On Artificial Intelligence (AI)

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AI AI

AI

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 Topics to be covered today
• AI Infrastructure & Model Creators • Deep learning
• Company that uses AI Infrastructure • Neurons and neural network
• Types of AI Tools • Face detection
• What is Artificial Intelligence ? • Computer vision
• Evolution of AI • Evolution of CV
• Discriminative Model (Classifier & Predictor) • Natural language Processing
• Generative Model (Content & Data Creation) • Evolution of NLP
• Agentic Model (AI with Decision-Making Abilities) • Companies using NLP
• Hybrid Models (Combination of Multiple Approaches) • Case works
• Structure of AI • Architechture
• Machine Learning • LLM
• Supervised ML • Building of LLM
• Unsupervised ML • Agentic AI
• Reinforcement ML • Features of AI agents

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 AI Infrastructure & Model Creators

Open AI Google Meta Anthropic Microsoft NVIDIA Amazon Tesla

DeepMind
Company that uses AI Infrastructure

Tech Companies Healthcare Finance & Stock Market E-commerce & Marketing

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 3 types of AI Tools

Standalone AI Tools Integrated AI Tools Customized AI Tools

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 What is Artificial Intelligence ?

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a branch of computer science that focuses on creating machines that can
perform tasks that typically require human intelligence. These tasks include:

Learning – AI learns from data and improves its performance over time.
Reasoning – AI can analyze information and make logical decisions.
Problem-Solving – AI can find solutions to complex problems.
Understanding Language – AI can process and generate human language (like ChatGPT!).
Perception – AI can recognize images, sounds, and patterns.

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 Evolution of AI
1950s
Sabse pehle, AI ka concept Alan Turing ne introduce kiya tha. 1950 mein unhone ek paper likha tha,
"Computing Machinery and Intelligence," jisme unhone Turing Test introduce kiya. Is test ka goal tha
yeh dekhna ki kya ek machine soch sakti hai jaise insaan karta hai.

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 Evolution of AI
1956 (Dartmouth Conference):

Yeh moment AI ki duniya ka turning point tha, jab John McCarthy aur unke colleagues ne "Artificial
Intelligence" shabd ko define kiya aur officially is field ka shuruat ki. Yahaan se AI ka journey start hota
hai.

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 Evolution of AI
1960s to 1970s
1960s se lekar 1970s tak, AI mein bohot basic systems aur programs banaye gaye.

•ELIZA (1966): Yeh ek chatbot tha, jo Joseph Weizenbaum ne banaya tha. ELIZA ek simple script ke through logon se baat
kar sakti thi. Yeh ek early AI conversational system tha.

•Shakey the Robot (1969): Yeh ek robot tha, jise Stanford Research Institute ne develop kiya tha. Is robot mein decision-
making aur problem-solving capabilities thi.

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 Evolution of AI
The Winter of AI - 1970s to 1980s
AI ka initial excitement zyada din tak nahi chal paya. 1970s aur 1980s mein AI mein bohot funding aur
research kam ho gayi thi, isliye is period ko AI Winter kaha jata hai. Is time par logon ne socha tha ki AI
utna promising nahi hai, jitna initially laga tha. Us waqt hardware aur resources kaafi limited the.

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1990s to Early 2000s Evolution of AI
1990s ke end tak, AI ka second boom start hota hai, jab machine learning aur neural networks ka development start
hota hai.
Deep Blue vs Garry Kasparov (1997) : Yeh moment AI ki history mein bahut important tha, jab IBM ka Deep Blue chess
world champion Garry Kasparov ko harata hai. Is se AI ke potential ko duniya ne seriously lena shuru kiya.
Speech Recognition: 1990s mein, speech recognition systems bhi kaafi improve hue, jisme Dragon NaturallySpeaking
jese software aaye.

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 Evolution of AI
AI Revolution - 2010s

2010 ke baad, AI ka real revolution dekhne ko milta hai, jab

deep learning aur neural networks ka use improve hota hai.
In technologies ke through, machines ko image recognition,
speech recognition, natural language processing jaise
complex tasks perform karne ke liye train kiya gaya.

