Chapter II

Review of Related Literature

2.1. Conceptual Literature

An increased dependence on information technology for the management of senior

citizens data has resulted from the internet industry’s explosive growth. Tracking senior citizens
data automatically is a crucial component of this. Many of these systems retrieve data via search
engines in order to accomplish this.

Online platform have transformed fast transaction, offering a wealth of options through
open learning platforms. Yet, the absence of direct interaction with experts can lead application
to select the good way of transaction that may not be suitable, causing time and resource
wastage.

2.2. Local Literature

Modernization and digitalization are fast and continuously changing the perspectives and
mindsets of everyone in providing services. Technologically assisted services are now common
and ideal to provide a high level of customer satisfaction. A drastic change from manual
processes to computerized and automated processes is not just a trend but a must for every office
to meet the fast-changing expectations of the clientele in service sectors. The computerized
system is better than the manual correspondence system to run more effectively and efficiently
and the system is now more conducive than the previous system (Kumar et al, 2022).

Government offices as one of the largest service sectors in providing different services to
its citizens are not exempted from this change. In today's modern society, this development is
inseparable from the increasing demands placed on governments as service providers to be more
effective, efficient, and transparent in their administrative duties (Sihombing et al. 2023).
 While COVID-19 affects all ages, there is an unheard side of a vulnerable group of older
people across the globe amid the current crisis. This article discusses the condition of senior
citizens in the Philippines during the COVID-19 crisis. The review showed that various enabling
laws have been enacted to secure the welfare of senior citizens. However, the current crisis
revealed issues such as deprivation of income sources, inaccessibility to essential needs,
inadequate physical space, and unspoken negative perceptions, which all greatly affect the senior
citizens. Thus, to implement the laws and solve the issues, shared efforts should focus to improve
social pension payout, guidelines for mobility, different approaches of remote access to essential
goods and services, and meaningful internet connectivity in the context of senior citizens.
(Michael Cahapay 2021).

Senior citizens are an important sector in society. Some began their new career during the
middle age and many continued a long legacy of productivity and passionate social service living
a life of commitment. The aims of the study is to assess the senior citizen’s health and social
services in Cebu City.

The study uses quantitative and qualitative methods. A statistical computation was used
to achieve an acceptable accuracy of findings and the qualitative research double-checks the
quantitative research. Furthermore, the qualitative method was used to measure the data since it
allowed the participants to give in-depth, detailed answers by personal interview. The
Researchers explored the participant’s answers, thus clearing any ambiguity before analyzing
and publishing the collected data. The study revealed that the level of implementation of social
services for senior citizens was well implemented; The level of perception of health services for
senior citizens were provided; The management of senior citizens office has the biggest financial
appropriation; that there was no correlation between social services and the perception level
since both were labeled not significant. To address the gap a substantial budget shall be allocated
to the sixty (60) barangays of Cebu City to be incorporated in OSCA budget. A development
plan was proposed as the output of the study.(Kimberly Cui Nuevo Toring, Jimmy Bernabe
Maming 2021).
2.3. Foreign Literature

Managing Digital Records in Africa draws on the research work of the InterPARES Trust
(ITrust) project that investigated interrelated archival issues focusing on legal analysis,
infrastructure, trust, authentication, and education within the African context. This research-
focused book provides a legal analysis and systematic assessment of how African institutions
manage digital records in four countries (i.e., Botswana, Kenya, South Africa, and Zimbabwe). It
also examines the extent to which records are managed using Internet-based applications, trust in
such records, and digital record authentication to support the auditing process. Finally, it
provides a curriculum analysis in digital records at institutions of higher learning in 38 African
countries. (Katuu, Shadrack 2022).

