FUNDAMENTAL OF COMPUTING

Q1. What is computer?

ANS: A computer is an electronic device that manipulates information, or data.
It has the ability to store, retrieve, and process data. Modern computers can
perform generic sets of operations known as programs. These programs enable
computers to perform a wide range of tasks.

Q2. What are the basic 3 part of the computer .

ANS:
 System Unit
 Monitor
 Keyboard

Q3. What is memory cell

ANS: The memory cell is the fundamental building block of computer memory.
The memory cell is an electronic circuit that stores one bit of binary information
and it must be set to store a logic 1 (high voltage level) and reset to store a logic
0 (low voltage level). Its value is maintained/stored until it is changed by the
set/reset process. The value in the memory cell can be accessed by reading it .

Q4. What is volatile memory

ANS: Volatile memory is computer memory that requires power to maintain the
stored information. Most modern semiconductor volatile memory is either Static
RAM (see SRAM) or dynamic RAM (see DRAM). SRAM retains its contents as
long as the power is connected and is easy to interface to but uses six transistors
per bit. Dynamic RAM is more complicated to interface to and control and needs
regular refresh cycles to prevent its contents being lost.

Q5. What is non-volatile memory

ANS: Non-volatile memory is computer memory that can retain the stored
information even when not powered. Examples of non-volatile memory include
read-only memory (see ROM), flash memory, most types of magnetic computer
storage devices , optical discs, and early computer storage methods such as paper
tape and punched cards.

Q6. What is memory

ANS: Memory is the storage space in the computer, where data is to be processed
and instructions required for processing are stored. The memory is divided into
large number of small parts called cells. Each location or cell has a unique
address, which varies from zero to memory size minus one.
Q7. List the types of computer
ANS:
 Mainframe Computer
 Super Computer
 Workstation Computer
 Personal Computer (PC)
 Apple Macintosh (Mac)
 Laptop computer (notebook)

Q8. How many generations are present at this time ?

ANS:
 First Generation
The period of first generation: 1946-1959. Vacuum tube based.
 Second Generation
The period of second generation: 1959-1965. Transistor based.
 Third Generation
The period of third generation: 1965-1971. Integrated Circuit based
 Fourth Generation
The period of fourth generation: 1971-1980. VLSI microprocessor based.
 Fifth Generation
The period of fifth generation: 1980-onwards. ULSI microprocessor based.

Q9. What is i/p device o/p device

ANS:Alternatively referred to as an IO device, an input/output device is
any hardware used by a human operator or other systems to communicate with a
computer. As the name suggests, input/output devices are capable of sending data
(output) to a computer and receiving data from a computer (input).

Q10. What is the purpose of ALU unit in CPU ?

ANS: An arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is a digital circuit used to perform
arithmetic and logic operations. It represents the fundamental building block of
the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer. Modern CPUs contain very
powerful and complex ALUs. In addition to ALUs, modern CPUs contain a
control unit (CU).

Q11. List the different types of scanner

ANS: A scanner is a device that captures images from photographic prints,
posters, magazine pages, and similar sources for computer editing and display.
Different types of scanners are ;
 hand-held
 Flat bed
 Sheet-fed
  Drum scanner

Q12. What is impact printer.

ANS: Impact printers create an image by using some mechanism to physically
press an inked ribbon against the page, causing the ink to be deposited on the
page in the shape desired. These printers are typically loud, but remain in use
today because of their unique ability to function with multipart forms.

Q13. What is non-impact printer.

ANS: A printing device (such as a laser printer) in which a printing element
does not directly strike a surface.

Q14. List the different input devices.

ANS:
 keyboards
 Mouse
 Scanners
 Cameras
 Joysticks
 Microphones.

Q15. List the different output devices.

ANS:
 Monitor.
 Printer.
 Headphones.
 Computer Speakers.
 Projector.
 GPS.

Q16. List any five secondary storage devices/memory.

ANS:
 Solid-state drives (SSDs).
 Hard disk drives (HDDs).
 Cloud storage.
 CD-ROM drives.
 DVD drives.
Q17. What is algorithm?
ANS: an algorithm is a series of instructions telling a computer how to transform
a set of facts about the world into useful information. The facts are data, and the
useful information is knowledge for people, instructions for machines or input for
yet another algorithm.

