Internet

Internet
●​ The Internet is a huge collection of networks, a networking infrastructure.
It encapsulates millions of computers together globally, forming a network
in which any computer can communicate with any other computer as long
as they are both connected to the Internet. In other words, it is a
worldwide system of cross connected computer networks, connecting
millions of devices through which exchange of information such as data,
news and opinions etc. is possible.

●​ It utilizes the TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) to

aid billions of users across the globe. So, TCP/IP can be called the
backbone of the Internet. It is considered as a network of networks that
consists of thousands of private and public, academic, business, and
government interconnections. The Internet is often considered as “The
Information Highway”, that implies that there is a straight and clear way of
obtaining information. It connects thousands of computer networks. Each
device connected to the Internet is known as host, and is independent.
Through telephone wires, Fiber optical cable and satellite links, Internet
users can share a variety of information.

●​ The Internet is defined as an Information super Highway, to access

information over
the web. However, It can be defined in many ways as follows:

◊​ The Internet is a world-wide global system of interconnected

computer networks.

◊​ The Internet uses the standard Internet Protocol (TCP/IP).

◊​ Each device connected to the internet is identified by its unique IP

address.

◊​ IP Address is a unique set of numbers (such as 109.12.31.115) which

identifies a computer location.

◊​ A special computer DNS (Domain Name Server) is used to give a

name to the IP Address so that the user can locate a computer by a
 name.

◊​ For example, a DNS server will resolve a name

http://www.testbook.com to a particular IP address to uniquely
identify the computer on which this website is hosted.

◊​ The Internet is available to each and every user across the globe.

Evolution

●​ The methodology of Internet was coined in 1969 and has undergone

various technological & Infrastructural amendments that are discussed
below:
●​ The origin of the Internet originated from the concept of Advanced
Research Project Agency Network (ARPANET).
●​ ARPANET was designed by the Department of Defence of The United
States.
●​ The primary motive of ARPANET was to facilitate communication among
the
different bodies of the government.
●​ At that time, there existed only four nodes, formally named Hosts.
●​ In 1972, the ARPANET spread over the globe with 23 nodes located in
different countries and thus became known as the Internet.
●​ By the time, with invention of new technologies such as TCP/IP protocols,
DNS, WWW, browsers, scripting languages etc., the Internet provided a
medium to publish and access information over the web.
Advantages

●​ The Internet covers almost every aspect of life, one can think of. Here, we
will discuss some of the advantages of Internet:

●​ The Internet allows us to communicate with the people sitting at remote

locations. There are various apps available on the web that use the Internet
as a medium for communication. Users can find different social networking
sites. Following are examples of few Social Networking sites:
◊​ Facebook
◊​ Twitter
◊​ Yahoo
◊​ Flickr
●​ Anyone can surf for various kinds of information using the internet.
Information related to different topics such as Technology, Geographical
Information, Health & Science, Social Studies, Information Technology,
Products etc can be surfed using a search engine.
●​ Apart from communication and source of information, the internet also
serves a medium for entertainment. Following are the various modes for
entertainment over the internet.
 ◊​ Online Television
◊​ Online Games
◊​ Songs
◊​ Videos
◊​ Social Networking Apps
◊​ Internet allows us to use many services like:
◊​ Internet Banking
◊​ Matrimonial Services
◊​ Online Shopping
◊​ Online Ticket Booking
◊​ Online Bill Payment
◊​ Data Sharing
◊​ E-mail
●​ The Internet facilitates the concept of electronic commerce, that aids the
business deals to be processed on electronic systems.

Disadvantages

●​ However, Internet is evolved to be a powerful medium of information in

almost all areas, yet there are many associated disadvantages discussed
below:
●​ There is always the possibility of losing personal information such as name,
address, credit card number. Therefore, users must be very vigilant while
sharing this type of information. Users must use credit cards only via
authenticated websites.
●​ Another disadvantage is spamming. Spamming corresponds to the
unwanted emails in bulk. These emails serve no purpose and lead to
obstruction of the entire system.
●​ Virus can easily be spread to the computers connected to the internet. Such
virus attacks may cause the user's system to crash or the user's important
data may get deleted.
●​ There are different websites that do not supply the authenticated
information. This
leads to misconception among many people.

