OS REVIEWER QUIZ 1 FUNCTIONS OF OS:

 implementing user interface

WHAT IS OS:
 sharing hardware among users
 1960’s definition, the software that  allowing users to share data
controls the hardware. among themselves
 The programs that make the  preventing users from interfering
hardware usable. with one another
 scheduling resources among users
EXAMPLES OF OS:
 facilitating input/output
 UNIX  recovering from errors
 MACH  accounting for resource usage
 MS-DOS  facilitating parallel operations
 MS-WINDOWS  organizing data for secure and
 WINDOWS/NT rapid access
 CHICAGO  handling network communications
 OS/2
3 GOALS OF MODERN OS:
 MacOS
 VMS  To hide details of hardware by
 MVS creating abstraction.
 VM  To allocate resources to processes.
 To provide a pleasant and effective
LEVELS OF OS:
user interface.
 KERNEL SERVICES
ABSTRACTION – a software that hides
 LIBRARY SERVICES
lower level details and provides a set of
 APPLICATION-LEVEL SERVICES
higher-level functions
KERNEL SERVICES:
REASONS FOR ABSTACTION:
 Supports the processes by
FIRST – the code to control peripheral
providing path to peripheral
devices is not standardized.
devices.
 It responds to service calls from SECOND – the OS introduces new functions
processes and interrupts from the as it abstracts the hardware.
devices.
THIRD – the OS transforms computer
 It is the core of the operating
hardware to multiple virtual computers,
system.
each belonging to different program. Each
 It creates and terminated
running program is called a process.
processes and responds to request
for services. FOURTH – the OS can enforce security
through abstraction.
Privileged State – an execution context
that allows all hardware instructions to be 2 POV of OS:
executed.
 RESOURCE MANAGER
OS are resource managers. The main  EXTENDED MACHINES
resource are processors, storage, I/O
BASIC CONCEPTS OF OS:
devices, communication devices, and
data.  Processes, Memory Management,
MULTIPROGRAMMING – running of two or I/O Management, File Systems and
more programs simultaneously by a Security.
computer
HISTORY OF OS: Fourth Generation:

1940’s or First Generation:  This generation developed the LSI

or Large-Scale Integration.
 The earliest generation for
 Microprocessor evolved
electronic digital computers.
significantly in this period making it
 There are no operating systems
possible to build desktop
existing in this generation.
computers as powerful as the
 Machines are primitive.
mainframes from 1970s.
 Programs are entered one bit at a
 There are two competing operating
time on rows of mechanical
system and these are MS-DOS by
switches.
Microsoft and UNIX.
 No programming languages
 OS doesn’t exist in this generation SPOOLING:

1950’s or Second Generation:  Simultaneous Peripheral Operations

On Line
 Punch cards are introduced in this
 A high-speed device like a disk
generation.
interposed between a running
 The first OS is implemented by
program and low speed device in
General Motors Research
the program Input/Output.
Laboratories for their project IBM
 Example is instead of writing to a
701.
printer, outputs are written to the
 The system in this generation ran
disk
one job at a time.
 Programs run faster and other
 The single-stream batch
programs can be used once the
processing systems existed in this
printer becomes available.
time.
 This technique is like a thread being
1960’s or Third Generation: spun to a spool so it may be
unwound when needed.
 This generation have better batch
processing systems. TIME-SHARING TECHNIQUE:
 The computer’s resources can run
 a variant of multiprogramming,
several jobs at once.
 user has an on-line terminal
 The developers developed the
(directly connected to terminal).
concept of multiprogramming
 Timesharing systems were
wherein several jobs are in main
developed to multiprogram large
memory at once.
number of simultaneous interactive
 The feature SPOOLING was also
users.
created in this generation where
programs can run to completion MS-DOS:
faster and other programs will be
 Written by Microsoft Incorporation
able to run once the printer
for the IBM PC and other machines
becomes available.
using Intel 8088 CPU and its
 Another feature existed in this time
successors.
is time-sharing technique where
the user is directly connected to the UNIX:
terminal, helping the user to be
 A dominant on the large personal
able to communicate with the
computers using MOTOROLA 6899
computer system.
CPU family.