World Academics Journal of

Engineering Sciences
Vol.10, Issue.1, pp.19-23, March 2023
E-ISSN: 2348-635X
Available online at: www.isroset.org

Research Paper
Use of Continuity of Fluid Flow for Tackling the Location Dependency of
Wind Turbines
Sk Asraful Karim1
1
Department of school of mines and metallurgy/Student, Kazi Nazrul University, Durgapur, India

Author’s Mail Id: [email protected]

Received: 28/Jan/2023; Accepted: 06/Mar/2023; Published: 31/Mar/2023. | DOI: https://doi.org/10.26438/wajes/v10i1.1923
Abstract— There is a problem with wind turbines: in order to work, they need sufficient wind velocity, which is why we cannot
plan a wind turbine anywhere. That’s why we should use the concept of continuity of fluid flow to reduce the location
dependency, increase the wind speed, and generate energy anywhere from wind turbines. In the same way that we use wind
turbines to generate power, but in this case, we will regulate the wind velocity.

Keywords— Renewable energy ,Wind energy ,Wind, Wind turbine, Continuity of fluid flow, Ogive cone

1. Introduction Location-dependent: Wind turbines need to be located in

areas where there is consistent and strong wind. This can
Due to the negative impact of climate change, its limit where wind farms can be located and make it difficult to
unsustainability and other reasons, there is a growing generate wind energy in some areas.
requirement for renewable energy compared to non-
renewable (fossil fuels) [1]. Therefore, it is necessary to Visual and noise impacts: Wind turbines can have a visual
access new methods to produce renewable energy [2] and impact on landscapes, and some people find them
modify existing renewable energy sources [3],[4]. unattractive. They can also generate noise pollution, which
can be a concern for people living near wind farms.
There are many examples of renewable energy sources,
including solar energy, wind energy, hydropower, geothermal Wildlife impacts: Wind turbines can pose a risk to birds and
energy, biomass energy, etc., each with their own unique bats, which can collide with the blades. This can have
advantages and disadvantages. If we go through it negative impacts on local wildlife populations.
individually with wind energy, it has to show that
Installation and maintenance costs: Wind turbines can be
Wind energy [5] is a form of renewable energy that uses wind expensive to install and maintain, which can make them less
turbines to convert the kinetic energy of the wind into economically viable in some areas.
electrical energy. Wind turbines typically consist of large
blades attached to a rotor that is mounted on a tall tower. As Now, for dealing with the intermittent nature of wind flow
the wind blows, it causes the blades to rotate, which in turn and the location dependency of the wind turbines, we can use
drives a generator to produce electricity. Despite its the characteristic of the continuity of fluid flow [7].
advantages, wind energy also has some challenges. While
wind energy has many advantages as a renewable energy Continuity of fluid flow is a fundamental principle of fluid
source, there are also some limitations that need to be mechanics that states that the rate of mass flow into a control
considered [6]. volume must be equal to the rate of mass flow out of the
control volume, assuming that there is no accumulation of
Intermittency: Wind energy is an intermittent source of mass within the control volume.
energy, meaning it relies on the wind blowing to generate
electricity. When the wind isn’t blowing, wind turbines can’t Mathematically, the continuity equation is expressed as:
generate electricity. This can make it difficult to rely on wind ρAv = constant
energy as a primary source of energy, as backup sources are where,
needed to ensure a consistent supply of electricity. ρ is the density of the fluid,
A is the cross-sectional area of the flow,
and v is the velocity of the fluid.

