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SQL Aggregate Functions: Explore 5 Types of Functions

By Haroon Ahamed Kitthu

Last updated on Oct 30, 2024 365661

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Table of Contents

Aggregate functions in SQL perform some calculations on more than one value to

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 return a single value. SQL has many aggregate functions, including average, count,
sum, min, and max. All aggregate functions ignore NULL values while calculating,
except the Count function.

What is an Aggregate Function in SQL?

An aggregate function in SQL returns one value after calculating multiple column
values. We often use aggregate functions with the SELECT statement's GROUP BY
and HAVING clauses.

There are \ve types of SQL aggregate functions:

Count()

Sum()

Avg()

Min()

Max()

Column References

In SQL, aggregate functions are crucial in calculating a set of values and returning a
single value. These functions are bene\cial when dealing with large datasets. When
using aggregate functions in SQL, it is essential to understand column references. A
column reference is a name containing the data you want to aggregate. To use an
aggregate function with a column reference, specify the column's name in the
function's parentheses.

For example, to \nd the average salary of employees in a table called "employees", you
would use the AVG function with the column reference "salary" like this:

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 would use the AVG function with the column reference "salary" like this:

SELECT AVG (salary)

FROM employees;

Using column aliases instead of column references is also possible for a more
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readable code. However, understanding column references is essential when working
with SQL aggregate functions.

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Why Use Aggregate Functions?

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It is also important to understand why aggregate functions should be used after

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understanding what an aggregate function is in SQL. Aggregate functions are the most
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essential ingredient of any database management system. They help us perform many
No more passwords
calculations to remember.
over massive data sets faster and more ebciently. For example, these
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functions create statements of statistics, drive \nancial analysis, and maintain
secure.
inventory levels. Furthermore, aggregate functions can be applied to further our
understanding of the Continue
data at hand.

Knowing the average price of all products stored in our warehouse or the total sales
amount over a period is pretty easy. However, aggregate functions would have to be
replaced by checking every data point on our own, which is time-consuming and full of

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 replaced by checking every data point on our own, which is time-consuming and full of
potential failures.

Aggregate functions in SQL are important to anyone working with large amounts of
data and trying to seek valuable insight.

1. COUNT() Function

The COUNT() function returns the number of rows in a database table.

Syntax:

COUNT(*)
or
COUNT( [ALL|DISTINCT] expression )

Example:

We will demonstrate the ‘products’ table from the sample database.

The following SQL statement fetches the number of products in the table.

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 This will produce the following result.

The below-given command will display those product ids where the unit price is
greater than 4.

This will display the following result.

Let's look at how we can use GROUP BY and HAVING functions with the COUNT
function.

Consider the following dataset:

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 The SQL command given below will list the number of customers in each city.

This will produce the following results:

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 2. SUM() Function

The SUM() function returns the total sum of a numeric column.

Syntax:

SUM()
or
SUM( [ALL|DISTINCT] expression )

Example:

The following SQL statement \nds the sum of the "unit price" \elds in the "products"
table:

This will produce the following result.

Let’s look at how we can use GROUP BY and HAVING functions with the SUM function.

Consider the following dataset:

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 The SQL command below will list the number of customers in each city, with a sum of
points greater than 3000.

This will produce the following result:

3. AVG() Function

The AVG() function calculates the average of a set of values.

Syntax:

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 AVG()
or
AVG( [ALL|DISTINCT] expression )

Example:

The following SQL command calculates the average quantity in stock.

This will produce the following result.

4. MIN() Function

The MIN() aggregate function returns the lowest value (minimum) in a set of non-NULL
values.

Syntax:

MIN()
or
MIN( [ALL|DISTINCT] expression )

Example:

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 The above code will give us the minimum quantity in stock in the products table.

Also Read: How to Aggregate Data Using Group By in SQL?

5. MAX() Function

The MAX() aggregate function returns the highest value (maximum) in a set of non-
NULL values.

