Question ID e3d3d5f1

Assessment Test Domain Skill Difficulty

SAT Reading and Writing Craft and Structure Words in Context Hard

ID: e3d3d5f1
Critics have asserted that fine art and fashion rarely ______ in a world where artists create timeless works for
exhibition and designers periodically produce new styles for the public to buy. Luiseño/Shoshone-Bannock
beadwork artist and designer Jamie Okuma challenges this view: her work can be seen in the Metropolitan
Museum of Art and purchased through her online boutique.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A. prevail

B. succumb

C. diverge

D. intersect
Question ID bfad2097
Assessment Test Domain Skill Difficulty

SAT Reading and Writing Craft and Structure Words in Context Hard

ID: bfad2097
Investigating whether shared false visual memories—specific but inaccurate and widely held recollections of
images such as product logos—are caused by people’s previous ______ incorrect renditions of the images,
researchers Deepasri Prasad and Wilma Bainbridge found that, in fact, such memories are often not
explained by familiarity with erroneous versions of the images.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A. compliance with

B. exposure to

C. criteria for

D. forfeiture of
Question ID 939f1fe8
Assessment Test Domain Skill Difficulty

SAT Reading and Writing Craft and Structure Text Structure and Hard
Purpose

ID: 939f1fe8
In Jane Austen’s novel Mansfield Park, an almost imperceptible smile from potential suitor Henry Crawford
causes the protagonist Fanny Price to blush; her embarrassment grows when she suspects that he is aware
of it. This moment—in which Fanny not only infers Henry’s mental state through his gestures, but also infers
that he is drawing inferences about her mental state—illustrates what literary scholar George Butte calls
“deep intersubjectivity,” a technique for representing interactions between consciousnesses through which
Austen’s novels derive much of their social and psychological drama.

Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a whole?
A. It states a claim about Austen’s skill at representing psychological complexity that is reinforced by an
example presented in the following sentence.

B. It advances an interpretation of an Austen protagonist who is contrasted with protagonists from other
Austen novels cited in the following sentence.

C. It describes a recurring theme in Austen’s novels that is the focus of a literary scholar’s analysis
summarized in the following sentence.

D. It provides a synopsis of an interaction in an Austen novel that illustrates a literary concept discussed in
the following sentence.
Question ID 7ec676d1
Assessment Test Domain Skill Difficulty

SAT Reading and Writing Craft and Structure Text Structure and Hard
Purpose

ID: 7ec676d1
The following text is from Charlotte Brontë’s 1847 novel Jane Eyre. Jane, the narrator, works as a governess
at Thornfield Hall.
I went on with my day’s business tranquilly; but ever and anon vague suggestions kept wandering across
my brain of reasons why I should quit Thornfield; and I kept involuntarily framing advertisements and
pondering conjectures about new situations: these thoughts I did not think to check; they might germinate
and bear fruit if they could.

Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

A. To convey a contrast between Jane’s outward calmness and internal restlessness

B. To emphasize Jane’s loyalty to the people she works for at Thornfield Hall

C. To demonstrate that Jane finds her situation both challenging and deeply fulfilling

D. To describe Jane’s determination to secure employment outside of Thornfield Hall

Question ID e752ee68
Assessment Test Domain Skill Difficulty

SAT Reading and Writing Information and Central Ideas and Hard
Ideas Details

ID: e752ee68
The following text is adapted from Lewis Carroll’s 1889 satirical novel Sylvie and Bruno. A crowd has
gathered outside a room belonging to the Warden, an official who reports to the Lord Chancellor.
One man, who was more excited than the rest, flung his hat high into the air, and shouted (as well as I
could make out) “Who roar for the Sub-Warden?” Everybody roared, but whether it was for the Sub-Warden,
or not, did not clearly appear: some were shouting “Bread!” and some “Taxes!”, but no one seemed to know
what it was they really wanted.
All this I saw from the open window of the Warden’s breakfast-saloon, looking across the shoulder of the
Lord Chancellor.
“What can it all mean?” he kept repeating to himself. “I never heard such shouting before—and at this time
of the morning, too! And with such unanimity!”

Based on the text, how does the Lord Chancellor respond to the crowd?
A. He asks about the meaning of the crowd’s shouting, even though he claims to know what the crowd
wants.

B. He indicates a desire to speak to the crowd, even though the crowd has asked to speak to the Sub-
Warden.

C. He expresses sympathy for the crowd’s demands, even though the crowd’s shouting annoys him.

D. He describes the crowd as being united, even though the crowd clearly appears otherwise.
Question ID d2316673
Assessment Test Domain Skill Difficulty

SAT Reading and Writing Information and Central Ideas and Hard
Ideas Details

ID: d2316673
The following text is from Maggie Pogue Johnson’s 1910 poem “Poet of Our Race.” In this poem, the speaker
is addressing Paul Laurence Dunbar, a Black author.
Thou, with stroke of mighty pen,
Hast told of joy and mirth,
And read the hearts and souls of men
As cradled from their birth.
The language of the flowers,
Thou hast read them all,
And e’en the little brook
Responded to thy call.

Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

A. To praise a certain writer for being especially perceptive regarding people and nature

B. To establish that a certain writer has read extensively about a variety of topics

C. To call attention to a certain writer’s careful and elaborately detailed writing process

D. To recount fond memories of an afternoon spent in nature with a certain writer

Question ID af9b0a70
Assessment Test Domain Skill Difficulty

SAT Reading and Writing Information and Inferences Hard

Ideas

ID: af9b0a70
Indigenous cultures possess unique knowledge of the medicinal uses of plants. According to a 2021 study,
73 percent of the medicinal uses of plants native to North America are reflected in the vocabulary of a single
Indigenous language. However, as more and more Indigenous people exclusively speak a globally dominant
language, such as English, their ancestral languages fade from daily use. These facts lend added importance
to tribal nations’ efforts to preserve their languages. By ensuring the continued use of Cherokee, Ojibwe, and
the hundreds of other Indigenous languages in what is now the United States, tribal nations are also ______

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A. increasing the number of medicinal plants represented in the vocabularies of Indigenous languages.

B. transmitting terms for medicinal plants from Indigenous languages to globally dominant languages.

C. preserving knowledge about the medicinal value of plants native to the tribal nations’ lands.

D. ensuring that citizens of tribal nations have physical access to medicinal plants.
Question ID b00c53b3
Assessment Test Domain Skill Difficulty

SAT Reading and Writing Information and Inferences Hard

Ideas

ID: b00c53b3
Henry Ossawa Tanner’s 1893 painting The Banjo Lesson, which depicts an elderly man teaching a boy to play
the banjo, is regarded as a landmark in the history of works by Black artists in the United States. Scholars
should be cautious when ascribing political or ideological values to the painting, however: beliefs and
assumptions that are commonly held now may have been unfamiliar to Tanner and his contemporaries, and
vice versa. Scholars who forget this fact when discussing The Banjo Lesson therefore ______

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A. risk judging Tanner’s painting by standards that may not be historically appropriate.

B. tend to conflate Tanner’s political views with those of his contemporaries.

C. forgo analyzing Tanner’s painting in favor of analyzing his political activity.

D. wrongly assume that Tanner’s painting was intended as a critique of his fellow artists.
Question ID 6c807e83
Assessment Test Domain Skill Difficulty

SAT Reading and Writing Craft and Structure Cross-Text Hard

Connections

ID: 6c807e83

Text 1
Astronomer Mark Holland and colleagues examined four white dwarfs—small, dense remnants of past stars
—in order to determine the composition of exoplanets that used to orbit those stars. Studying wavelengths of
light in the white dwarf atmospheres, the team reported that traces of elements such as lithium and sodium
support the presence of exoplanets with continental crusts similar to Earth’s.

Text 2
Past studies of white dwarf atmospheres have concluded that certain exoplanets had continental crusts.
Geologist Keith Putirka and astronomer Siyi Xu argue that those studies unduly emphasize atmospheric
traces of lithium and other individual elements as signifiers of the types of rock found on Earth. The studies
don’t adequately account for different minerals made up of various ratios of those elements, and the
possibility of rock types not found on Earth that contain those minerals.

Based on the texts, how would Putirka and Xu (Text 2) most likely characterize the conclusion presented in
Text 1?
A. As unexpected, because it was widely believed at the time that white dwarf exoplanets lack continental
crusts

B. As premature, because researchers have only just begun trying to determine what kinds of crusts white
dwarf exoplanets had

C. As questionable, because it rests on an incomplete consideration of potential sources of the elements

detected in white dwarf atmospheres

D. As puzzling, because it’s unusual to successfully detect lithium and sodium when analyzing wavelengths
of light in white dwarf atmospheres
Question ID 8dd4b0d5
Assessment Test Domain Skill Difficulty

SAT Reading and Writing Craft and Structure Cross-Text Hard

Connections

ID: 8dd4b0d5
Text 1
Virginia Woolf’s 1928 novel Orlando is an oddity within her body of work. Her other major novels consist
mainly of scenes of everyday life and describe their characters’ interior states in great detail, whereas
Orlando propels itself through a series of fantastical events and considers its characters’ psychology more
superficially. Woolf herself sometimes regarded the novel as a minor work, even admitting once that she
“began it as a joke.”