Intranet

●​ Intranet is defined as a private

network of computers within an
organization with its own server and
firewall. Moreover we can define
Intranet as:

●​ The Internet is a system in which

multiple PCs are networked to be
connected to each other. PCs on the
intranet are not available to the world
outside of the intranet.
●​ Normally each company or organization holds their own Intranet network
and members/employees of that company collaborate via access to the
computers in their intranet.
●​ Each computer in Intranet is also identified by an IP Address, which is
 unique among the computers in that Intranet.

Benefits

●​ Intranet is considered as a very efficient and reliable network

infrastructure for any organization. It is profitable in every aspect such as
cost-effectiveness, collaboration, security, productivity and much more.

●​ Communication: Intranet facilitates easy and cheap interconnection

within an organization. Employees can communicate through chat, e-mail
or blogs.
●​ Time Saving: Information to be shared on Intranet is shared in real time.
●​ Collaboration: Information is shared among the employees of the
organization according to the need and it can be traversed by the
authorized users, comprising enhanced teamwork.
●​ Platform Independency: It is possible to connect computers and other
devices on the Intranet with different architectures.
●​ Cost Effective: Employees may see the data and other documents through
a browser instead of printing them and distributing duplicate copies to the
employees, which considerably decreases the cost.
●​ Workforce Productivity: Data and information is available all the time and
can be accessed through company workstation. This aids the employees to
work faster.
●​ Business Management: There is a provision to deploy applications that
facilitates the business operations.

●​ Security: Since information distributed over on intranet can only be

retrieved within an organization, therefore there is almost no possibility of
being stolen.
●​ Specific Users: Intranet targets only exclusive users within an organization
that is why, once can exactly know with whom is he/she interacting.
●​ Immediate Updates: Any changes implemented to information are
reflected at the same time to all the users.
●​ Issues: Apart from several benefits of Intranet, there also exist some
problems. These issues are described in the given diagram:

Application

●​ Intranet applications are the same as that of Internet applications.

Intranet applications can be also accessed via a web browser. The only
difference is that, Intranet applications reside on local servers while
 Internet applications reside on remote servers. Here, we've discussed some
of these applications:

●​ Document publication applications: Document publication programs

facilitate publishing documents like manuals, software guide, employee
profits etc without using paper.
●​ Electronic resources applications: It offers digital resources such as
software applications, templates and tools, to be distributed across the
network.
●​ Interactive Communication applications: Like on the internet, it is
possible to have email and chat like applications for Intranet, hence
providing an interactive communication among employees.
●​ Support for Internet Applications: Intranet offers an environment to
deploy
and test applications before placing them on the Internet.
●​ Internet vs. Intranet: Apart from similarities there are some differences
between the two. Following are the differences between Internet and
Intranet:

Intranet Internet
Localized Network. Worldwide Network
Doesn't have access to Have access to the
Intranet Internet.
More Expensive Less Expensive
 More Safe Less Safe
More Reliability Less Reliability

Extranet

●​ Extranet refers to a network within an

organization, using the internet to
connect to the outsiders in a controlled
manner. It aids to interconnect
businesses with their customers and
suppliers and in turn allows working in
a collaborative manner.
Implementation

●​ Extranet is implemented as a Virtual Private Networks (VPN) because it

uses the internet to connect to corporate organizations and there is always
a threat to information security. VPN facilitates a secure network in public
infrastructure (Internet).