Syntax:

AVG()
or
AVG( [ALL|DISTINCT] expression )

Example:

The code depicted below will give us the maximum quantity in stock in the products
table.

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 This will produce the following result.

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SQL Aggregate Function Examples

Here are full examples for each aggregate function in SQL, including the SQL program
code:

1. COUNT() Example

Task: Count the total number of customers in the Customers table.

-- Create the Customers table

CREATE TABLE Customers (
CustomerID INT,
Name VARCHAR(50),
City VARCHAR(50)
);

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 );

-- Insert data into Customers table

INSERT INTO Customers (CustomerID, Name, City) VALUES
(1, 'John Doe', 'New York'),
(2, 'Jane Smith', 'Los Angeles'),
(3, 'Sam Johnson', 'Chicago');

-- Count the number of customers

SELECT COUNT(*) AS total_customers
FROM Customers;

Output:

total_customers
---------------
3

2. SUM() Example

Task: Calculate the total sales (sum of price) from the Orders table.

-- Create the Orders table

CREATE TABLE Orders (
OrderID INT,
Product VARCHAR(50),
Price DECIMAL(10, 2)
);

-- Insert data into Orders table

INSERT INTO Orders (OrderID, Product, Price) VALUES
(1, 'Laptop', 1000.00),
(2, 'Smartphone', 500.00),
(3, 'Tablet', 300.00);

-- Calculate the total sales

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 -- Calculate the total sales
SELECT SUM(Price) AS total_sales
FROM Orders;

Output:

total_sales
------------
1800.00

3. AVG() Example

Task: Find the average salary from the Employees table.

-- Create the Employees table

CREATE TABLE Employees (
EmployeeID INT,
Name VARCHAR(50),
Salary DECIMAL(10, 2)
);

-- Insert data into Employees table

INSERT INTO Employees (EmployeeID, Name, Salary) VALUES
(1, 'Alice Brown', 50000.00),
(2, 'Bob White', 60000.00),
(3, 'Charlie Green', 70000.00);

-- Calculate the average salary

SELECT AVG(Salary) AS average_salary
FROM Employees;

Output:

average_salary
---------------
60000.00

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 60000.00

4. MIN() Example

Task: Find the youngest employee (minimum age) from the Employees table.

-- Create the Employees table with an age column

CREATE TABLE Employees (
EmployeeID INT,
Name VARCHAR(50),
Age INT
);

-- Insert data into Employees table

INSERT INTO Employees (EmployeeID, Name, Age) VALUES
(1, 'Alice Brown', 35),
(2, 'Bob White', 40),
(3, 'Charlie Green', 28);

-- Find the youngest employee

SELECT MIN(Age) AS youngest_employee
FROM Employees;

Output:

youngest_employee
-----------------
28

5. MAX() Example

Task: Find the highest salary from the Employees table.

-- Create the Employees table with salary

CREATE TABLE Employees (

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 CREATE TABLE Employees (
EmployeeID INT,
Name VARCHAR(50),
Salary DECIMAL(10, 2)
);

-- Insert data into Employees table

INSERT INTO Employees (EmployeeID, Name, Salary) VALUES
(1, 'Alice Brown', 50000.00),
(2, 'Bob White', 75000.00),
(3, 'Charlie Green', 60000.00);

-- Find the highest salary

SELECT MAX(Salary) AS highest_salary
FROM Employees;

Output:

highest_salary
--------------
75000.00

SQL Server Aggregate Function Syntax

Aggregate functions in SQL Server calculate a set of values and return a single value.
These functions are commonly used in SQL queries to summarize data and provide
valuable insights. The syntax for using aggregate functions in SQL Server is
straightforward.

The syntax for an aggregate function in SQL Server is as follows:

SELECT aggregate_function(column_name)
FROM table_name
[WHERE condition];

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 [WHERE condition];

These functions are helpful when working with large data sets, as they can help
simplify and speed up the analysis process. SUM, COUNT, AVG, and MAX are
commonly used aggregate functions.

