Communications II

ECE 444
Lecture # 1
Introduction & Block Diagram of a digital
communications system
Lecturer: Dr. Hesham Abd EL Hakim
Email : [email protected]

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 Announcements
• Text:
• B. P. Lathi, “Modern Digital and Analog
Communication Systems” , 3rd Edition”,
Oxford University Press, 1998,
• Leon Couch II, Digital and Analog
Communication Systems, 7th Edition, 2006

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 Course Assessment
Classification Description Weight
Quiz –
2 quizzes 20%
Theoretical
Assignments –
3 Assignments 5%
Theoretical
Assignments – 1 MATLAB-based
5%
Practical Assignments
Mid-Term Exam – Midterm exam covers until
30%
Theoretical Lecture 6
Final Exam – Final exam covers all
90%
Theoretical Lectures
Total 150%
Notes:
1. The MATLAB assignment should be viewed as a term project

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 Course Schedule
Week Lecture Assignment Quiz

Chapter 6: Sampling and pulse code

modulation
Assignment 1
6.2 Pulse code modulation (PCM)
1&2 6.3 Differential pulse code modulation
Due Date
( )
(DPCM)
6.4 Delta Modulation

Chapter 11: Random Process Assignment 2

11.1 Random process Quiz 1
3&4 Due Date
(Lectures: 1,2)
11.2 Power spectral density of a random ( )
process
Chapter 12: Performance of Analog
systems in the presence of noise Assignment 3
Quiz 2
5,6&7 12.2 Amplitude Modulated Systems Due Date
(Lectures: 3,4)
12.2 Angle Modulated Systems ( )
12.3 Pulse Modulated systems
8 Mid Term
Chapter 13: Behavior of digital
communication systems in the
9 & 10
presence of noise
13.1 Optimum threshold detection
13.2 General analysis: optimum binary Quiz 3
Assignment 4
receiver (Lectures:
11 & 12 13.3 Carrier systems: ASK, FSK, ,PSK &
Due Date
9,10)
( )
DPSK

4 13 & 14 Revision & Final Exam

 Prerequisites
(Things you should know already!)
• Knowledge of linear systems
* Fourier Transform
* Input/Output relationships in a linear time
invariant system

• Understanding the basic of probability

* Probability density functions
* Random variables, mean, expectations
* Random process

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 A Transmission System

Transmitter Communication channel Receiver

Transmitter
• Converts information into signal suitable for transmission
• Injects energy into communications medium or channel
– Telephone converts voice into electric current
– Modem converts bits into tones
Receiver
• Receives energy from medium
• Converts received signal into form suitable for delivery to user
– Telephone converts current into voice
– Modem converts tones into bits

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 Transmission Impairments
Transmitted Received
Signal Signal

Transmitter Communication channel Receiver

Communication Channel Transmission Impairments

• Pair of copper wires  Signal attenuation
• Coaxial cable  Signal distortion
• Radio  Spurious noise
• Light in optical fiber  Interference from other
• Light in air signals
• Infrared
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Definition of terms: Characteristics of Message Type

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Transmission Protocols

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 Definition of a
Communication System

• Communications Systems: Systems designed to

transmit and receive information
• A Communication system delivers information from a
source to a sink

Source: Creates information

Sink: Uses information
m(t) information or message signal
~ (t ): an estimate of the message signal
m

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 Info
Source
Block Diagram
m(t)
message
from
source

Transmitter Receiver
Channel
Tx Rx
s(t) r(t)
transmitted received
m~ (t )
signal signal
received
message
to
Info sink
Sink 7
 Block diagram of Communication System

• A communication system consists of several

blocks
– Transmitter: modifies m(t)for efficient transmission
– Channel: medium that modified signal is sent
• acts as a linear filter
• can introduce nonlinear distortion
• introduces additive noise n(t)
– Receiver: reprocesses the signal to get estimate

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 Block Diagram of a Communication System
• The Channel impairments:
– Noise )‫ (الشوشرة‬:
• Unintended transmission. An electrical signal not
produced for the purpose of communications: e.g.
spark plugs (cars), thermal noise, sun activity.. Etc.

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 Block Diagram of a Communication System
• The Channel impairments:
– Interference (‫)التداخل‬:
• Is the mixing of the transmitted signal with another
signal carrying information from another source to
another destination.

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 Block Diagram of a Communication System
• The Channel impairments:
– Distortion (‫)التشويه‬:
• Is a change in the transmitted signal due to the non-
ideality of the channel.

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 Block Diagram of a Communication System
• The Channel impairments:
– Jamming )‫ (التشويش‬:
• A strong signal, not carrying information transmitted on the
same channel with the aim of disrupting communications.
(preventing reception at the required destination).
– Fading )‫ (الخفوت‬:
• Change in signal amplitude and phase due to motion and
scattering.
– Multipath (‫)تعدد المسارات‬:
• The receiver may receive multiple copies of the signal with
short spacing.

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 Communication System Parameters

• Assume we want to transmit a certain

“amount” of information:
– In analog systems information is related to
the bandwidth of m(t)
– In digital systems information is expressed
in bits/sec.
• How do we compare two systems?

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 Communication System Parameters

~ (t ) to the original signal

1. How close is the estimate m
m(t)?
• Better estimate =higher quality transmission
• Analog: Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)
• Digital : Bit Error Rate (BER)
2. How much power is required to transmit s(t)?
• Lower power=longer battery life, less interference
3. How much bandwidth is required to transmit s(t)?
• less BW means more users can share the channel

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 Communication System Parameters
Power

Complexity

BER/SNR
BWt
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 Analog Long-Distance Communications
Transmission segment
Source Repeater ... Repeater Destination

• Each repeater attempts to restore analog signal to its

original form
• Restoration is imperfect
– Distortion is not completely eliminated
– Noise & interference is only partially removed
• Signal quality decreases with # of repeaters
• Communications is distance-limited
• Still used in analog cable TV systems
• Analogy: Copy a song using a cassette recorder
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 Analog vs. Digital Transmission
Analog transmission: all details must be reproduced accurately
Distortion
Sent Attenuation Received

Digital transmission: only discrete levels need to be reproduced

Sent Distortion Received

Simple Receiver:
Attenuation
Was original pulse
positive or negative?

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 Digital Long-Distance Communications
Transmission segment
Source Regenerator ... Regenerator Destination

• Regenerator recovers original data sequence and

retransmits on next segment
• Can design so error probability is very small
• Then each regeneration is like the first time!
• Analogy: copy an MP3 file
• Communications is possible over very long distances
• Digital systems vs. analog systems
– Less power, longer distances, lower system cost
– Monitoring, multiplexing, coding, encryption, protocols…

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Digital Communication Systems

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Analog Communication

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Digital Communication

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Why Digital?

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Any Question

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