●​ Key Points
1.​ The packet is wrapped at the boundary of networks in IPSEC
compliant routers.
2.​ It utilizes an encryption key to associate packets and IP addresses
as well.
3.​ The packet is decoded only by the IPSEC compliant routers or
servers.
 4.​ The digital information is shared over VPN via VPN Tunnel and this
process is called tunneling.
●​ VPN utilizes Internet Protocol Security Architecture (IPSEC) Protocol to
facilitate secure transactions by implementing an additional security layer
to TCP/IP protocol. This layer is implemented by encapsulating the IP
packet to a new IP packet as described in the following diagram:

Benefits

●​ Extranet has proven to be a successful model for various kinds of

businesses even if they are small or big. following are few of the
advantages of extranet for business partners, employees, suppliers, and
customers:
Issues

●​ Apart from advantages there are also some issues associated with
extranet. These issues are discussed below:

Hosting
●​ Where the extranet pages will be held i.e. who will host the extranet pages.
In this
context there are two choices:
1.​ May host it on the user's own server.
2.​ May host it along with an Internet Service Provider (ISP) in the
similar way as web pages.
●​ But hosting extranet pages on a user's own server requires high bandwidth
internet connection which is comparatively very costly.

Security
●​ Additional firewall security is required if the user hosts extranet pages on
the user's own server which result in a complex security mechanism and
increased workload.

Accessing Issues
●​ Information cannot be accessed in absence of internet connection.
However, information may be accessed within Intranet with no internet
connection.

Decreased Interaction
●​ It reduces the face to face interaction in the business which results in lack
of
communication among customers, business partners and suppliers.

Extranet vs. Intranet

The following table shows differences between Extranet and Intranet:

 Extranet Intranet

Internal network that can be accessed Internal network that cannot be

accessed externally.
externally.
Extranet is an extension of the company's Only limited users of a company.
Intranet.
For controlled external communication Only for communication within a
between customers, suppliers and business company.
partners.

Internet Services

●​ Internet Services allow us to access a huge amount of information such as

text, graphics, sound and software over the internet. The diagram given
below shows the four different categories of Internet Services.

Communication Services

●​ There are different communication Services available that facilitate

exchange of information among individuals or groups. The following table
provides a brief introduction to such services:

S. No. Service Description

1 Electronic Mail: Used to send electronic messages over the internet.

2 Telnet: Used to log on to a remote computer that is connected to the
internet.
Newsgroup: Provides a forum for people to discuss ideas of common
3
interests.
 Internet Relay Chat (IRC): Allows the people from all over the globe
4 to
communicate in real time.
Mailing Lists: Used to organize groups of internet users to share
5
common information through email.
Internet Telephony (VoIP): Allows the internet users to talk across the
6 internet to any PC equipped to receive the call.

Instant Messaging: Offers real time chat between individuals and

7 groups of
people. Example: Yahoo messenger, MSN messenger.

Information Retrieval Services

●​ There are various Information retrieval services facilitating simple access

to information available on the internet. The table given below provides a
brief introduction to these services:

S. No. Service Description

1 File Transfer Protocol (FTP): Enable the users to transfer fi les.
Archie: It's an updated database of public FTP sites and their content.
2 It helps to find a file by using its name.
Gopher: It is utilized to retrieve, search, and display documents on
3
remote
sites.
VERONICA (Very Easy Rodent Oriented Net wide Index to
4 Computer Achieved): VERONICA is a resource based on gopher. It
facilitates access to
the information resource saved on gopher’s servers.

Web Services

●​ Web services facilitate exchange of information among applications on the

web. Through web services, applications can simply interact with each
 other.
●​ The web services are offered using the concept of Utility Computing.

World Wide Web (WWW)

●​ WWW is also known as W3. It offers a medium to access documents

distributed over several servers all over the internet. These documents can
consist of texts, graphics, audio, video, hyperlinks. The hyperlinks facilitate
the users to navigate through the documents.

Video Conferencing

●​ Video conferencing or Video teleconferencing is a way of communicating

by two-
way video and audio transmission with help of telecommunication
technologies.

Modes of Video Conferencing

Point - to - Point
●​ This mode of conferencing connects two locations only.

Multi Point
●​ Such mode of conferencing established connection between more than two
locations via Multipoint Control Unit (MCU).