Text 2
Like Woolf’s other great novels, Orlando portrays how people’s memories inform their experience of the
present. Like those works, it examines how people navigate social interactions shaped by gender and social
class. Though it is lighter in tone—more entertaining, even—this literary “joke” nonetheless engages seriously
with the themes that motivated the four or five other novels by Woolf that have achieved the status of literary
classics.

Based on the texts, how would the author of Text 2 most likely respond to the assessment of Orlando
presented in Text 1?
A. By conceding that Woolf’s talents were best suited to serious novels but asserting that the humor in
Orlando is often effective

B. By agreeing that Orlando is less impressive than certain other novels by Woolf but arguing that it should
still be regarded as a classic

C. By acknowledging that Orlando clearly differs from Woolf’s other major novels but insisting on its
centrality to her body of work nonetheless

D. By concurring that the reputation of Orlando as a minor work has led readers to overlook this novel but
maintaining that the reputation is unearned
Question ID e55ded58
Assessment Test Domain Skill Difficulty

SAT Reading and Writing Information and Command of Hard

Ideas Evidence

ID: e55ded58
Black beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) are a nutritionally dense food, but they are difficult to digest in part because
of their high levels of soluble fiber and compounds like raffinose. They also contain antinutrients like tannins
and trypsin inhibitors, which interfere with the body’s ability to extract nutrients from foods. In a research
article, Marisela Granito and Glenda Álvarez from Simón Bolívar University in Venezuela claim that inducing
fermentation of black beans using lactic acid bacteria improves the digestibility of the beans and makes
them more nutritious.

Which finding from Granito and Álvarez’s research, if true, would most directly support their claim?
A. When cooked, fermented beans contained significantly more trypsin inhibitors and tannins but
significantly less soluble fiber and raffinose than nonfermented beans.

B. Fermented beans contained significantly less soluble fiber and raffinose than nonfermented beans, and
when cooked, the fermented beans also displayed a significant reduction in trypsin inhibitors and tannins.

C. When the fermented beans were analyzed, they were found to contain two microorganisms, Lactobacillus
casei and Lactobacillus plantarum, that are theorized to increase the amount of nitrogen absorbed by the
gut after eating beans.

D. Both fermented and nonfermented black beans contained significantly fewer trypsin inhibitors and
tannins after being cooked at high pressure.
Question ID f1be8b46
Assessment Test Domain Skill Difficulty

SAT Reading and Writing Information and Command of Hard

Ideas Evidence

ID: f1be8b46
Number and Origin of Clamshell Tools Found at Different Levels Below the Surface in Neanderthal Cave
Depth of tools found below Clamshells that Neanderthals Clamshells that Neanderthals
surface in cave (meters) collected from the beach harvested from the seafloor

3–4 99 33

6–7 1 0

4–5 2 0

2–3 7 0

5–6 18 7
Studying tools unearthed at a cave site on the western coast of Italy, archaeologist Paola Villa and
colleagues have determined that prehistoric Neanderthal groups fashioned them from shells of clams that
they harvested from the seafloor while wading or diving or that washed up on the beach. Clamshells become
thin and eroded as they wash up on the beach, while those on the seafloor are smooth and sturdy, so the
research team suspects that Neanderthals prized the tools made with seafloor shells. However, the team
also concluded that those tools were likely more challenging to obtain, noting that ______

Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to support the research team’s conclusion?
A. at each depth below the surface in the cave, the difference in the numbers of tools of each type suggests
that shells were easier to collect from the beach than to harvest from the seafloor.

B. the highest number of tools were at a depth of 3–4 meters below the surface, which suggests that the
Neanderthal population at the site was highest during the related period of time.

C. at each depth below the surface in the cave, the difference in the numbers of tools of each type suggests
that Neanderthals preferred to use clamshells from the beach because of their durability.

D. the higher number of tools at depths of 5–6 meters below the surface in the cave than at depths of 4–5
meters below the surface suggests that the size of clam populations changed over time.
Question ID 40f8c12e
Assessment Test Domain Skill Difficulty

SAT Reading and Writing Standard English Form, Structure, Hard

Conventions and Sense

ID: 40f8c12e
Researchers studying the “terra-cotta army,” the thousands of life-size statues of warriors found interred near
the tomb of Emperor Qin Shi Huang of China, were shocked to realize that the shape of each statue’s ears,
like the shape of each person’s ears, ______ unique.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. are

B. is

C. were

D. have been
Question ID f77b1151
Assessment Test Domain Skill Difficulty

SAT Reading and Writing Standard English Form, Structure, Hard

Conventions and Sense

ID: f77b1151
Compared to that of alumina glass, ______ silica glass atoms are so far apart that they are unable to re-form
bonds after being separated.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. silica glass is at a significant disadvantage due to its more dispersed atomic arrangement:

B. silica glass has a more dispersed atomic arrangement, resulting in a significant disadvantage:

C. a significant disadvantage of silica glass is that its atomic arrangement is more dispersed:

D. silica glass’s atomic arrangement is more dispersed, resulting in a significant disadvantage:

Question ID 26287f55
Assessment Test Domain Skill Difficulty

SAT Reading and Writing Standard English Boundaries Hard

Conventions

ID: 26287f55
A study published by Rice University geoscientist Ming Tang in 2019 offers a new explanation for the origin
of Earth’s ______ structures called arcs, towering ridges that form when a dense oceanic plate subducts
under a less dense continental plate, melts in the mantle below, and then rises and bursts through the
continental crust above.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. continents geological

B. continents: geological

C. continents; geological

D. continents. Geological
Question ID 6a2df221
Assessment Test Domain Skill Difficulty

SAT Reading and Writing Standard English Boundaries Hard

Conventions

ID: 6a2df221
To serve local families during the Great Depression, innovative New York City librarian Pura Belpré offered
storytelling in both English and Spanish, an uncommon ______ celebrated el Día de los Tres Reyes Magos, an
important community holiday; and put on puppet shows dramatizing Puerto Rican folktales.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. practice, at the time

B. practice at the time;

C. practice, at the time,

D. practice at the time,

Question ID c6b6128f
Assessment Test Domain Skill Difficulty

SAT Reading and Writing Expression of Ideas Transitions Hard

ID: c6b6128f
Seismologists Kaiqing Yuan and Barbara Romanowicz have proposed that the magma fueling Iceland’s more
than 30 active volcano systems emerges from deep within Earth. The great depths involved—nearly 3,000 km
—mark Iceland’s volcanoes as extreme outliers; ______ many of Earth’s volcanoes are fed by shallow pockets
of magma found less than 15 km below the surface.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. indeed,

B. nevertheless,

C. in addition,

D. consequently,
Question ID 867ceff8
Assessment Test Domain Skill Difficulty

SAT Reading and Writing Expression of Ideas Transitions Hard

ID: 867ceff8
The Sun and other stars are powered by nuclear fusion reactions, in which two atoms collide to form a single
heavier atom, releasing energy. Scientists have long believed that fusion has the potential to meet humanity’s
clean energy needs. ______ prior to December 2022, no fusion reaction in a laboratory setting had ever
generated a net energy gain.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. For this reason,

B. Moreover,

C. Specifically,

D. That said,
Question ID aba812aa
Assessment Test Domain Skill Difficulty

SAT Reading and Writing Expression of Ideas Rhetorical Hard

Synthesis

ID: aba812aa
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
Nissologists are scientists who study islands.
Some nissologists define an island as any piece of land surrounded by water.
Using that definition, they determined that Sweden has 221,000 islands.
Other nissologists define an island as being 1 kilometer square, a certain distance from the mainland, and having at
least 50 permanent residents.
Using that definition, they determined that Sweden has 24 islands.

The student wants to make and support a generalization about nissologists’ definition of an island. Which
choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish these goals?
A. The definition of an island as any piece of land surrounded by water is supported by some nissologists,
scientists who study islands.

B. Multiple counts of Sweden’s islands have been based on different definitions of an island.

C. Based on a recent count, Sweden has a relatively small number of islands with at least 50 permanent
residents.

D. Nissologists’ different definitions can result in huge disparities in counts of islands, as the example of
Sweden shows.
Question ID 1572e3e1
Assessment Test Domain Skill Difficulty

SAT Reading and Writing Expression of Ideas Rhetorical Hard

Synthesis

ID: 1572e3e1
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
As engineered structures, many bird nests are uniquely flexible yet cohesive.
A research team led by Yashraj Bhosale wanted to better understand the mechanics behind these structural
properties.
Bhosale’s team used laboratory models that simulated the arrangement of flexible sticks into nest-like structures.
The researchers analyzed the points where sticks touched one another.
When pressure was applied to the model nests, the number of contact points between the sticks increased, making
the structures stiffer.

The student wants to present the primary aim of the research study. Which choice most effectively uses
relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Bhosale’s team wanted to better understand the mechanics behind bird nests’ uniquely flexible yet
cohesive structural properties.

B. The researchers used laboratory models that simulated the arrangement of flexible sticks and analyzed
the points where sticks touched one another.

C. After analyzing the points where sticks touched, the researchers found that the structures became stiffer
when pressure was applied.

D. As analyzed by Bhosale’s team, bird nests are uniquely flexible yet cohesive engineered structures.