So, understanding the syntax of SQL Server aggregate functions is essential for
anyone working with databases and looking to analyze data ebciently.

APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT

The aggregate function in SQL, APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT is a resourceful tool that

approximates the number of values present in any table column. This function is
particularly useful when the count of distinct values is inaccurate and only an
approximate estimate is required. It's a great resource when dealing with large data,
where calculating the count accurately may be time-consuming and resource-
intensive.

While the APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT function does not provide a fully accurate count
of distinct values, it is usually precise enough for most practical purposes. This
practicality is a key function feature, reinforcing its value in everyday SQL tasks.

Overall, APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT is a useful tool in an SQL developer's toolkit. It

provides a quick and ebcient way to estimate the number of distinct values in a
column, making you feel resourceful in your data analysis tasks.

Syntax:

APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT ( expression )

AVG

AVG is an aggregate in SQL that returns an average value over a set of numerical
values in a table or column. This function is very important in analytical tasks that

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 values in a table or column. This function is very important in analytical tasks that
require getting the mean value for a given data set. The AVG function can always be
used along with other aggregate functions of SQL, like COUNT, SUM, MAX, and MIN.

One of the most signi\cant pros of using AVG is the ability to trace outliers in the
dataset, which are values much larger or smaller than the average. After these outliers
have been ragged, the data analyst has an idea of how the data is distributed, and he
can make better decisions based on the obtained insights.

So, AVG is a powerful SQL function that can perform a wide range of data analysis
tasks. It is a helpful tool when working with large datasets in a database management
system.

Syntax:

AVG ([ALL | DISTINCT] expression )

[OVER ([partition_by_clause] order_by_clause ) ]

CHECKSUM_AGG

CHECKSUM_AGG: This is an aggregate function in SQL that produces a hash value for
a given dataset. The function takes one column or expression and returns a single
checksum value to represent the data in that column or expression. It produces an
integer, which could be used to compare two sets of data for equality or to detect
changes in the data.

CHECKSUM_AGG is often used in data warehousing and other applications where data
integrity is essential. It is a powerful tool for detecting data changes and ensuring that
the data in a database is accurate and up-to-date.

Syntax:

CHECKSUM_AGG ( [ ALL | DISTINCT ] expression )

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 COUNT_BIG

COUNT_BIG, an SQL function, aggregates the number of rows in a table. It differs from
the COUNT function in that it returns the big integer data type. This function is
particularly useful for counting huge datasets where the number of lines exceeds the
maximum value for an integer data type. COUNT_BIG can be used with other SQL
functions to implement complex queries and analyses. The beauty of COUNT_BIG lies
in its simple syntax, making it easily applicable in SQL statements and ensuring a
smooth user experience.

Syntax:

COUNT_BIG ( { [ [ ALL | DISTINCT ] expression ] | * } )

GROUPING

The GROUP BY function is one of SQL's most commonly used aggregate functions.
The GROUP BY function allows you to group rows of data based on one or more
columns and then perform aggregate calculations for each group. For example, you
could use the GROUP BY function to group sales data by month or region and then
calculate the total sales for each group.

The GROUP BY function is commonly used with other aggregate functions, such as
COUNT, SUM, AVG, and MAX/MIN. It allows you to quickly analyze large data sets and
summarize the results meaningfully.

Syntax:

GROUPING ( <column_expression> )

GROUPING_ID

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 The GROUPING_ID function enables SQL aggregates to identify a row's grouping level
in a SELECT statement. Depending on the grouping level, the function returns an
integer that uniquely identi\es each row. The values it returns are based on the
columns used in the GROUP BY clause of the particular SELECT statement. If a row
does not belong to any group, the function returns 0; for rows belonging to any group,
it returns a non-zero value.