Deep Learning and Neural Networks:

Google’s DeepMind ne AlphaGo ko train kiya, jo 2016 mein
Go game ke world champion ko harata hai.

Chatbots and Personal Assistants:

2010s mein, AI-powered chatbots aur personal assistants
jese Siri, Alexa, Google Assistant market mein aaye, jo daily
tasks ko automate karte hain.

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 Evolution of AI
AI ka Future (2020s and Beyond)
Aaj ke time mein, AI bahut rapidly evolve ho raha hai, aur
generative AI (jese ChatGPT aur DALL·E), self-driving cars,
agentic AI, aur AI ethics jaise concepts ki taraf hum move kar
rahe hain.

•Generative AI: Jaise ki ChatGPT, DALL·E, MidJourney, jo new

content generate karte hain (text, images, etc.).

•Agentic AI: Jaise AutoGPT, jo independent tasks perform karne

mein capable hote hain.

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Discriminative Model (Classifier & Predictor)
Discriminative models are used for classification and prediction.
Examples in AI:
•Spam detection (Spam or Not Spam)
•Face recognition (Is this face John’s or not?)
•Fraud detection in banking

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Generative Model (Content & Data Creation)
Generative models create new data based on training data.
Examples in AI:
•ChatGPT, GPT-4, BERT (Text generation)
•Stable Diffusion, DALL·E (Image generation)
•WaveNet (Speech synthesis)

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The acceleration of AI research,
envisioning businesses utilizing AI agentic AI as a "new labor
agents for customer interactions The age of agentic AI is here,"
model, new productivity model,
emphasizing the emergence of AI
and a new economic model
agents capable of performing
complex tasks autonomously
Nadella introduced AI agent tools designed to
act autonomously on behalf of users, capable
of tasks like reviewing customer returns and
checking supply-chain invoices

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Agentic Model (AI with Decision-Making Abilities)
Agentic models are AI systems that can take actions and make decisions autonomously. These models go beyond
classification and generation—they interact with the environment and take actions accordingly.

Examples in AI:
•Self-driving cars (Deciding when to stop, turn, accelerate)
•AI-powered robots (Automating warehouse operations)
•Game-playing AI (AlphaGo, OpenAI Five for Dota 2)
•Personal AI assistants (AutoGPT, BabyAGI)

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 Hybrid Models (Combination of Multiple Approaches)
Some AI systems use a combination of discriminative, generative, and agentic
models for better performance.

Examples:
Self-driving cars (Use CNNs for image recognition + RL for decision-making)
Chatbots with memory (Use transformers for text generation + RL for adaptive
learning)
AI art generators (Use GANs for image generation + CNNs for style transfer)

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Artificial Intelligence Structure of AI

Machine Learning
Artificial Intelligence

Machine Learning

Deep Learning
Structure of AI
Artificial Intelligence

Machine Learning

Deep Learning
Structure of AI
Discriminative
Artificial Intelligence

Machine Learning

Deep Learning
Structure of AI
Discriminative

LLM Generative AI

Agentic AI
 Machine Learning
Machine Learning (ML) is a type of technology that allows computers to learn from data and make decisions without
being directly programmed.

Give Make Predictions

Imagine teaching a child to recognize Learn Patterns
Data
fruits. If you show them many apples
and tell them, "This is an apple," they
will eventually learn to identify apples
on their own. Similarly, in ML, we
provide a computer with a lot of data, Improvise with
time
and it learns patterns to make
predictions or decisions.