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World Academics Journal of Engineering Sciences Vol.10, Issue.1, Mar 2023

This equation means that the mass flow rate (ρAv) is constant wind energy into the grid. It covers topics such as grid codes,
along a streamline. In other words, as the fluid flows through power electronics, and energy storage systems.
a pipe or other conduit, the mass flow rate must be conserved.
3. Methodology
The continuity equation is derived from the principle of
conservation of mass, which states that mass cannot be Firstly, we have to modify the regular wind turbines [9].
created or destroyed, only transferred from one place to A wind turbine typically consists of three main components:
another. Therefore, the mass flow rate into a control volume the tower, the blades, and the nacelle.
must equal the mass flow rate out of the control volume. The tower is a tall, cylindrical structure made of steel or
concrete that supports the rest of the wind turbine. The height
The continuity equation is used extensively in fluid of the tower can vary depending on the turbine’s size and
mechanics to analyse the behaviour of fluids in various location, but it can range from around 30 metres to over 100
applications, such as pipes, channels, and other fluid conduits. meters.
It is also used to design and optimise fluid systems, such as
pumps, turbines, and other fluid handling equipment. The blades are attached to a rotor, which is mounted on top of
the tower. The blades are usually made of lightweight
2. Related Work materials such as fiberglass or carbon fiber, and they are
designed to be aerodynamic in order to capture the maximum
As per reference [8], wind turbines have been the subject of amount of wind energy. The nacelle is a housing unit located
extensive research and development for several decades. Here at the top of the tower that contains the generator, gearbox,
are some notable works related to wind turbines: and other important components of the wind turbine. The
nacelle is designed to rotate so that the blades can face into
“Wind Energy Explained: Theory, Design, and Application” the wind, and it is also equipped with a yaw system that
by J.F. Manwell, J.G. McGowan, and A.L. Rogers This book allows it to turn and face the wind from different directions.
provides a comprehensive introduction to the design and
operation of wind turbines. It covers a wide range of topics, Overall, a wind turbine has a distinctive appearance that
including wind energy resources, aerodynamics, structural makes it easy to recognize. The tall tower, large rotor blades,
design, control systems, and grid integration. and nacelle are all visible from a distance, and they are often
seen in clusters or rows on wind farms.
“Large Wind Turbines” by Siegfried Heier This book
provides an in-depth analysis of large wind turbines, Now, its large size has to be reduced for domestic and
including their design, operation, and maintenance. It covers industrial use, and a tangential ogive-shaped cone is needed
topics such as blade design, gearbox and generator to be attached to it to increase wind speed and eliminate its
technology, and grid integration. dependency upon location and the intermittency of wind.

“Design and Development of High-Efficiency Wind The design of the wind turbines consists of a two-sided open
Turbines” by Q. Zhang, Y. Hu, and J. Cao This paper hollow tangent ogive cone (a “rocket nose cone”) made of
presents a design methodology for high-efficiency wind acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) or fiberglass. On the
turbines. It includes a detailed analysis of the aerodynamic vertex side of the ogive cone, the blades are placed, and the
performance of the turbine as well as the optimisation of the nacelle is connected. A low-altitude, conical-shaped fine net
blade shape and control system. is attached to the periphery of the ogive cone to protect the
blades and inner surface of the ogive from solid particles in
“Advanced Control Strategies for Wind Turbines: A State-of- the air.
the-Art Review” by S. Anwar, M. Ali, and A. Malik This
paper provides a review of advanced control strategies for Dimensions of the blades and rotor: Curved aerofoil-type
wind turbines, including model-based control, adaptive blades of 30 cm (0.3 m) length attach to the rotor and provide
control, and fault-tolerant control. It also discusses the a 70 cm (0.7 m) rotor diameter to cover approximately 0.384
challenges and opportunities in the field. m2 of swept area.

“Wind Turbine Blade Design and Performance Comparison The dimensions of the ogive cone are:
of Three Blade Concepts” by P. Bach, M. Zahle, and J. Hattel Depending on the wind velocity where we want to install the
This paper compares the performance of three different blade turbine, its magnitude is variable.
concepts for wind turbines. It includes a detailed analysis of As a standard, we may go through those measurements.
the aerodynamic performance, structural design, and R=r x √(V2/V1) m Eq.—(A.1)
manufacturing feasibility of each concept. L=2.12xR m or, L=2.12xrx√(V2/V1)m Eq.—(B.1)
Where ,
“Grid Integration of Wind Energy: Onshore and Offshore R is the radius of the ogive cone.
Conversion Systems” by Siegfried Heier This book provides r is the radius of the rotor.
an overview of the challenges and opportunities in integrating L is the length of the ogive cone.
V1 is the wind velocity when it enters the ogive cone.