The GROUPING_ID function is a tool that clari\es complex aggregations over large
data sets. It simpli\es data grouping in a most useful way for the analysis at hand,
clearly indicating which grouping level each row falls into. This clarity is a signi\cant
bene\t for data analysts and business intelligence professionals, giving them a more
con\dent understanding of their data and analysis.

Syntax:

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GROUPING_ID ( <column_expression>[,...n ] )

STDEV

STDEV (Standard Deviation) is a crucial SQL aggregate function used to measure the
variation or dispersion in a data set. It calculates the square root of the variance and is
a valuable tool for analyzing data trends. It can also help identify outliers in a dataset.

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 a valuable tool for analyzing data trends. It can also help identify outliers in a dataset.
The STDEV function is commonly used in statistical analysis, data mining, and data
science. By understanding how to use the STDEV function, you can gain valuable
insights into your data and make more informed decisions.

Syntax:

STDEV ( [ ALL | DISTINCT ] expression )

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STDEVP

STDEVP, a crucial aggregate function in SQL, plays a signi\cant role in statistical

analysis. It calculates the population standard deviation, a key concept that measures
the variation or dispersion in a dataset representing an entire population. The function,
which accepts numeric values and returns a single value, is instrumental in
understanding data spread in a population.

This function, STDEVP, is not just a theoretical concept. It's a practical tool extensively
used in \nance, engineering, and scienti\c research applications. However, it's
important to note that STDEVP differs from STDEV, as it computes the population
standard deviation, not the sample standard deviation.

Overall, STDEVP is a useful SQL tool that would be of great importance to analysts and
developers seeking valuable insights into their datasets.

Syntax:

STDEVP ( [ ALL | DISTINCT ] expression )

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 STRING_AGG

STRING_AGG, a powerful aggregate function in SQL, simpli\es the task of

concatenating strings from multiple rows into a single string. It's a handy tool when
you need to group data and present it in a readable format. The beauty of the
STRING_AGG function lies in its ease of use in most modern SQL database
management systems, including Microsoft SQL Server, PostgreSQL, and MySQL. With
this function, you can effortlessly combine values from multiple rows into a single
column, separated by a speci\ed delimiter. This feature makes it a breeze to create
reports, summaries, and other data visualizations that require data aggregation.

Overall, STRING_AGG is an invaluable tool for any SQL developer or database

administrator looking to streamline their data management and reporting processes.

Syntax:

STRING_AGG (expression, separator ) [ <order_clause> ]<order_clause>::= WITHIN GROUP (OR

VAR

The VAR function is powerful and can be used with other SQL functions to derive
insights from large data sets. You provide it with the column or an expression as an
argument containing the values that you are interested in calculating variance with. A
result of this VAR function is a decimal value representing the variance of a dataset.

Syntax:

VAR ( [ ALL | DISTINCT ] expression )

VARP

VARP, or Variance Population, is an aggregate function in SQL that calculates the

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 VARP, or Variance Population, is an aggregate function in SQL that calculates the
variance of provided values. The function becomes useful when you want to discover
the spread of a population. You can use the process with other SQL aggregate
functions like SUM, AVG, and COUNT to build more sophisticated calculations.

VARP is a potent tool in data analysis and often comes up in \nance and statistics
when dealing with vast volumes of data. However, it must be noted that it is pretty
different from VAR, the sample variance. Whereas VARP calculates the variance of the
whole population, VAR only makes computations concerning the sample from the
population.

Syntax:

VARP ( [ ALL | DISTINCT ] expression )

RANGE

The RANGE function is one of the crucial aggregate functions in SQL. It calculates the
range of a set of values, the difference between the set's most prominent and smallest
values.

For example, if a set of values contains 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25, the range would be 20
(25-5). The RANGE function is commonly used in statistical analysis to measure data
spread.

The RANGE function is a powerful tool in SQL that allows you to analyze your data
statistically. By calculating the range of your data, you can gain insights into its spread
and distribution.

