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Resistivity log
Oct 16, 2016 • 41 likes • 19,360 views

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This document discusses resistivity logs and

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how they are used to analyze borehole

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Resistivity log
1. 1
2. Resistivity measures the electric properties of the
formation, Resistivity is measured as, R in ohm per m,
The ability to conduct electric current depends upon: The
Volume of water, The Temperature of the formation, The
Salinity of the formation 2
3. The Usage: • Resistivity logs are electric logs which are
used to: • Determine Hydrocarbon versus Water-bearing
zones, • Indicate Permeable zones. 3
4. The resistivity of a formation depends on: • Resistivity of
the formation water. • Amount of water present. • Pore
structure geometry. Resistivity profiles around Borehole •
Formation water is typically saline and normally has a low
Rw. • Water used in drilling mud may be saline or fresh Fresh
water has a high Rmf. • The resistivity profile around a
borehole depends on whether the mud uses fresh or saline
water or is oil based. 4
5. 5 There are two general types of resistivity tools:
Electrode: forces a current through the rock and measures
resistivity. Induction: Uses a fluctuating electro-magnetic
field to induce electrical currents in the rock; it measures
conductivity which is converted to resistivity. Various
electrode logs and depth of measurement: Flushed Zone
Invaded Zone Un-invaded Zone Microlog (ML) Short Normal
(SN) Long Normal (LN) Microlaterolog (MLL) Laterolog8 (LL8)
Lateral Log Proximity Log (PL) Spherically Focused Log (SFL)
Deep Laterolog (LLD) Microspherically Focused Log (MSFL)
Shallow Laterolog (LLs) Laterolog 3 (LL3) Laterolog 7 (LL7)
6. 6 • In the normal device a current of constant intensity is
passed between two electrodes, A and B. • The resultant
potential di!erence is measured between two other
electrodes, M and N. • Electrodes A and M are on the sonde. B
and N are, theoretically, located an infinite distance away. •
The distance AM is called the spacing.
7. 7 • Response of the normal device in beds more resistive
than the surrounding formations. • The upper part shows the
response in a thick bed (h= 10 AM). The curve is symmetrical
and a maximum is observed at the center of the bed, where
the reading is almost equal to Rt (no invasion). • The apparent
bed thickness is less than actual bed thickness by an amount
equal to the spacing.
8. 8 • The lower part shows the response in a bed with a
thickness less than the spacing. The curve is still symmetrical
but is reversed. • A minimum apparent resistivity is observed
opposite the bed even though bed resistivity is greater than
surrounding bed resistivity. • Two spurious peaks appear, one
above and one below the bed; the distance between the two
peaks is equal to bed thickness plus the spacing of the
normal.
9. 9 Resistivity Logs are used to determine Water saturation,
Sw and hydrocarbon zones, porosity and permeability.
Borehole Environment • Dh = Hole Diameter • R = Resistivity •
Rm = mud • Rmc = mud cake • Rmf = mud fluids (filtrate) • Rxo
= rock and filtrate • Rt = rock and formation fluids
10. 10 • Sw, water saturation can be estimated from a
resistivity measurement using the Archie Equation, an
empirical relationship derived from experiments done by G.E.
Archie in 1942. • R0 is the resistivity of rock 100% saturated by
water, and Rt is resistivity of same rock with formation fluids.
If, Rw = Resistivity of water in the rock pores (measured)
R0 = Resistivity of rock 100% saturated by water of Rw. Then,
a Formation Resistivity Factor (F) can be defined: F = R0/Rw,
and R0 = F Rw
11. 11 • Based on experiments, Archie found that F could also
be related to a tortuosity factor (a) the porosity (ɸ) and a
“cementation exponent” (m) by • Combining these
relationships produces the Archie Equation: N, F, a and m
are experimentally determined, and there are tables for
typical rock types. Rw = resistivity of fluids in the rock and
must be estimated at the well site. Rt is the resistivity of the
combined rock and fluid measured by the logging tool.
12. 12 • Experimentally determined formation factors for
various lithologies.
13. 13 • In water saturated flushed zones, the porosity can be
determined from the short reading resistivity logs. The Archie
equation for the flushed zone is: So solving for F, If there are
any hydrocarbons le" in the flushed zone, F will be too low.
14. 14 Dual laterolog (DLL) Induction Log • Measure the
resistivity between two electrodes. • Measure the
Conductivity between two electrode. 1. SFL : Shallow depth
zone Rxo 1. MSFL: Shallow Depth Rxo, Rm, Rmc and Rmf. 2.
LLS : Shallow to Medium zone Rxo, Rt. 2. ILM: Shallow to
Medium Rxo, Rt. 3. LLD : Deep zone Rt. 3. ILD: Deep Rt.
15. 15 • Qualitative and Quantitative analysis: 1. Qualitative:
High Resistivity deflection: 1. Porous Rock ( Fresh water OR
Hydrocarbon). 2. Dry Rock ( Anhydrite, Dolomite Or
Limestone) Low Resistivity: 1. Shale 2. Porous rock bearing
Saline water. 2. Quantitative: Resistivity of Shale 0.1 : 1 Sand
from 2.5
16. 16 Fluid type: 1. LLD < LLS and SFL : ( OIL ZONE) WITH
GOOD SEPARATION 2. LLD > LLS and SFL : ( WATER ZONE )
17. 17 Shale Sand Shale Shale Sand 0.2 2000 Ohmm’s 1 10
100 1000 Basic “Archie” resistivity formula:- Sw n = a x Rw m x
Rt 400 Sw = water saturation Rw = formation water resistivity
Rt = formation resistivity = porosity a, m, n are constants
(default a=1, m=2, n=2) Rw = .02 (at reservoir temp) Sw =
100% Sw = 3% 0.3 Example porosity = .26 (26%)
18. 1. Hydrocarbon, Gas and Water zones. 2. O/W & G/O
contacts. Estimate with coloring

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