Internet Protocols

Transmission Control Protocols (TCP)

TCP is basically a connection oriented protocol and offers end-to-end packet

delivery. It acts as a back bone for connection. It exhibits the following key
features:
●​ Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) works at the Transport Layer of OSI
Model.
●​ TCP is a reliable and connection oriented protocol.
●​ TCP offers:
◊​ Stream Data Transfer.
◊​ Reliability.
◊​ Efficient Flow Control
◊​ Full-duplex operation.
◊​ Multiplexing.
●​ TCP offers connection oriented end-to-end packet delivery.
●​ TCP ensures reliability by sequencing bytes with a forwarding
acknowledgement number that indicates to the destination the next byte
the source expects to receive.
●​ It retransmits the bytes not acknowledged within a specified time period.

TCP Security
●​ TCP facilitates the following services to the processes at the application
layer:
◊​ Stream Delivery Service
◊​ Sending and Receiving Buffers
◊​ Bytes and Segments
◊​ Full Duplex Service
◊​ Connection Oriented Service
◊​ Reliable Service

1.​ Stream Deliver Service: TCP protocol is stream oriented as it permits the
sending process to send data as stream of bytes and the receiving process
to retrieve data as stream of bytes.

2. Sending and Receiving Buffers: It may not be possible for the sending and
receiving process to produce and obtain data at same speed, therefore,
TCP needs buffers for storage at sending and receiving ends.

3. Bytes and Segments: The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), at the

transport layer, groups the bytes into small entities, or packets. This packet
is known as segment. Prior transmission of such packets, these segments
are encapsulated into an IP datagram.

4. Full Duplex Service: Transmission of the data in duplex mode simply

defines the flow of data in both the directions at the same time.

5. Connection Oriented Service: TCP facilitates connection oriented service in

the given sequence:

◊​ TCP of the first process informs TCP of the second process and gets
its approval.

◊​ TCP of the first process and TCP of the second process and exchange
data
in both the two directions.
 ◊​ After completion of the exchange of data, when buffers on both of
the sides are empty, the two TCP’s destroy their buffers.

6.​ Reliable Service: For sake of reliability, TCP uses an acknowledgement

mechanism.
Internet Protocols (IP)

●​ Internet Protocol is connectionless and unreliable protocol. It ensures no

guarantee of successful transmission of data.
●​ In order to make it reliable, it should be paired with reliable protocols such
as TCP at the transport layer.
●​ Internet protocol shares the data in format of so called a datagram as
shown in the following diagram:

●​ Points to remember:
1.​ The length of the datagram is variable.
2.​ The Datagram can be segmented into two parts: header and data.
3.​ The associated length of its header is around 20 to 60 bytes.
4.​ The header contains information for routing and delivery of the
packet.

User Datagram Protocols (UDP)

●​ Like IP, UDP is a connectionless and unreliable protocol. It is not required

to make a connection with the host to transmit the data. Since UDP is an
 unreliable protocol, there is no mechanism for ensuring that data sent is
received.
●​ UDP distributes the data in the format of a datagram. The UDP datagram
contains five segments as shown in the following diagram:

●​ Points to remember:
1.​ UDP is utilized by the application that typically transmits a small
quantity of data at one time.
2.​ UDP provides protocol port utilized i.e. UDP message consists of both
source and destination port number, that makes it easier for UDP
software at the destination to divert the message to the right
application program.

