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Math Assignment Unit 4

The document presents a statistical analysis comparing average scores of students in reading and writing exams, concluding no significant difference based on a p-value of 0.39. In a second analysis regarding fuel efficiency of cars with manual versus automatic transmissions, a p-value of 0.0029 led to the rejection of the null hypothesis, indicating a significant difference. Overall, the assignment illustrates the application of hypothesis testing in two distinct scenarios.

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8 views4 pages

Math Assignment Unit 4

The document presents a statistical analysis comparing average scores of students in reading and writing exams, concluding no significant difference based on a p-value of 0.39. In a second analysis regarding fuel efficiency of cars with manual versus automatic transmissions, a p-value of 0.0029 led to the rejection of the null hypothesis, indicating a significant difference. Overall, the assignment illustrates the application of hypothesis testing in two distinct scenarios.

Uploaded by

guysonnangayi
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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University of the People

Math 1281-01 Statistical Inference - Ay2025-T3

Math Assignment Unit 4

Mihir Panchal (Instructor)

26/02/2025
Part 1

(a) Hypotheses

The research question is: Is there an evident difference in the average scores of students in the
reading and writing exam? The null hypothesis (H0) is that the average scores of students in the
reading and writing exam are the same, i.e., μread = μwrite. The alternative hypothesis (H1) is
that the average scores of students in the reading and writing exam are different, i.e., μread ≠
μwrite.

(b) Conditions

To complete this test, we need to check the following conditions:

1. The sample is randomly selected from the population of high school seniors.

2. The sample size is sufficiently large (n = 250 > 30).

3. The data are normally distributed or approximately normal.

From the histogram of the differences in scores, we can see that the data are approximately
normal. Therefore, all conditions are met.

(c) Hypothesis Test

The average observed difference in scores is -0.545, and the standard deviation of the differences
is 8.887 points. We can calculate the t-statistic using the following formula:

t = (x̄ - μ) / (s / √n)

where x̄ is the sample mean, μ is the population mean (0, since we are testing for a difference), s
is the sample standard deviation, and n is the sample size.
t = (-0.545 - 0) / (8.887 / √250) ≈ -0.545 / 0.563 ≈ -0.97

The degrees of freedom are n - 1 = 250 - 1 = 249.

Given the p-value of 0.39, we fail to reject the null hypothesis. Therefore, the data do not provide
convincing evidence of a difference between the average scores on the two exams.

(d) Type of Error

We might have made a Type II error, which means that we failed to reject the null hypothesis
when it is actually false. In the context of this application, this means that we might have
concluded that there is no significant difference between the average scores of students in the
reading and writing exam when, in fact, there is a difference.

(e) Confidence Interval

Based on the results of this hypothesis test, we would not expect a confidence interval for the
average difference between the reading and writing scores to include 0. This is because the p-
value is greater than the significance level (α = 0.05), indicating that the null hypothesis cannot
be rejected.

PART 2

(1) Hypothesis

The research question is: Do these data provide strong evidence of a difference between the
average fuel efficiency of cars with manual and automatic transmissions in terms of their average
city mileage? The null hypothesis (H0) is that the average fuel efficiency of cars with manual
and automatic transmissions is the same, i.e., μmanual = μautomatic. The alternative hypothesis
(H1) is that the average fuel efficiency of cars with manual and automatic transmissions is
different, i.e., μmanual ≠ μautomatic.

(2) T-statistic

We can calculate the t-statistic using the following formula:


t = (x̄ 1 - x̄ 2) / (√((s1^2 / n1) + (s2^2 / n2)))

where x̄ 1 and x̄ 2 are the sample means, s1 and s2 are the sample standard deviations, and n1 and
n2 are the sample sizes.

(3) Degrees of Freedom

The degrees of freedom are n1 + n2 - 2.

(4) Conclusion

Given the p-value of 0.0029, we reject the null hypothesis. Therefore, the data provide strong
evidence of a difference between the average fuel efficiency of cars with manual and automatic
transmissions in terms of their average city mileage.

In conclusion, the results of both parts of this assignment demonstrate the application of
hypothesis testing in different contexts. In Part 1, we failed to reject the null hypothesis,
indicating that there is no significant difference between the average scores of students in the
reading and writing exam. In Part 2, we rejected the null hypothesis, indicating that there is a
significant difference between the average fuel efficiency of cars with manual and automatic
transmissions.

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