Heavenly Father,

We gather here today with open hearts and minds, ready to learn and grow. We thank
You for the gift of knowledge and the opportunity to share it with one another. Guide
us as we embark on this new lesson, filling us with wisdom, understanding, and
patience.

Help us to be attentive and engaged, to respect one another’s ideas, and to work
together harmoniously. May our learning be fruitful and contribute to the betterment
of ourselves and the world around us.

We ask for Your blessings on our time together and on each person here. May we
leave this class with new insights and a deeper appreciation for the wonders of Your
creation.

In Your name, we pray.

Week 2

Collection and
Presentation of Sampling and
Sample Size
Data
 Intended Learning Outcome

• Determine the most appropriate sampling

technique for a given data-gathering situation
Sampling Technique or Sampling
Sampling Technique or Sampling

-the process of selecting a number of

individuals for a study in such a way that the
individuals represent the larger group from
which they were selected.
 Aim in Sampling
-to draw conclusion for the entire population after
conducting a study on a sample taken from the same
population.
 Other Terminologies in Sampling
it is the individual element or entity that is selected
Sampling Unit for sampling from the population. It is the smallest
unit from which data is collected.

Sampling Unit
 Other Terminologies in Sampling
Subpopulation 1
Sampling Frame (primary level)

Subpopulation 2
(secondary level)
DIVIDE
Subpopulation 3
(undergraduate level)
POPULATION
Subpopulation 4
(postgraduate level)
 Other Terminologies in Sampling

is a complete list or database of all

Sampling Frame
the items or individuals in the
population that you want to study. It's
like a checklist you use to pick out
who or what will be part of your
sample.
 Other Terminologies in Sampling
Students:

Example: ○ Sampling Frame: The university's enrollment

records, which list all current students,
Sampling Frame including their names, student IDs, and
contact information.
2. Faculty Members:
○ Sampling Frame: The university's faculty
directory, which includes all current
professors and instructors, along with their
departments, titles, and contact details.
 Other Terminologies in Sampling
3.Administrative Staff:

Example: ○ Sampling Frame: The university's human resources

database that lists all non-teaching staff, such as
Sampling Frame administrative assistants, managers, and support
personnel.
2. Alumni:
○ Sampling Frame: The alumni association's database,
which includes contact information for graduates of the
university.
3. Library Users:
○ Sampling Frame: The library's record of registered
users, including students, faculty, and staff who have
checked out books or used library services
 Importance of Sampling

• allows researchers to study a subset of the

population while still obtaining meaningful
insights
 Steps in sampling...
1. Define population (N) to be sampled
2. Determine the Sampling Frame
3. Identify the sampling to be used
4. Determine the sample size
Sampling Technique or Sampling
Probability Sampling
Oh, please
pick me! I
am so ever
pickable
Probability
No!Sampling
There
will be no
favorites.
 Probability Sampling

-allows a procedure governed by

chance to select the sample
-controls for sampling bias
Sampling Technique or Sampling
 Sampling Technique or Sampling

Non-Probability Sampling(Non- Random)

-Each member of the population does not
have a known chance of being included in
the sample.
-personal judgment plays a very important
role in the selection
Sampling Technique or Sampling
Probability Sampling
 Simple Random Sampling:
> Each member of the population has an
equal chance of being selected.

✔Unbiased sample

✔Representative
 Simple Random Sampling:
a. lottery
✔There is a complete listing of members of the population

✔You write the names or codes on a piece of paper or cards,

place them in a container, then randomly draw the desired no.

b. Table of random numbers

Table of Random Numbers
 advantages…

…easy to conduct
…strategy requires minimum knowledge of the
population to be sampled
Note. practical when population is
geographically concentrated.
 disadvantages…
…difficult and expensive

…there is difficulty in reaching all selected

in the sample
 Stratified Sampling
> divide the population into
groups using some characteristic

> select a few members from

each group
 Stratified Sampling

X
X X X
Low
Middle
Income
Income
X X
High Income
 Stratified Sampling
Freshmen Sophomores

Juniors Seniors
 Example:
A survey to find out if families living in a certain
municipality are in favor of Cybercrime law will be
conducted. To ensure that all income groups are
represented, respondents will be divided into
high-income (Class A), middle-income (Class B)
and low-income (Class C) groups. The
distribution of income groups is in the next slide.
 Strata Number of Families

Class A 1,000
Class B 2,500
Class C 1,500
N= 5,000
User a 5% margin of error
 Strata Number of Families Proportion (may be (no. of sample)
converted to %)

High Income 1,000

Middle- 2,500

Income
Low- 1,500
Income

N=5,000
 Proportional Stratified
Sampling
1500 1 sele 2,500
11
l ect
families ctfamilies
1
85
se
Low 1000 Middle
Income
c
familiest 74 Income
se le
High Income
 advantages…

…accurately reflects population studied

…can be used for both proportions
and stratification sampling
…sample represents the desired strata
disadvantages…
…cannot be used in all studies

…must identify every member of a population

being studied and classify
each of them into one, and only one,
subpopulation
 Cluster Sampling
● also called as area sampling
● usually applied when the population is large
● population is divided into groups
and randomly selecting groups (samples are the selected
clusters
● members of groups have different characteristics

Note. Composition of clusters must be the same from each other.