File Transfer Protocols (FTP)

FTP facilitates copying of files from one host to another. FTP facilitates the
mechanism for the same in given sequence:
1.​ FTP defines 2 processes, namely, Control Process and Data Transfer
Process at both ends, i.e., at client as well as at server.
2.​ FTP creates two different types of connections: one is for the purpose
of data transfer and another is for controlling the information.
3.​ Control connection is established between control processes while
Data Connection is established between <="" b="">
4.​ FTP utilizes port 21 for the purpose of control connection and Port 20
for the
purpose of data connection.
Trivial File Transfer Protocols (TFTP)

●​ Trivial File Transfer Protocol is also utilized for the transfer of the files but it
transfers the files with no authentication. Opposite to the FTP, TFTP does
not differentiate control and data information. As no authentication exists,
TFTP has no security features therefore it is not recommended to opt for
TFTP.
●​ Key points
1.​ TFTP utilizes UDP for data transport. Every TFTP message is
transmitted in a separate UDP datagram.
2.​ The first 2 bytes of a TFTP message defines the type of message.
3.​ The TFTP session is started when a TFTP client requests to upload or
download a file.
4.​ The request is transferred from an ephemeral UDP port to the UDP
port 69 of the TFTP server.
●​ Difference between FTP and TFTP

S. No. Parameter FTP TFTP

1 Operation Transferring Files Transferring Files
2 Authentication Yes No
3 Protocol TCP UDP
4 Ports 21 – Control, 20 – Data Port 3214, 69, 4012
5 Control and Separated Separated
 Data
6 Data Transfer Reliable Unreliable

Telnet

●​ Telnet is a protocol used to log in to remote computers on the internet.

There are a number of Telnet clients having user friendly interfaces. The
following diagram elaborates that a person is logged into the computer
named A, and from there, he remotely logged into computer named B:

Hyper Text Transfer Protocols (HTTP)

●​ HTTP is a communication protocol. It defines a mechanism for

communication between browser and the web server. It is also known as
the request and response protocol as the communication between browser
and server takes place in request and response pairs.

HTTP Request
●​ HTTP request comprises of lines which contains:
1.​ Request line
2.​ Header Fields
3.​ Message body
●​ Key Points
1.​ The first line i.e. the Request line specifies the request method i.e. Get or
Post.
2.​ The second line defines the header which reflects the domain name of the
server from where index.htm is retrieved.

HTTP Response
●​ Like HTTP requests, HTTP response also has a certain structure. HTTP
response contains:
1.​ Status line
2.​ Headers
3.​ Message body

Basic Internet Terms

Domain

While every computer has its own unique address, every user using the
Internet has a unique address called a domain. A domain recognizes one or
more IP addresses. An example of a domain is weather.com and is part of the
URL such as https:// www.weather.com. The standard top-level domains are:

●​ com - Commercial business

●​ edu - Educational institutions

●​ gov - Government agencies

●​ mil - Military

●​ net - Networks organization

●​ org - Organizations (nonprofit)

There are additional top-level domains that are now recognized on the
Internet. They include:

●​ aero - Air-transport industry

●​ biz - Businesses

●​ coop - Cooperatives

●​ info - Unrestricted use

●​ museum - museums
●​ pro - Accountants, lawyers, physicians, and other professionals

●​ tv - Television

Browser

A piece of software such as Mozilla Firefox and Internet Explorer that allows a
computer to access and display documents, view pictures, hear sound, and
view video clips from the World Wide Web.

E-mail

Mail that's electronically transmitted by your computer. As opposed to snail

mail, e-mail sends your messages instantaneously, anywhere in the world. It
has the capability to send messages at any time and to anyone.

File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

The standard method for downloading and uploading files over the Internet.
With FTP, you can login to a server and transfer files (meaning you can "send"
or "receive" files).

Homepage

The first page that is viewed when the browser starts. It is also the page of a
Web site that provides the introduction or content with links.

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

The abbreviation for Hypertext Transfer Protocol. It is the set of rules by which
Web pages are transferred across the Internet.

Internet Protocol (IP) Address

The Internet is composed of local, regional, national, and worldwide computer

networks. Each computer on the Internet can be identified by a set of unique
numbers that is called an internet protocol (IP) address. The IP address is
composed of four different numbers separated by periods such as
205.134.120.60.

Link or Hypertext Link

An underlined word(s), phrase(s), or graphics on a Web page that transports
the reader to additional or related information on the Internet.

TelNet

A terminal emulation protocol (or Internet program) used to connect a

computer to a remote host or server. Telnet is one of the oldest Internet
activities and is primarily used to access online databases or to read articles
stored on university servers.