Q18. Give the definition of flow chart.

ANS: A flowchart is a diagram that represents a set of instructions . Flowcharts
normally use standard symbols to represent the different types of instructions.
These symbols are used to construct the flowchart and show the step-by-step
solution to the problem.

Q19. What is program

ANS: In computing, a program is a specific set of ordered operations for a
computer to perform .Typically, the program is put into a storage area accessible
to the computer. The computer gets one instruction and performs it and then gets
the next instruction.

Q20. What is compiler

ANS: The name "compiler" is primarily used for programs that translate source
code from a high-level programming language to a lower level language (e.g.
assembly language, object code, or machine code) to create an executable
program.

Q21. What is assembler

ANS: An assembler is a program that takes basic computer instructions and
converts them into a pattern of bits that the computer's processor can use to
perform its basic operations. Some people call these instructions assembler
language and others use the term assembly language.

Q22. What is interpreter

ANS: An interpreter is a computer program that directly executes instructions
written in a programming or scripting language, without requiring them
previously to have been compiled into a machine language program.

Q23. What is hardware

ANS: Hardware is the most visible part of any information system: the equipment
such as computers, scanners and printers that is used to capture data, transform it
and present it to the user as output. Computer hardware includes the physical,
tangible parts or components of a computer, such as the cabinet, central
processing unit, monitor, keyboard, computer data storage, graphic card, sound
card, speakers and motherboard.
Q24. What is software
ANS: Software, instructions that tell a computer what to do. Software comprises
the entire set of programs, procedures, and routines associated with the operation
of a computer system. A set of instructions that directs a computer's hardware to
perform a task is called a program, or software program.

Q25. List the symbols used for flowchart

ANS:
 The Oval-An End or Beginning While Creating a Flowchart. The oval, or
terminator, is used to represent the start and end of a process.
 The Rectangle- A Step in the Flowcharting Process.
 The Arrow- Indicate Directional Flow.
 The Diamond-Indicate a Decision

Q26. What are the different programming languages

ANS:
 Procedural Programming Language.
 Functional Programming Language.
 Scripting Programming Language.
 Logic Programming Language.
 Object-Oriented Programming Language.

Q27. List the 3 translator’s name

ANS: There are mainly three Types of translators which are used to translate
different programming languages into machine equivalent code:
 Assembler.
 Compiler.
 Interpreter.

Q28. What is computer network

ANS: A computer network is a set of computers sharing resources located on or
provided by network nodes. The computers use common communication
protocols over digital interconnections to communicate with each other.

Q29. What is LAN

ANS: A local area network (LAN) is a collection of devices connected together
in one physical location, such as a building, office, or home. A LAN can be small
or large, ranging from a home network with one user to an enterprise network
with thousands of users and devices in an office or school.

Q30. What is WAN

ANS: WAN(Wide Area Network) is a computer network that spans relatively a
large geographical area. WANs are used to connect LANs and other types of
networks together, so that users and computers in one location can communicate
with users and computers in other locations.

Q31. What is MAN

ANS: A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a computer network that is larger
than a single building local area network (LAN) but is located in a single
geographic area that is smaller than a wide area network (WAN).

Q32. What is internet

ANS: The Internet is a vast network that connects computers all over the world.
Through the Internet, people can share information and communicate from
anywhere with an Internet connection.

Q33. What is operating system

ANS: An Operating System (OS) is an interface between a computer user and
computer hardware. An operating system is a software which performs all the
basic tasks like file management, memory management, process management,
handling input and output, and controlling peripheral devices such as disk drives
and printers.
Q34. What is RAM
ANS: Random-access memory is a form of computer memory that can be read
and changed in any order, typically used to store working data and machine code.

Q35. How many bits forms 1 byte?

ANS: A byte consists of 8 adjacent binary digits (bits), each of which consists of
a 0 or 1.

Q36. What is system software?

ANS: System software is a type of computer program that is designed to run a
computer's hardware and application programs.

Q37. What is application software?

