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Lecture01 Int

The document introduces the field of electronic circuits and microelectronics, emphasizing the distinction between electronics and microelectronics. It covers various topics including semiconductor packaging, examples of electronic systems like cellular technology and digital cameras, and the differences between analog and digital signals. Additionally, it reviews basic circuit theorems such as Kirchhoff's laws and Thevenin and Norton equivalents.

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9 views19 pages

Lecture01 Int

The document introduces the field of electronic circuits and microelectronics, emphasizing the distinction between electronics and microelectronics. It covers various topics including semiconductor packaging, examples of electronic systems like cellular technology and digital cameras, and the differences between analog and digital signals. Additionally, it reviews basic circuit theorems such as Kirchhoff's laws and Thevenin and Norton equivalents.

Uploaded by

알럽매쓰
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Introduction to Electronic Circuits & Labs

Lecture #01 (Chapter 01)


: Why Microelectronics?

Prof. Yoon, Sang Won

Sustainable Mobility EE Technology (SMEET) Lab.


Semiconductor-package Module EE Technology (SMEET) Lab.
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Seoul National University

Spring 2025
Prof. Sang Won Yoon
Introduction to Electronic Circuits & Labs

Contents
▪ 1.1 Electronics versus Microelectronics

▪ 1.2 Example of Electronic System

▪ 1.3 Analog versus Digital

▪ A short review of electrical circuits

Prof. Sang Won Yoon 2


Introduction to Electronic Circuits & Labs

Electronics versus Microelectronics


• Electronics : general term
• Microelectronics : specifically relates to manufacture of very
small electronic circuits

Wikipedia

Prof. Sang Won Yoon 3


Introduction to Electronic Circuits & Labs

Electronics versus Microelectronics


• Beyond Moore’s law (maybe upgrade is better term)

IMEC

NY Times
TSMC

Prof. Sang Won Yoon 4


Introduction to Electronic Circuits & Labs

Semiconductor Packaging
▪ Package is a bridge b/w semiconductor device and system.
• Conventional semiconductor package

• Advanced semiconductor package

Prof. Sang Won Yoon 5


Introduction to Electronic Circuits & Labs

Examples of Electronic System


▪ Cellular Technology
• An important example of microelectronics.
• Microelectronics exist in black boxes that process the received
and transmitted voice signals.

Prof. Sang Won Yoon 6


Introduction to Electronic Circuits & Labs

Example of Electronic System


▪ Frequency up-conversion
• Voice is “up-converted” by multiplying two sinusoids.
• When multiplying two sinusoids in time domain, their spectra are
convolved in frequency domain.

Prof. Sang Won Yoon 7


Introduction to Electronic Circuits & Labs

Transmitter
• (a) two frequencies are multiplied and radiated by an antenna.

• (b) a power amplifier is added in (b), to boost the signal.


- To produce a sinusoid, an oscillator is needed.

Mixer

Prof. Sang Won Yoon 8


Introduction to Electronic Circuits & Labs

Receiver
▪ It is necessary to have amplifiers, oscillators, and multipliers to
transmit and receive the signal in a cell phone.
• High frequency is translated to zero center frequency by multiplying by
fC. (+ low-pass filter)
• (b) : A low-noise amplifier (LNA) is needed for signal boosting without
excessive noise.

Prof. Sang Won Yoon 9


Introduction to Electronic Circuits & Labs

Digital Camera
• The image sensor array of ‘pixels’ in a digital camera
• Each pixel is composed of a photodiode & a capacitor

Pixel-by-
pixel
analog
voltage
transfer

Prof. Sang Won Yoon 10


Introduction to Electronic Circuits & Labs

ADC in Digital Camera


▪ Sharing one ADC between two columns of a pixel array
• Time shared: 2500 columns = 1250 ADCs
• ADC required : for the operation twice as fast

Prof. Sang Won Yoon 11


Introduction to Electronic Circuits & Labs

Analog and Digital Signals


• An analog voltage waveform swings through a “continuum” of
values and provides information at each instant of time

• Noisy analog signal


• Difficult to store

• ‘Binary’ digital waveform → easy to store

• More robust than analog counterparts

Prof. Sang Won Yoon 12


Introduction to Electronic Circuits & Labs

Digital or Analog?
▪ Machines love digital while the nature loves analog.
• Analog-to-digital or digital-to-analog converting is necessary.
• A digital signal operating at very high frequency is very “analog”.
- X1(t) is operating at 100Mb/s and X2(t) is operating at 1Gb/s.

0 1 0 0 1 1 0

0 1 0 0 1 1 0

Prof. Sang Won Yoon 13


Introduction to Electronic Circuits & Labs

Analog Circuits: Amplification and Filtering


▪ Amplification
vout
• Voltage “gain”: Av = vout , Av dB = 20log
vin vin

General amplifier symbol Simplified diagram of Amplifier with


with its power supply amplifier supply rails omitted

▪ Filtering

Bandwidth ~ 1/speed
Prof. Sang Won Yoon 14
Introduction to Electronic Circuits & Labs

Digital Circuits
▪ More than 80% of the microelectronics industry deals with
digital circuits.
• Microprocessors, static (SRAM) and dynamic (DRAM)
memories, and digital signal processors
• Complexity, speed, and power dissipation are overall system
performances.

▪ What limits speed?, How much power?, How robust to noise?

Noisy digital signal


Prof. Sang Won Yoon 15
Introduction to Electronic Circuits & Labs

Review: Basic Circuit Theorems


▪ Kirchoff Current Law (KCL) I
j
j =0

▪ Kirchoff Voltage Law (KVL) V


j
j =0

Prof. Sang Won Yoon 16


Introduction to Electronic Circuits & Labs

Review: Basic Circuit Theorems


▪ Thevenin equivalents
• Thevenin’s theorem states that a one-port network can be
replaced with an equivalent circuit consisting of one voltage
source in series with one impedance.
- VThev is calculated by leaving the port open and computing the
voltage.
- ZThev is computed by applying the voltage across the port and
obtaining the current. Computation of equivalent
impedance
Thevenin’s
equivalent
circuit

Turn off independent


sources (0 V, 0A)

Prof. Sang Won Yoon 17


Introduction to Electronic Circuits & Labs

Review: Basic Circuit Theorems


▪ Norton Equivalents
• Norton’s theorem states that a one-port network can be replaced
with an equivalent circuit consisting of one current source in
parallel with one impedance.
- INor is calculated by shorting the port and computing the current.
- ZNor is determined by setting all independent V & I sources to zero
and calculating the impedance seen at the port.

Norton’s equivalent circuit

Prof. Sang Won Yoon 18


Introduction to Electronic Circuits & Labs

Example Problems
• (Ex. 1-5) This is the equivalent circuit of an amplifier. The
dependent current source is i1 = gm x vπ. Determine the voltage
gain of the amplifier, Vout/Vin.

A: -gmRL

• (Ex. 1-8) Determine the Thevenin equivalent circuit.

A: vthev=vout= -gmRLvin A: Rthev=Vx/ix=RL

• (Ex. 1-11) Please do by yourself.

Prof. Sang Won Yoon 19

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