© 2023, WAJES All Rights Reserved 20

World Academics Journal of Engineering Sciences Vol.10, Issue.1, Mar 2023

V2 is the velocity with which the wind leaves the cone as it

passes through the swept area.
Now, in our consideration, the diameter of the rotor is 70 cm
(0.7 m).
Then,
R=0.35x√(V2/V1) m. Eq.—(A.2)
L=0.742x√(V2/V1) m. Eq.—(B.2)
Another measure is
R’=2.75R m. Eq.—(C.1)
where R is the ogive radius.

Dimensions of the nacelle:

The nacelle used here is a mini nacelle of 40cm x 40cm x
40cm , which only consists of the generator.
Figure 2. Ogive cone turbine installation on the roof
Conical-shaped net:
The conical-shaped fine net is required to protect the blades
and inner surface of the ogive cone. It has the same radius as
the ogive cone, and the height of the conical net is one third
of the height of the ogive cone. The size of the mesh holes
depends on the size of the solid particles where the turbine is
installed. Small holes in the mesh reduce the efficiency of the
turbine; that’s why we have to maximize them or they may
detach.

Attachment structure:
The tower, which we easily notice in a regular wind turbine,
is neglected; instead, a relatively small structure made of steel
is used to connect the ogive cone with the nacelle and provide
a base. The base is facilitated as per the location of Figure 3. Sectional view of the ogive cone turbine
installation. The turbine may be installed at the uppermost
portion of an outer-wall or the roof of a home or industrial
building.

This structure is made of a hinge-supported telescopic boom,

locking arrangement, and actuator. By regulating the height
of the boom, the position of the ogive can be changed towards
the direction of the wind flow, and the locking arrangement
locks the whole structure in a fixed position. The arrangement
of four telescopic booms is set differently depending on
where the turbine has to be installed (on an outer wall or on a
roof).
The nacelle is attached to the ogive cone by a non-movable
arrangement. Below are some figures that may explain the
design of the turbine.

Figure 4. Telescopic Boom

[Note:
Those figures are not to scale; Figure 1 and Figure 2 are the
side views of an ogive cone turbine installed in an outer-wall
and on a roof, respectively; Figure 3 is the sectional view of
the ogive cone; and Figure 4 describes a telescopic boom side
view.
Figure 1. Ogive cone turbine installation in the outer-wall

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World Academics Journal of Engineering Sciences Vol.10, Issue.1, Mar 2023

Table 1. Index To use this formula, you will need to know the values of A, η,
Figure 1 W: Outer-wall ρ, V and t. These values can be estimated or measured,
0: Ogive cone depending on the situation.
t: telescopic boom
a: actuator For example, if a wind turbine has a swept area of 100 m2, a
g: generator power coefficient of 0.4, the density of air is 1.225kg/m3, the
Figure 2 0: Ogive cone wind speed is 10 m/s, and it operates for 24 hours, the energy
t: telescopic boom produced can be calculated as follows:
a: actuator
g: generator Energy produced = 0.5 x 100 x 0.4 x 1.225 x 103 x 24 = 588
t: Telescopic boom kWh
R: Roof
Figure 3 0: Ogive cone This means that the wind turbine would produce 588
C: Conical net kilowatt-hours of energy over a 24-hour period.
R: Rotor
B: Blades 588 kWh is a relatively large amount of energy that is not
S: Rotor Shaft possible to gain using this ogive cone turbine within the given
G: Generator time period because of its small size and low swept area,
A: Attacher which processes a low quantity of wind. But despite this
N: Invertor disadvantage, the ogive cone turbine is capable of producing
Figure 4 B: Boom wind energy anywhere using wind of any velocity in an
L: Frictional lock economical manner with other advantages that a renewable
A: Actuator energy source has.
b: Base
H: Hinged Or Pin And, it is obvious that for producing 588 kWh of energy, the
first requirement is a wind velocity of 10 m/s, which is
The effective length of the ogive cone is always less than location-dependent; wind velocities vary as per location.
2.12*R (R is the radius of the ogive cone) because the blades Now, if we use an ogive cone turbine in places with low wind
are placed perpendicularly upon the central axis of the ogive velocity, its area difference between the two ends can supply
cone, where the cross-sectional area of the ogive cone is sufficient velocity as per the principle of continuity of fluid
equal to the swept area of the rotor. flow.