 Types of Cluster Sampling
1. One-Stage Cluster Sampling

2. Two-Stage Cluster Sampling

3. Multi-Stage Cluster Sampling

 One-Stage Cluster Sampling
1. One-Stage Cluster Sampling

● Definition: In one-stage cluster sampling, the entire

population is divided into clusters, and a random
sample of these clusters is selected. All individuals
or elements within the selected clusters are then
included in the sample.
 One-Stage Cluster Sampling
EXAMPLE:

If a school district has 50 schools, and you

randomly select 10 of these schools (clusters),
then survey all students (elements) in those 10
schools.
 Two-Stage Cluster Sampling
2. Two-Stage Cluster Sampling

● Definition: Two-stage cluster sampling adds an additional layer

of sampling. First, clusters are selected at random, just like in
one-stage cluster sampling. Then, instead of surveying all
individuals within those clusters, a second random sample is
taken within each of the selected clusters.
 Two-Stage Cluster Sampling
EXAMPLE:

● Continuing with the school district example, after selecting

10 schools (clusters), you then randomly select a certain
number of students (elements) from each of those 10
schools to include in your sample.
 Multi-Stage Cluster Sampling
Definition: Multi-stage cluster sampling is an
extension of two-stage sampling, involving multiple
layers or stages of sampling. After selecting clusters in
the first stage, subsequent stages involve selecting
sub-clusters or individual elements within the clusters
in a hierarchical manner.
 Multi-Stage Cluster Sampling
Example: In the school district scenario,
first, you might randomly select schools
(first stage), then classrooms within those
schools (second stage), and finally,
individual students within those classrooms
(third stage).
Cluster Sampling

Population

Population N
Clusters
(large in
numbers

1st stage
sample n
clusters(small
N CLUSTERS in numbers)

2nd stage m units

from N
clusters(large
m UNITS number of elements
from each cluster)
 Multi-Stage Cluster Sampling
● Step one: Choose a sampling frame, considering the population of
interest. The researcher allocates a number to every group and
selects a small sample of relevant separate groups.

● Step two: Select a sampling frame of relevant separate sub-groups.

Do this from related, different discrete groups selected in the previous
stage.
 Multi-Stage Cluster Sampling

● Step three: Repeat the second step if necessary.

● Step four: Using some variation of probability sampling,

choose the members of the sample group from the
sub-groups.
Example 1: Multi-Stage Cluster Sampling

● A survey to know about opinions on teachers of moving

the opening of classes from August to June or July.

Population:
Teachers across the
Philippines
● A survey to know about opinions on teachers of moving
the opening of classes from August to June or July.

STAGE 1

STAGE 2

STAGE 3
Example 2.Multi-Stage Cluster Sampling
Determining the average self-efficacy level of all
senior high school students in NCR.
● Would it be very easy to obtain a list of all
Questions: senior high school students?

● Can you easily obtain a list of all senior high

schools?
 advantages…

…efficient
…researcher doesn’t need names of all
population members
…reduces travel to site
…useful for educational research
 disadvantages…

…fewer sampling points make it less

like that the sample is representative
 Systematic Sampling
> every nth number from the
population is included in
the sample
Note. You may choose a starting point
at random
 Systematic Sampling
rd
Choose every 3 household
X X X
X X X
 Systematic Sampling

th
Choose every 5 student
 Example
How much time residents of a
condominium watch netflix on a weekday
basis? If there are 100 condo units, and
you will only survey 20 condo owners. Who
will be surveyed?
Formula
 Systematic Sampling

Therefore you will select every 5th member of

the target population.
 advantages…
...provides us with a sample that is highly
representative of the population being
studied,
...allows us to make statistical conclusions
from the data collected that will be
considered to be valid.
...time and cost efficient
 disadvantages…

…can only be carried out if a complete

list of the population is available.
 There will
always be a
sampling error
Non- Probability Sampling
 Convenience Sampling
the process of including whoever happens to be
available at the time
subjects used because they are convenient and
available