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 Machine Learning

Training Data Model

New Data
Predictions
Trained Model
 Types of Machine Learning

Supervised Learning Unsupervised Learning Reinforcement Learning

Examples: Examples: Examples:

•Spam detection (Email is spam or not) •Customer segmentation in marketing •Self-driving cars
•House price prediction •Anomaly detection (fraud detection banking) •Game-playing AI (e.g., AlphaGo)
•Image classification (Cats vs. Dogs) •Topic modeling in NLP •Robotics

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 Supervised Machine Learning
Supervised Learning ek aisa Machine Learning type hai jisme hum model ko labeled data (yaani ki input-output pairs)
ke saath train karte hain. Matlab, model ko pehle se pata hota hai ki kaunsa input kis output se match karta hai. Phir
model ye pattern samajhne ki koshish karta hai taaki naye data ke liye bhi sahi prediction kar sake.
 Supervised Machine Learning

Some Algorithms

• Linear Regression
• Logistic Regression
• Decision Trees
• Random Forest
• Support Vector Machines (SVM)
• K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN)
• Naive Bayes
• Gradient Boosting (e.g., XGBoost, LightGBM)
• AdaBoost
 Unsupervised Learning
Unsupervised Learning ek aisa Machine Learning type hai jisme model ko bina kisi labeled data ke train
kiya jata hai. Matlab, model ko input diya jata hai, lekin output ka pata nahi hota. Model khud patterns
aur relationships find karta hai data ke andar.
 Unsupervised Learning
Some Algorithms

• K-Means Clustering
• Hierarchical Clustering
• DBSCAN (Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise)
• Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
• Independent Component Analysis (ICA)
• t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE)
• Gaussian Mixture Models (GMM)
• Autoencoders
 Reinforcement Learning
Reinforcement Learning (RL) ek Machine Learning ka type hai jisme ek agent apne environment se
interact karta hai aur reward system ke through seekhta hai.
 Reinforcement Learning

Reinforcement Learning (RL) ek Machine Learning ka type hai jisme ek agent apne environment se
interact karta hai aur reward system ke through seekhta hai.

Q-Learning
Deep Q-Networks (DQN)
SARSA (State-Action-Reward-State-Action)
Policy Gradient Methods
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 Deep Learning
Deep Learning is a type of Artificial Intelligence (AI) that helps computers learn and make decisions
just like humans.
brain-inspired system

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 Dendrites: Ye part
information ko receive
karta hai dusre neurons
se.

Axon: Jab neuron process

kar leta hai, toh output
Cell Body (Soma): Ye signal ko phir dusre neurons
part received tak bhejne ka kaam axon
information ko karta hai.
process karta hai.

Hidden Layers: Ye layers multiple neurons se banayi jaati hain jo input data ko process
karte hain. Har neuron apne weights aur activation function ke through input ko
transform karta hai.

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 Nose

Eyes

Ears

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 Yes
This is Panda
Nose

Eyes

Ears

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 Yes
This is not a Panda
Nose

Eyes

Ears

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 This is a Panda Yes

Nose

Eyes

Ears

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 model

Recognize
panda face

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 Difference Between Deep Learning & Machine Learning

Image Recognition
•Machine Learning:
• Uses algorithms like SVM, Random
Forest.
• Needs manual feature extraction (edges,
colors, textures).
•Deep Learning:
• Uses CNN (Convolutional Neural
Networks).
• Learns patterns automatically and
performs better on complex images.

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 Important topics of Deep learning
1. Basics of Deep Learning
•What is Deep Learning? 3. Deep Learning Frameworks
•Difference between Machine Learning and Deep Learning •TensorFlow
•Neural Networks and their working •PyTorch
•Activation Functions (ReLU, Sigmoid, Tanh, Softmax) •Keras

2. Neural Networks 4. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) – For Image

•Perceptron and Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) Processing
•Forward and Backpropagation •Filters and Kernels
•Gradient Descent and Optimizers (SGD, Adam, RMSprop) •Feature Maps and Pooling Layers
•Loss Functions (Cross-Entropy, MSE, Huber Loss) •CNN Architectures (AlexNet, VGG, ResNet,
EfficientNet)
•Transfer Learning

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 Important topics of Deep learning
5. Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) – For Sequential Data 6. Natural Language Processing (NLP) with Deep Learning
•RNN Basics and Challenges (Vanishing Gradient Problem) •Word Embeddings (Word2Vec, GloVe, FastText)
•Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) •Transformers (BERT, GPT)
•Gated Recurrent Units (GRU) •Attention Mechanism and Seq2Seq Models
•Applications in NLP and Time-Series Forecasting •Sentiment Analysis, Chatbots, and Speech Recognition