ANS:
Application software is a term which is used for software created for a specific
purpose. It is generally a program or collection of programs used by end users. It
can be called an application or simply an app. A software which is developed to
help the user to perform specific tasks is called application software.

Q38. List the different types of keys present on keyboard?

ANS:
 Typing (alphanumeric) keys.
 Control keys.
 Function keys.
 Navigation keys.
 Numeric keypad.

Q39. What is QWERTY keyboard?

ANS: QWERTY is a keyboard design for Latin-script alphabets. The name comes
from the order of the first six keys on the top left letter row of the keyboard. The
QWERTY design is based on a layout created for the Sholes and Glidden
typewriter and sold to E.

Q40. What is EAPROM?

ANS: EAPROM stands for electrically erasable programmable read-only
memory and is a type of non-volatile memory used in computers, integrated
in microcontrollers for smart cards and remote keyless systems, and other
electronic devices to store relatively small amounts of data by allowing individual
bytes to be erased and reprogrammed.

Q41. When we use the secondary memory?

ANS: Secondary memory is computer memory that is non-volatile and persistent
in nature and is not directly accessed by a computer/processor. It allows a user to
store data that may be instantly and easily retrieved, transported and used by
applications and services. Secondary memory is also known as secondary storage.

Q42. It is more suitable to use pen drive rather than floppy? Why
ANS: It is more suitable to use a pen drive rather than a floppy. The floppy data
can be destroyed by heat and magnetic fields. The Pen drive only gets destroyed
by a bad USB connector (but the data survives) and time. Some are made more
rugged and can survive water (or salt water) and be just fine.

Q43. What is the longform of MICR scanner.

ANS: Magnetic ink character recognition (MICR) is a technology used primarily
to identify and process checks. It is called a magnetic ink character recognition
line in reference to the print technology that is used to enable a machine to read,
process, and record information.
Q44. List the topologies of computer network.
ANS:
 Mesh Topology
 Star Topology
 Hybrid Topology
 Bus Topology
 Ring Topology

Q45. List the different types of operating system

ANS:
 Batch Operating System.
 Time-Sharing Operating System.
 Distributed Operating System.
 Embedded Operating System.
 Real-time Operating System.

Q46. What are the binary digits?

ANS: A binary digit (bit) is the minimum unit of binary information stored in a
computer system. A bit can have only two states, on or off, which are commonly
represented as ones and zeros. The combination of ones and zeros determines
which information is entered into and processed by the computer.

Q47. When the first generation introduced?

ANS: The period of first generation was from 1946-1959. The computers of first
generation used vacuum tubes as the basic components for memory and circuitry
for CPU (Central Processing Unit).

Q48. At which time second generation developed.

Ans: The period of second generation was from 1959-1965. In this generation,
transistors were used that were cheaper, consumed less power, more compact in
size, more reliable and faster than the first-generation machines made of vacuum
tubes.

Q49. In which year third generation introduce.

Ans: The period of third generation was 1964-1972. The third generation of
computer is marked by the use of Integrated Circuits (IC's) in place of transistors.
Q50. What is printer?
ANS: A printer is basically an output device which prints a hard copy of the
electronic data that is stored in the computer or any other devices. The electronic
data may include documents, text, images or even the combination of all three.
Particular printers are available for printing particular data types .

Q51. Define analog computer.

ANS: An analog computer is a computer which is used to process analog data.
Analog computers store data in a continuous form of physical quantities and
perform calculations with the help of measures. It is quite different from the
digital computer, which makes use of symbolic numbers to represent results.

Q52. Give the definition of digital computer

ANS: The definition of a digital computer is the most commonly used type of
computer and is used to process information with quantities using digits, usually
using the binary number system.

Q53. Define bit.

ANS: A bit (short for binary digit) is the smallest unit of data in a computer. A
bit has a single binary value, either 0 or 1. Half a byte (four bits) is called a nibble.
In some systems, the term octet is used for an eight-bit unit instead of byte.

Q54. What is Bug?

ANS: A bug refers to an error, fault or flaw in any computer program or a
hardware system. A bug produces unexpected results or causes a system to
behave unexpectedly. In short it is any behavior or result that a program or system
gets but it was not designed to do.

Q55. What is Bus?