…called “accidental” or “haphazard” sampling

 Reasons why Researchers Resort
to Convenience Sampling

● Researcher is unable to select samples using probability

sampling

● Researcher does not have complete list of population in

hand

● Researcher does not have the opportunity to select samples

randomly due to time/cost/travel restrictions.
 Example: Convenience Sampling

Survey wants to know

opinions of teachers
about online learning
during COVID

Why would you use

convenience sampling
in this survey?
advantages…

…it is convenient and inexpensive

disadvantages…

…degree of generalizability is
questionable
 Purposive sampling
- the process whereby the researcher selects(hand-picked) a
sample based on experience or knowledge of the group to be
sampled

- Respondents are selected based on a pre-determined

criteria set by the researcher.
- researchers have prior knowledge of the common
characteristic of the subgroup which is relevant to the
objective
…called “judgment” sampling
 Why Use Purposive Sampling?
● Use on purpose to get that samples from whom researcher
can get maximum information

● When there are limited primary data available

 Example. Purposive sampling
- A researcher wants to compare the status of people who play
different games in a city
\
Criteria:
● Play a game or two regularly

● Play at least 5 hours a week

 Example. Purposive sampling
Criteria: Play a game or two regularly Play at least 5 hours a week
 advantages…
…useful in qualitative research

…cost and time-efficient

 disadvantages…
…extremely prone to researcher bias
…It can be an ineffective method when
applied to large population groups
Degree of generalizability is questionable

Quota Sampling
- Similar to stratified sampling (selected from homogeneous
group) but the selection of the sample is not done at random
-the process whereby a researcher gathers data from
individuals possessing identified characteristics and quotas

-done until a specific number of units (quotas) for various

sub-populations have been selected
Steps in Quota Sampling
 Example: Quota Sampling
Comparison of
eating habits of Population = 1000
boys and girls in
school.

300 Girls 700 Boys

Sample size = 100
 Example: Quota Sampling
300 Girls 700 Boys

(100/1000)*300 = 30

(100/1000)*700 = 70
Example: Quota Sampling
30 Girls 70 Boys
Determining the Sample
Size(n)
POPULATION (CENSUS)

Longer Time

Higher Cost
POPULATION (CENSUS)

SAMPLE
SAMPLE
 Sampling Error
…sampling error is to be expected
errors committed when you take a sample from
the population rather than using the entire
population.
How many
respondents
do I need to
survey?
 population Margin of
error

2000 5%

90%
P = .50 95%
Degree of
99% Confidence
variability Level
POPULATION (CENSUS)

SAMPLE
SAMPLE
 MARGIN OF ERROR

±5% or ±.05
 Example: MARGIN OF ERROR

A researcher finds, that 70% of the students

selected the modular learning approach with ±5%
Then the researcher can conclude that between 65%
and 75% of the students in the population have
selected modular learning approach.
 CONFIDENCE LEVEL OR RISK LEVEL

90% 95% 99%

The key idea for confidence level tells the researcher that if the
population is repeatedly samples the average value of the attribute
obtained by those samples is equal to the true population value.
 DEGREE OF VARIABILITY

ASSUMED VALUE: 0.50

SAMPLE SIZE
COCHRAN (1963)

no = sample size
Z is 1.96 at 95% confidence level
Z is 1.645 at 90% confidence level
Z is 2.33 at 98% confidence level

P = .50
q =1 -p e = .05
 PROBLEM

Suppose we wish to evaluate a nationwide agricultural extension

program in which farmers were encouraged to adopt a new farming
technology.

Assume that there is a large population but that we do not know

the variability in the proportion that will adopt the new farming
technology therefore assume p is equal to .5 and suppose that we
desire a 95% confidence level and 5% margin of error.
COCHRAN (1963)

No = sample size
Z is 1.96 at 95% confidence level
e = .05
q = 1-p
q = 1-.5
q = .5
YAMANE (1967)

N = population size
n = sample size

e = margin of error
 EXAMPLE

Suppose there are 2000 farmers in certain locality. You want

to conduct a survey on their willingness to adopt the new
farming technology. The margin of error is 5%

n = 333.33 = 333 farmers

Example:

Find n if N = 10,000 and e = 5%

 Find n if N = 10,000 and e = 5%
= A2/(1+(1000*.05*.05))

A B C D
1 N e

2 10,000 .05

4 n =

Type in the formula bar:

= A2/(1+(A2*.05*.05))
Sample Size Table
Sample SIze Calculator
Sample SIze Calculator
A large sample size will always lead to increased
precision of the different attributes of the population.
The bigger the sample size, the more accurate you
can be that the results really reflect the entire
population.
G* Power