7. Generative Models 8. Advanced Topics

•Autoencoders •Self-Supervised and Semi-Supervised Learning
•Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) •Deep Reinforcement Learning
•Meta-Learning
•Explainable AI (XAI)
9.AI Deployment & Optimization
•Model Deployment (Flask, FastAPI, TensorFlow Serving)
•Model Optimization (Pruning, Quantization)
•AI on Edge Devices (TensorFlow Lite, ONNX)

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 Natural Language Processing (NLP)
Natural Language Processing (NLP) is a branch of artificial intelligence (AI) that enables computers to
understand, interpret, and generate human language. It allows machines to process and analyze vast
amounts of natural language data, such as text and speech.

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 Evolution of NLP
NLP has evolved over the years from simple rule-based methods to
advanced deep learning techniques:

1. Rule-Based Systems (1950s-1980s): Early NLP relied on hand-

crafted rules and dictionaries.

2. Statistical Methods (1990s-2010s): Machine learning models like

Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) and Support Vector Machines
(SVMs) improved NLP accuracy.

3. Deep Learning & Transformers (2015-Present): Models like

Word2Vec, LSTMs, and Transformers (BERT, GPT) revolutionized NLP
by achieving human-like language understanding.

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 Computer Vision
Computer Vision (CV) is a field of Artificial Intelligence (AI) that enables machines to interpret and
understand visual data from images or videos, just like humans. It allows computers to recognize patterns,
detect objects, and analyze scenes.

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 Computer Vision
Evolution of Computer Vision
The field has evolved significantly over time:

1.1960s-1980s: Early computer vision systems relied on basic image processing and edge
detection.

2.1990s-2010s: Introduction of Machine Learning (ML) techniques like Support Vector Machines
(SVMs) and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs).

3. 2012-Present: Deep learning revolutionized CV, especially with AlexNet in 2012, followed by
ResNet, YOLO, and Transformers (ViTs).

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 LLM (Large Language Model)
LLM (Large Language Model) ek AI model hai jo bahut bade text datasets se train kiya jata hai aur
human-like text generate kar sakta hai

Example:
•ChatGPT, Google Gemini, Claude, Llama
•AI Chatbots (Siri, Alexa, Bard)
•Code generation (GitHub Copilot)

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 What is needed to build an LLM ?

1) Data (Bahut Sara High-Quality Data)

•LLM ko train karne ke liye bahut saare text datasets chahiye.
•Example: Common Crawl, OpenWebText, Wikipedia, Code datasets

2) Neural Network Architecture (Transformer Model)

•LLMs Transformer-based models ka use karte hain, jaise:
•GPT (Generative Pre-trained Transformer)
•BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers)
•T5 (Text-to-Text Transfer Transformer)

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 What is needed to build an LLM ?
3) Powerful Hardware (GPUs & TPUs)
•LLM ko train karne ke liye bahut powerful GPUs ya TPUs ki zaroorat hoti hai.
•Example: NVIDIA A100, H100 GPUs ya Google TPUs

4) Training Algorithms
•LLMs ko unsupervised learning aur self-supervised learning se train kiya jata hai.
•Techniques:
• Masked Language Modeling (MLM) – BERT ke liye
• Causal Language Modeling (CLM) – GPT ke liye
• Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) – LLM ko better responses dene ke liye fine-
tune karta hai.

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 What is needed to build an LLM ?

5. Optimization Techniques
•Gradient Descent aur Backpropagation se models optimize kiye jate hain.
•Fine-tuning & Transfer Learning se LLMs ko specific tasks ke liye improve kiya jata hai.

6. Deployment & Scaling

•LLMs ko APIs aur cloud platforms par deploy kiya jata hai.
•Example: OpenAI API, Hugging Face, Google Cloud AI, AWS, Azure AI

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 Connect with us

Instagram Handle

theiscale
The iScale Organization Handle
theiscale.founders
Siblings - Nishant Dhote & Swati Dhote

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