Teach Computer Science

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The Teach Computer Science Team

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Teach Computer Science
GSCE Computing

Network
Protocols and
Layers

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 1.

Revision notes

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Introduction
Networking protocols define rules and conventions for
communication. Protocols determine the speed of transmission, size
of the message, error checking methods and type of transmission
(synchronous or asynchronous). The protocols are established
between sender and receiver before starting communication. This is
done by handshaking, which is the process of negotiation between the
sender and receiver by an exchange of messages. Once handshaking is
complete, data packets travel from sender to receiver through various
routers. Data packets are exchanged between various routers; this is
called packet switching.

Network Addressing
A data packet contains the sender’s and receiver’s address. Each device
in the network is assigned a unique address, which is called an IP
address. An IP address consists of binary numbers and is usually
represented in decimal or hexadecimal format.
In IPv4 (Internet Protocol version 4), each device is assigned a 32-bit
address. For example: 197.154.13.145. With 32 bits, around 4 billion
unique IP addresses can be assigned. 8 bits form an octet. Each octet
may represent any number between 0 to 255.
In IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6), each device is assigned a 128-bit
address. For example: 2001: db8: ac10: fa03: 1528: 11: 134: 2.
IP addresses can be assigned in a static or dynamic manner. Static IP
addresses are assigned by the network administrator. When the device
is not in use, this address remains unused too.
IP addresses are assigned dynamically to devices. An IP address can be
reused when the device is not in use. The protocol responsible for this
is the dynamic host control protocol (DHCP).
The IP address should not be confused with MAC address. MAC
address is the address provided by the manufacturer that uniquely
identifies the network interface card, whereas an IP address is
provided by the network administrator and defines the connection
between network and device. teachcomputerscience.com
Protocols
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
TCP/IP is a suite of communication protocols used to interconnect
network devices of different manufacturers on the Internet. The data
packets contain the following information:

Source Sender of the message

Destination Receiver of the message

Packet The order of the message in which it

sequence should be re-assembled.

Data Contents of the message

Bits to make sure that the message has

Error checking
been received correctly.

Hypertext markup language (HTML)

HTML is the standard markup language for creating web pages and
web applications. It provides us with tags to design a web-page. HTML
pages are written in Notepad and saved as an HTML file.
CSS is used to edit the appearance of the HTML components such as
buttons, text boxes, etc. A user can make sure that all the components
on a page have a similar appearance by changing the code once rather
than multiple times for each component. A CSS file is stored separately
from its HTML file.
Extensible markup language (XML)
The features of HTML are enhanced by using XML. The data used in
HTML pages can be reused when XML is used. XML is used to store
and transport data. HTML is used to format data and change its
appearance. Updating web pages is simpler when XML and HTML are
used together.

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 2.

Activities

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 Activity-1 (Internet Research)
Duration: 15 minutes

1. In this topic, you learnt about the layered architecture of TCP/IP

protocol. A standard Open System Interconnection model (OSI
model) is developed by ISO that represents 7 layers. Find out
about these layers and function of each. Specify the layers in
order.

Layer Function

teachcomputerscience.com
 Activity-1 (Internet Research)
Duration: 15 minutes

1. In this topic, you learnt about the layered architecture of TCP/IP

protocol. A standard Open System Interconnection model (OSI
model) is developed by ISO that represents 7 layers. Find out
about these layers and function of each. Specify the layers in
order.

Layer Function

Transmission of data over physical medium.

Physical layer Converts digital data to electrical signals or
light signals and vice versa

Links two computers. Detects and corrects

Data link layer
errors that occur in physical layer.

If the message is large, its is split into packets,

Network layer sends the fragments and at receiver’s end the
packets are reassembled in order

Keeps tracks of segments and re-transmits if

Transport layer
acknowledgement is not received

Session layer Controls connection between computers.

Presentation Transforms data into a form that application

layer accepts and provides data-compression

Application Interacts with the software application used

layer by sender/ receiver.

teachcomputerscience.com
Flashcards

What is an IP IP address is a unique address

assigned to each device in a
address? network.

What is the In IPv4, each device is

assigned a 32-bit address.
difference between
Whereas in IPv6, each
IPv4 and IPv6 device is assigned a
addressing? 128-bit address.

teachcomputerscience.com
Glossary
A message sent by the receiver to the sender
Acknowledgement indicating that the data has been received
correctly.
A single package of data that travels along
Data packet
the network path.

Dynamic host control A protocol that ensures that an IP address

protocol can be reused when the device is not in use.

The process of adding information to data in

Encapsulation
each layer of TCP/IP stack.

Ethernet A technology to implement LAN.

File Transfer Protocol. Set of rules for

FTP
transferring large files on the Internet.

teachcomputerscience.com
Quiz
1. Complete this sentence: In IPv6, each device is assigned a
……………….. address. Whereas, in IPv4, each device is assigned a
……………….. address.
A. 32-bit, 16-bit
B. 64-bit, 32-bit
C. 128-bit, 32-bit
D. 256-bit, 64-bit

2. What is the difference between a MAC address and IP address?

A. MAC address is the address of NIC. Whereas, IP address
uniquely identifies a device in a network.
B. MAC address is assigned by the manufacturer of device.
Whereas, IP address is assigned by network administrator.
C. Both A & B

3. Which of the following protocol is responsible for assigning IP

addresses to devices dynamically?
A. Dynamic host control protocol
B. File Transfer protocol
C. Hypertext Transfer Protocol
D. Post Office Protocol

4. Complete this sentence: Allocating IP addresses to computers

manually is called as ……………..
A. Static addressing
B. Dynamic addressing
C. DNS
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 Teach Computer Science

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 Teach Computer Science

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