ANS: A bus is a high-speed internal connection. Buses are used to send control
signals and data between the processor and other components. Three types of bus
are used. Address bus - carries memory addresses from the processor to other
components such as primary storage and input/output devices .

Q56. Which type of printer having superior print quality?

ANS: Inkjet photo printers are the best option for businesses that need to print
color documents or black and white documents, like photographs, with a lot of
variation in greytones at the highest possible quality.

Q57. Define on-line devices.

ANS: Online, in a generic sense, refers to when an electronic device is on and
connected to other devices, such as another computer, a network or a device such
as a printer. More recently, the term online has come to mean connected to the
Internet.

Q58. What’s the meaning of off-line devices?

ANS: Offline means that the device and its user are disconnected from the global
internet. Many internet programs have an “offline mode” when disconnected
from a network.

Q59. Explain or give the meaning of parity bit?

ANS: A parity bit is a check bit, which is added to a block of data for error
detection purposes. It is used to validate the integrity of the data. The value of the
parity bit is assigned either 0 or 1 that makes the number of 1s in the message
block either even or odd depending upon the type of parity.

Q60. Which was the electronic component used in first generation computer?
ANS: The computers of first generation used vacuum tubes as the basic
components for memory and circuitry for CPU (Central Processing Unit).

Q61. Give the name of electronic component that was used in development of the
second generation of computer.
ANS: By 1948, the invention of the transistor drastically changed the computer's
development. The transistor replaced the cumbersome vacuum tube in
televisions, radios and computers.

Q62. From which electronic component the third generation computers was
developed?
ANS: The computers of third generation used Integrated Circuits (ICs) in place
of transistors.

Q63. What is multiprocessing operating system?

ANS: A multiprocessing operating system (OS) is one in which two or more
central processing units (CPUs) control the functions of the computer. ... The use
of multiple processors allows the computer to perform calculations faster, since
tasks can be divided up between processors.

Q64. Give the name of any 3 system software

ANS: System software is software designed to provide a platform for other
software. Examples of system software include operating systems like;
 MacOS
 Linux
 Android
 Microsoft Windows
Q65. Give the name of any 3 application software
ANS:
 Graphics software
 Database software
 Spreadsheet software
 Presentation software

Q66. What is the alternate name to BCD code ?

ANS: BCD (binary-coded decimal), also called alphanumeric BCD, alphameric
BCD, BCD Interchange Code, or BCDIC, is a family of representations of
numerals, uppercase Latin letters, and some special and control characters as six-
bit character codes.

Q67. How to obtain BCD code ?

ANS: Simply divide the binary number into groups of four digits, starting with
the least significant digit and then write the decimal digit represented by each 4-
bit group.

Q68. What is the long form of ASCII code ?

ANS: American Standard Code For Information Interchange.
ASCII, abbreviation of American Standard Code For Information Interchange, a
standard data-transmission code that is used by smaller and less-powerful
computers to represent both textual data (letters, numbers, and punctuation
marks) and noninput-device commands (control characters).

Q69. What is logic gate.

ANS: A logic gate is a device that acts as a building block for digital circuits.
They perform basic logical functions that are fundamental to digital circuits.

Q70. List the basic gates

ANS: All digital systems can be constructed by only three basic logic gates. These
basic gates are called the AND gate, the OR gate, and the NOT gate.

Q71. What is OR gate.

ANS: An OR gate is a digital logic gate that gives an output of 1 when any of its
inputs are 1, otherwise 0.

Q72. What is AND gate.

ANS: An AND gate is an electrical circuit that combines two signals so that the
output is on if both signals are present. An AND gate is an electrical circuit that
combines two signals so that the output is on if both signals are present.
Q73. What is NOT gate.
ANS: In digital logic, an inverter or NOT gate is a logic gate which implements
logical negation. In other words, if the input is true, then the output will be false.
Similarly, a false input results in a true output.

Q74. What are the derived logic gate.

ANS: The logic gates which are derived from the basic gates such as AND, OR,
NOT gates are called derived gates. These derived gates have their own unique
Symbols, Truth Tables and Boolean Expressions.

Q75. How many derived logic gates are available?