The privacy and security of patients’ health records have been an ongoing issue, and
researchers are in a race against technology to design a system that can help stop the
compromising of patient data. Many researchers have proposed solutions; however, most
solutions have not incorporated potential parameters that can ensure private and secure personal
health records management, which is the focus of this study. To design and develop a solution,
this research thoroughly investigated existing solutions and identified potential key contexts. The
results indicate that the proposed framework can improve healthcare services by providing
immutable, secure, scalable, trusted, self-managed, and traceable patient health records while
giving patients full control of their own medical records. (Akbulut, S.; Semantha, F.H.; Azam,
S.; Pilares, I.C.A.; Jonkman, M.; Yeo, K.C.; Shanmugam, B. 2023).

In this modern world, each and every records need to be in digital format as well as
expected to be preserved in a remote server for global accessing. The logic of Internet of Things
(IoT) and the associated Cloud based server systems are helpful to attain such needs in fine
manner. The most important consideration to preserve the data into the server end is security, in
which the data maintained into the server ensures the integrity at robust level. This only assures
the patient, respective authorities and the associated doctors to feel the data is safe and secure
into the server environment. In the field of hospital and medicine, much more concern is required
to preserve the data or patient health records into a server with proper level of security
constraints. (U. Kuttalingam 2022).
 Municipalities are concerned with addressing social issues such as mobility inclusion and
safety by increasing access to transport facilities and services for all groups in society to create
equitable and equal access for all citizens. Moreover, the public transportation systems provided
in cities have to be inclusive and safe, driven by emerging technologies such as Artificial
Intelligence (AI)-based services that provide personalized recommendation to improve mobility
inclusion and safety for all citizens in society, especially vulnerable road users such as senior
citizens or older people. But at the moment, there are few studies that have investigated how
municipalities can provide inclusive and safe public transportation in general and for senior
citizens, particularly those aged 65 and above. Therefore, this study aimed to examine how to
provide inclusive and safe mobility for senior citizens to improve out-of-home mobility services
for senior citizens towards age-friendly cities and communities. Accordingly, a systematic
literature review grounded on secondary data was adopted to investigate inclusive and safe
mobility needs for senior citizens. The data were collected from previous research and existing
documents, and a descriptive data analysis was carried out to provide insights on urban
transportation policies related to senior citizens. Furthermore, case studies were adopted to
present polices and strategies employed in Norway, Canada, the United States of America, the
United Kingdom, Sweden, and Northern Ireland to identify measures employed to address the
public transportation needs of an aging society, focusing on the provision of inclusive and safe
mobility to senior citizens. Further findings from this study included the possible use of
emerging technologies such as AI-based machine learning for inclusive and safe mobility.
(Anthony Jnr. Bokolo)

The demand for computational resources in vehicular environments has increased due to
the deployment of numerous intelligent transportation systems in the last decade. The federated
vehicular cloud, a variant of vehicular cloud computing where resources embedded in individual
vehicles are organized as a single unit to provide cloud services, is considered as an emerging
alternative to the conventional cloud platforms for the execution of computationally intensive
and delay-sensitive applications. However, the federated vehicular cloud is beset with a capacity-
constrained communication channel and limited resource capacity in individual vehicles, leading
to challenges in data and resource management. To address these challenges, we propose
UniDRM, a unified data and resource management framework for the federated vehicular cloud.
The UniDRM organizes vehicles on the road into clusters based on their mobility and resource
characteristics, such as resource cost, resource credibility level, resource type, and available
resource capacity. The data of computationally intensive tasks are then partitioned using our
proposed analytical model and assigned to individual vehicles in the cluster for parallel
execution. Three data partitioning and scheduling schemes: time-aware, cost-aware, and
reliability-aware, are proposed in this study to execute time-critical tasks, low-cost tasks, and
high-security tasks, respectively. Through realistic simulations, a comparative analysis of the
proposed partitioning and scheduling schemes is presented.

As multimodal health data is acquired in various forms, such as texts, pictures, and surf
sensor information, both in medical research and patient care, the roles of every data type are
tremendously vital. Data integration from numerous sources is a challenging task, and it involves
data standardization, data integration, and the issue of privacy. A sound data platform is an
essential precondition to resolving the abovementioned problems, which enhances data
integration and analysis.