Uniform Resource Locator (URL)

An addressing scheme that is used on the Internet to locate resources and/or

services on the World Wide Web. Basically the URL is the address of a
computer file that has been put on a computer server to access the Internet.

Web Page

A single hypertext file or a page that is part of a Web site.

Website

A collection of World Wide Web pages or files.

Address

It is a series of letters and numbers that identify a location.

Cyberspace

Refers to all computer networks on the internet

Navigate

The act of moving from page to page and website to website online.

Piracy

illegally copying copyrighted software, music or movies.

Spam (electronic junk mail) :

It is an unwanted email from someone we don’t know.

Website :

A collection of “pages” or files linked together and available on the world Wide
Web.

Attachment:

This is a file that has been added to an e-mail.

Chat:

A real-time communication over the internet.

Cyber bullying

Sending or posting harmful or cruel text or images using the internet or other
digital communication devices.

Icons:

Small pictures that represent the program on your computer.

Post

To leave a message on a newsgroup or bulletin board.

Query

A request for information about certain topic. It is what you put in the box
when you type something into the search engine.

Blog (Web Log)

Usually defines as a personal or noncommercial web site that uses a dated

log format.

Emoticons

An animated faces that express different emotions

Outbox
This is where all of the messages that you send are kept.

Server

A special software package that connects to a network and provides data.

Surf

To search for information on the web in a random , non-linear way.

Bookmark:

A way to quickly access a favorite web site by saving it in your browser.

Hacker:

A popular term for someone who accesses computer information either legally
or illegally.

Internet Service Provider (ISP)

A company that provides internet access to customers

Spamming

A mass mailing sent as Instant Messages to users.

Hypertext Markup language (HTML)

The coded format language used for creating documents on the world wide
web and controlling how web pages appear.

Cookie :

Also known as an HTTP cookie, web cookie, or browser cookie.A small file
downloaded
by some web sites to store a packet of information on your browser.

History:

A list of websites the people are using a particular computer have visited.
Netiquette

Proper use of internet.

Plug-in

A program that extends the capabilities of your computer.

Softcopy

An electronic version of a file on your computer.

Domain Name

A name given to the numerical or internet protocol (IP) address of a web site.

Firewall

This is a system that creates a special “wall” used by network servers to

separate their intranet from internet

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

The standard method computers use to communicate via the world wide web.

Pharming

An online scam that attacks the browser’s address bar.

Phishing

An online scam that uses e-mail to “fish” for users’ private information by
imitating legitimate companies.

Streaming (media)

The exchange of video clips, sounds or other types of media over the internet.

Transmission Control Protocol/ internet Protocol (TCP/IP)

The protocol or conventions that computers use to communicate over the

internet.
Zip File

Large files that have been compressed to make them easier to send over the
internet

List of most popular browser

●​ Firefox

●​ Google Chrome

●​ Microsoft Edge

●​ Apple Safari

●​ Opera

●​ Brave

●​ Vivaldi

●​ DuckDuckgo

●​ Chromium

●​ Epic

Best Search Engines in The World

1.​ Google : Google Search Engine is the best search engine in the world
and it is also one of most popular products from Google. Almost 70 percent of
the Search Engine market has been acquired by Google. The tech giant is
always evolving and looking to improve the search engine algorithm to
provide best results to the end-user. Although Google appears to be the
biggest search engine, as of 2015 YouTube is now more popular than Google
(on desktop computers).

2.​ Bing : Bing is Microsoft’s answer to Google and it was launched in 2009.
Bing is the default search engine in Microsoft’s web browser. At Bing, they are
always striving to make it a better search engine but it’s got a long way to go
 to give Google competition. Microsoft’s search engine provides different
services including image, web and video search along with maps. Bing
introduced Places (Google’s equivalent is Google My Business), this is a great
platform for business to submit their details to optimise their search results.