The subtracted length (the length difference between the For an ideal case, we assume that the velocity of the wind in a
effective length and 2.12*R) is the length of the shaft of the place is 1 m/s.
rotor. This gap between the blades and the nacelle provides
space for the diffusion of the wind.] Let’s, as per this assumption, modify the wind turbine to get
some amount of energy.
Also for this turbine, the procedure for producing energy is
the same as what a regular wind turbine does. The kinetic Firstly, we use a 0.7 m (70 cm) diameter rotor to cover
energy that is stored in the wind is converted into mechanical approximately 0.384 m2 of swept area.
energy by rotating the rotor blades, and the generator in the
nacelle converts this mechanical energy into electrical energy. Now, the radius of the ogive cone is R = 0.35x√(V 2/V1) m. As
This produced energy is stored in a battery bank or may be per Eq. (A.2)
further distributed.
Where V2 is the wind velocity that leaves the cone through
4. Discussion the swept area of the ogive cone, and it has to be 10 m/s for
better efficiency.
The energy produced by a wind turbine can be determined
mathematically using the following formula: And V1 is the entering wind velocity of 1 m/s as per the
assumption.
Energy produced = 0.5 x A x η x ρ x V3 x t Eq.—(D.1)
:. R=0.35x√(10/1)=1.107m
Where: A = the swept area of the turbine blades (m2)
Η = the power coefficient of the turbine (dimensionless, Length of the ogive cone, L = 2.12R (as per Eq.—(B.1))
typically between 0.35 and 0.45) :. L= 2.35 m
Ρ = the density of air (kg/m3, typically around 1.225 kg/m3 at This length L is the total length, the length of the gear shaft,
sea level. and the effective length of the ogive cone.
V = the wind speed (m/s)
T = the time the turbines operate (in hours).

© 2023, WAJES All Rights Reserved 22

World Academics Journal of Engineering Sciences Vol.10, Issue.1, Mar 2023

The blades are placed perpendicularly upon the central axis, References
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amount of energy as a regular wind turbine, but it can easily
produce a holistic amount of energy as per demand. AUTHORS PROFILE
This type of modification is required for a sustainable, global- Author: Sk Asraful Karim, a 3rd year
warming-free future. This ogive cone turbine is more mining engineering student in the
economical and environmentally friendly than other Department of School of Mines and
renewable energy sources while producing the same amount Metallurgy at Kazi Nazrul University,
of energy. Asansol, West Bengal, India.
As a student, I have an interest in
venturing into studies related to
Data Availability engineering and innovation, sustainable
None. development, and renewable energy because of my curiosity
about the phenomenon of the multiverse, its workings,
Conflict of Interest principles, and causality.
I do not have any conflict of interest.

Funding Source
None.

Authors’ Contributions
All the research work was done by me (SK Asraful Karim) ,I
researched the literature, conceptualized the study, designed
it, drafted the manuscript, and did other necessary things.

Acknowledgements
For the completion of this research, I would like to express
my sincere thanks to my professors, colleagues, and the
environment in which every individual continues to deal with
the energy crisis and global warming for a sustainable,
pollution-free future.

© 2023, WAJES All Rights Reserved 23

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