Managing health data across multiple formats is a severely complex issue that results in
plenty of the types of data being distinct from each other. This stands for the individualized data,
which are annexed in the text, images, genomic data, and sensor readings to several different
types of formatting and standards. Every piece of data has a distinctive level depending on the
format and grade. The problem of the lack of data similarity can be the lack of interoperability of
data types, which creates problems in the integration and analysis of data. Another challenge is
dealing with data accuracy, and poor or incompatible data could be seen as incapable of
performing an accurate analysis. A flowchart depicts the complex area for multimodal health
data management.

Data has become a central focus for industries and businesses in delivering services.
Furthermore, efficient collaboration solutions for IoT systems are increasingly needed to
optimize IoT data usage across various domains. This work provides a comparative analysis
between data models for handling heterogeneous IoT data. The analysis shows that the document
data model outperforms its competitors with a throughput rate of 597.2/sec and an average end-
to-end execution time of 0.54 seconds in CRUD operations on IoT data. Furthermore, the work
introduces a data unification framework that standardizes IoT device messages sent to the MQTT
broker, eliminating the need to read extensive documentation. The framework includes a data
interpreter approach that unifies heterogeneous IoT data into a well-defined JSON document the
sensing information along with the metadata for the corresponding IoT device, storing it in data
modelling collections. The results show an optimization of 88% in the IoT devices profile more
than state-of-the-art solutions like Iotivity and SensorML. Also, Interoperability tests have been
carried out in the area of smart intersections and their collaboration with weather and healthcare
systems. The tests confirm the framework's versatility and reliability thus proving its suitability
for adoption by the developing community.

Blockchain technology in healthcare data management holds the potential to transform

the industry by enhancing patient care and operational efficiency. This technology is
characterized by distinctive features such as decentralization, transparency, and improved
security, which effectively address the current challenges in managing healthcare data (Hölbl et
al., 2018). The application of blockchain in healthcare promises patient-centered interoperability
and ensures data integrity and transparency among all stakeholders, making it a critical tool for
improving healthcare delivery (Attaran, 2022; Marbouh et al., 2020). Blockchain technology can
revolutionize existing methods of data management in the healthcare sector, offering a more
reliable and secure way for the exchange of information crucial for accurate diagnoses and
treatments (Bazel et al., 2021; Siyal et al., 2019; Upadhyaya et al., 2018). The scope of
blockchain's potential uses in healthcare data management is extensive. For instance, it can be
employed to manage consent and authorization processes for clinical data access, particularly in
sensitive areas like oncology, by utilizing off-chain data storage solutions for enhanced security
(Gordon & Catalini, 2018). Additionally, the use of blockchain in clinical trials could lead to
more efficient and effective development of medications and medical devices, which underscores
its capacity to innovate and improve the healthcare industry (Meyer et al., 2019). Furthermore,
the implementation of blockchain technology in healthcare systems is expected to revolutionize
the way patients' electronic health records (EHRs) are stored and shared. This approach promotes
a patient-centric model for data management, wherein patients have more control and access to
their health information, potentially improving the overall quality of healthcare services
(Abujamra & Randall, 2019; Garcia et al., 2021a; Thakur, 2022). Nonetheless, the adoption of
blockchain in healthcare data management is not without its challenges. While blockchain
technology provides a decentralized and distributed environment, eliminating the need for a
central authority, there are significant concerns regarding the implementation of robust security
measures to protect privacy within the blockchain network. This is particularly crucial given the
sensitive nature of healthcare data (Zhao et al., 2019). In addition, for successful implementation,
hospitals and healthcare professionals need to be open to adopting blockchain technology,
overcoming any resistance, and addressing potential barriers to its deployment (Bamakan et al.,
2022). Overall, the integration of blockchain technology in healthcare management has the
potential to significantly transform the industry (Ahmad et al., 2021; Ahram et al., 2017). By
offering enhanced security, increased transparency, and patient-centered interoperability,
blockchain technology can reshape the way healthcare data is managed. This transformation is
expected to lead to improved patient care and greater operational efficiency. However, to realize
these benefits, it is crucial to navigate the challenges related to security, privacy, and the
readiness of healthcare professionals to embrace this new technology. Addressing these
challenges is essential for ensuring the successful integration of blockchain in healthcare data
management, paving the way for a more secure, efficient, and patient-focused healthcare
systemRevolutionizing Health Data Management With Blockchain Technology:

In today’s fast-paced digital world, the explosion of data has completely reshaped the
business and industrial landscapes. Organizations are now surrounded by data from numerous
sources, including traditional systems, social media, and IoT devices. This influx of data offers a
huge opportunity to gain valuable insights for strategic decisions and innovation, but it also
brings the significant challenge of managing, processing, and analyzing vast and varied datasets
effectively. At the core of handling this data flood is big data information engineering—a
discipline that merges art and science to unlock data’s transformative power. It is the foundation
on which data-driven companies build their strategies, helping them extract actionable insights,
optimize operations, and stay competitive. However, managing large-scale data involves
complexities like scalability, data variety, and real-time processing, requiring advanced methods
and technologies. This paper explores big data information engineering in detail, highlighting its
importance in our data-centric world. We provide a thorough analysis of its key components and
principles, offering organizations a guide to using big data effectively for innovation and
strategic goals. From data collection to storage, processing, analysis, and visualization, every
aspect is crucial in revealing the value hidden in large datasets. By examining the methodologies,
tools, and best practices of big data information engineering, we aim to give organizations the
knowledge they need to navigate today’s complex data environment. Using real-world examples,
case studies, and strategic insights, we seek to equip decision-makers, data practitioners, and
industry stakeholders with the skills to leverage big data as a strategic asset. Embracing these
principles will not only help organizations survive but also thrive in an era defined by data-
driven innovation and disruption. In this paper, as outlined in Table 1, we review and present the
state-of-the-art papers in the field of big data management, describing their scope. Additionally,
after discussing each work, we emphasize the scope of our research, consolidating all essential
up-to-date knowledge about big data management.

Statistical power in cognitive neuroimaging experiments is often very low. Low sample
size can reduce the likelihood of detecting real effects (false negatives) and increase the risk of
detecting non-existing effects by chance (false positives). Here, we document our experience of
leveraging a relatively unexplored method of collecting a large sample size for simple
electroencephalography (EEG) studies: by recording EEG in the community during public
engagement and outreach events. We collected data from 346 participants (189 females, age
range 6-76 years) over 6 days, totalling 29 hours, at local science festivals. Alpha activity (6-15
Hz) was filtered from 30 seconds of signal, recorded from a single electrode placed between the
occipital midline (Oz) and inion (Iz) while the participants rested with their eyes closed. A total
of 289 good-quality datasets were obtained. Using this community-based approach, we were able
to replicate controlled, lab-based findings: individual alpha frequency (IAF) increased during
childhood, reaching a peak frequency of 10.28 Hz at 28.1 years old, and slowed again in middle
and older age. Total alpha power decreased linearly, but the aperiodic-adjusted alpha power did
not change over the lifespan. Aperiodic slopes and intercepts were highest in the youngest
participants. There were no associations between these EEG indexes and self-reported fatigue,
measured by the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory. Finally, we present a set of important
considerations for researchers who wish to collect EEG data within public engagement and
outreach environments.
2.4. Synthesis

With the current existing system, the propose of our innovation is to help to make a fast
transaction and reduce paperworks to the office and to easily monitored the users. This is done
by different innovation (system).

Modernization and digitalization are transforming services, with technology becoming

crucial for customer satisfaction. Government offices face challenges in modernizing,
particularly for older people, particularly senior citizens in the Philippines. Issues like income
deprivation, inaccessibility to essential needs, and negative perceptions persist. To address these,
shared efforts should focus on improving social pension payout, mobility guidelines, remote
access to essential goods and services, and internet connectivity. Research on managing digital
records in Africa, healthcare privacy, and mobility inclusion can help improve these areas.
Emerging technologies like AI-based services can also improve mobility for vulnerable road
users, especially senior citizens.
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