NANMEAN

NANMEAN, an aggregate function in SQL, computes the mean of a set of numbers,

omitting the NULL values. Its role in creating a more realistic representation by
excluding the NULL values from the calculation reassures the accuracy of your

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 excluding the NULL values from the calculation reassures the accuracy of your
analysis. This function is particularly useful in handling big data \les with missing or
incomplete data.

NANMEAN, an aggregate SQL function, returns a single value representing the

different values in the dataset. Its usefulness in deriving insights from complex
datasets empowers your data analysis, making this function a valuable tool in your
data analysis toolkit.

MEDIAN

The median is a statistical measure representing a dataset's median value. In SQL, the
median can be calculated using the median() function, an aggregate function that
returns the median value of a group of values.

The syntax for the median() function in SQL is as follows:

SELECT MEDIAN(column_name)
FROM table_name

Here, the column_name represents the column's name that contains the values for
which the median needs to be calculated, and table_name represents the name of the
table that contains the data.

The median() function can be combined with other aggregate functions like COUNT,
SUM, AVG, etc., to perform more complex calculations on the data. Overall, the
median() function in SQL is a powerful tool for data analysis and can provide valuable
insights into data distribution in a dataset.

MODE

One of the most used aggregate functions in SQL is the MODE function. The MODE
function returns the value that comes up the most in a set of values. This is very
helpful, speci\cally when dealing with large data sets that need to \nd the most
common values. The syntax for this function is straightforward. It analyzes only one

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 common values. The syntax for this function is straightforward. It analyzes only one
parameter: the column's name with the values.

The syntax for the MODE function is as follows:

MODE(column_name).

Overall, the MODE function is a powerful tool for data analysis in SQL and can be used
in various contexts to identify patterns and trends.

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Conclusion

The aggregate function in SQL is very powerful in the database. It serves the same
purpose as its equivalents in MS Excel. In this article, we have seen several examples
of aggregate functions in SQL. We hope you will now be clear about what an aggregate
function is in SQL.

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 FAQs

1. Is Max an aggregate function?

Yes, MAX is an aggregate function in SQL. It returns the maximum value in a set of
values. You can use MAX to return the highest value in a column.

2. What is the aggregate function in SQL GROUP BY?

An aggregate function in SQL adds together multiple values and returns a single result.
The aggregate function will carry out this calculation for each group of data when used
with the GROUP BY clause. The GROUP BY statement is commonly used with
aggregate functions ( MAX() , MIN() , SUM() , AVG(), COUNT() )

3. Can aggregate functions be used in the WHERE clause?

No, aggregate functions cannot be used in a WHERE clause. They are allowed in the
SELECT list and in the HAVING clause.

4. What is aggregation in a query?

Aggregation in a query refers to the process of performing calculations on multiple

rows of data to produce a single summary value. Common aggregation functions
include SUM(), AVG(), COUNT(), MIN(), and MAX(). These functions are often used with
the GROUP BY clause to group rows that have the same values in speci\ed columns
and then apply the aggregation to each group.

5. What is the difference between COUNT(*) and COUNT(column_name) in SQL?

The difference between COUNT(*) and COUNT(column_name) in SQL lies in how they
count rows:

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 COUNT(*): Counts the total number of rows in a table, including those with NULL
values. It doesn't take into account any speci\c column and gives the count of all
rows.

COUNT(column_name): Counts the number of non-NULL values in a speci\c

column. If a row has a NULL value in that column, it won't be included in the count.

6. Can we use aggregate functions in the WHERE clause?

No, aggregate functions cannot be used directly in the ‘WHERE’ clause. The ‘WHERE’
clause is used to \lter rows before any aggregation takes place. If you want to \lter
based on the result of an aggregate function, you should use the ‘HAVING’ clause,
which is designed for this purpose. The ‘HAVING’ clause \lters groups created by the
‘GROUP BY’ clause based on aggregate function results.

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