3.​ Yahoo : Yahoo & Bing compete more with each other than with Google.
A recent report on netmarketshare.com tells us that Yahoo have a market
share of 7.68 percent. Although a leader as a free email provider, this is
declining significantly though with their recent acknowledgement that User
Details & Passwords where hacked last year.

4.​Baidu : Baidu is the most used search engine in China and was founded in
Jan, 2000 by Chinese Entrepreneur, Eric Xu. This web search is made to deliver
results for website, audio files and images. It provides some other services
including maps, news, cloud storage and much more.

5.​AOL : Aol.com is also among the top search engines. These are the guys that
used to send out CD’s which you’d load onto your PC to install their browser
and modem software. Once the pre-eminent player they now have a market
share of 0.59 percent. Verizon Communication bought AOL for $4.4 billion. It
was started back in 1983 as Control Video Corporation. It was named America
Online in 1991 and in 2009 as AOL Inc. AOL is a global mass media company
which is based in New York. The company also provides advertising services
as AOL Advertising, AOL mail and AOL Platform.

6.​Ask.com : Founded in 1995, Ask.com, previously known as Ask Jeeves. Their

key concept was to have search results based on a simple question + answer
web format. It is a question & answer community where you can get the
answers for your question and it integrates a large amount of archive data to
answer your question. Because of this dependency on archived and active
user contributions the results will not be as current as those you get in Google,
Bing and Yahoo. They’ve tried to counter where their resources don’t have the
answer they take help from a third-party search engine. Interestingly they
don’t name who this is.

7.​Excite : Excite is not widely known but is one that still gets into the top 10.
Excite is an online service portal that provides internet services like email,
 search engine, news, instant messaging and weather updates. This also
provides us with the latest trends, topics and search for phrases such as: What
can President Trump actually do?

8.​DuckDuckGo : DuckDuckGo is a popular search engine known for protecting

the privacy of the users. Unlike Ask.com they are quite open about who they
use to generate search results; they’ve partnered with Yahoo, Bing and
Yummly. It was founded back in 2008 by Gabriel Weinberg in California and its
revenue come from Yahoo-Bing search alliance network and Affiliates.

9.​Wolfram Alpha : Wolfram Alpha is a computational knowledge search engine

which does not give list of documents or web pages as search results. Results
are based on facts & data about that query. Their mission statement is to
make all systematic knowledge computable and broadly accessible. Launched
in 2009, they now have a Pro solution designed with pricing for Students and
Educators. Much as it’s targeted, it’s an awesome tool for the right market.

1.​ Yandex : Launched in 1997, Yandex is most used search engine in Russia.
Yandex also has a great presence in Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Belarus and Turkey.
It provides services like Yandex Maps, Yandex Music, online translator, Yandex
Money and many other services.

2.​ Lycos : Lycos has a good reputation in search engine industry. Its key
areas served are email, web hosting, social networking, and entertainment
websites.

3.​ Chacha.com - December 2016 UPDATE: ChaCha ceased trading due

to declining advertising revenues : Chacha.com is a human-guided search
engine and was founded in 2006. You can ask anything in its search box and
you will be answered in real-time. It also provides mobile search and
marketing services. You can also install its mobile apps on iPhone, iPad and
Android.
Social Networking Sites

●​ Facebook

●​ WhatsApp

●​ QQ

●​ WeChat

●​ QZone

●​ Tumblr

●​ Instagram

●​ Twitter

●​ Google+ ( No Longer Available )

●​ Baidu Tieba

●​ Skype

●​ Viber

●​ Sina Weibo

●​ LINE

●​ Snapchat

●​ Pinterest

●​ LinkedIn

●​ Telegram

●​ Reddit

●​ Myspace
Top E-Commerce Site

●​ Amazon.

●​ Ali Baba.

●​ eBay.

●​ Jingdong.

●​ Zappos.

●​ Rakuten.

●​ Home Depot.

●​ Flipkart.

●​ Snapdeal

●​ Ali Baba

●​ Snanpdeal

●​ Myntra