ANS: There are three primary logic gates: AND, OR and NOT. All other logic
gates could be represented as a combination of these.

Q76. What is NOR gate.

ANS: A NOR gate is a logic gate which gives a positive output only when both
inputs are negative. Like NAND gates, NOR gates are so-called "universal gates"
that can be combined to form any other kind of logic gate.

Q77. What is NAND gate

ANS: A NAND gate is a logic gate which produces an output which is false only
if all its inputs are true; thus its output is complement to that of an AND gate.

Q78. What is XOR gate.

ANS: XOR gate is a digital logic gate that gives a true output when the number
of true inputs is odd. An XOR gate implements an exclusive or from mathematical
logic.

Q79. What is X-NOR gate.

ANS: The XNOR gate is a digital logic gate whose function is the logical
complement of the Exclusive OR gate. It is equivalent to the logical connective
from mathematical logic, also known as the material biconditional.

Q80. What is even parity

ANS: Even parity refers to a parity checking mode in asynchronous
communication systems in which an extra bit, called a parity bit, is set to zero if
there is an even number of one bits in a one-byte data item.

Q81. What is odd parity.

ANS: If the total number of ones in the data plus the parity bit is an odd number
of ones, it is called odd parity. If the data already has an odd number of ones, the
value of the added parity bit is 0, otherwise it is 1.
Q82. List out the basic laws of Boolean algebra
ANS: The basic Laws of Boolean Algebra that relate to the Commutative Law
allowing a change in position for addition and multiplication, the Associative
Law allowing the removal of brackets for addition and multiplication, as well as
the Distributive Law allowing the factoring of an expression, are the same as in
ordinary algebra.

Q83. State the first De-morgans theorem.

Ans: In algebra, De Morgan's First law or First Condition states that the
complement of the product of two variables is corresponding to the sum of the
complement of each variable.

Q84. State the second De-morgans theorem.

Ans: DeMorgan's Second theorem proves that when two (or more) input variables
are OR'ed and negated, they are equivalent to the AND of the complements of the
individual variables. Thus the equivalent of the NOR function is a negative-AND
function proving that A+B = A.

Q85. What are the basic rules of binary addition?

ANS:
 0 + 0 = 0.
 0 + 1 = 1.
 1 + 1 = 10.
If the sum of 2 bits is greater than 1, we need to shift a column on the left.
In decimal system, 1 + 1 = 2. Binary notation of 2 is 10 (1 * 2^1 + 0 * 2^0).
So we keep 0 in the 1's column and shift (carry over) 1 to the 2's column.

Q86. What are the basic rules of binary substraction?

ANS:
 0 – 0 = 0.
 0 – 1 = 1 ( with a borrow of 1)
 1 – 0 = 1.
 1 – 1 = 0.

Q87. How to obtain 1’st complement.

ANS: To get 1's complement of a binary number, simply invert the given number.
For example, 1's complement of binary number 110010 is 001101.
Q88. How to obtain 2’nd complement.
ANS: To get 2's complement of binary number is 1's complement of given
number plus 1 to the least significant bit (LSB). For example 2's complement of
binary number 10010 is (01101) + 1 = 01110.

Q89. What is half adder?

ANS: Half Adder is a combinational logic circuit which is designed by
connecting one EX-OR gate and one AND gate. The half adder circuit has two
inputs: A and B, which add two input digits and generates a carry and a sum.
Thus, this is called Half Adder circuit.

Q90. What is full adder?

ANS: Full Adder is the adder which adds three inputs and produces two outputs.
A full adder logic is designed in such a manner that can take eight inputs together
to create a byte-wide adder and cascade the carry bit from one adder to the
another.

Q91. What’s the meaning of multiplexer?

ANS: Is a device that selects between several analog or digital input signals and
forwards the selected input to a single output line.

Q92. What is a Decoder

ANS:A decoder is a circuit that changes a code into a set of signals. It is called a
decoder because it does the reverse of encoding, but we will begin our study of
encoders and decoders with decoders because they are simpler to design.

Q93. What is a Encoder

ANS: An encoder is a hardware device or software program used to convert, or
encode, data from one format into another.

Q94. Define flip-flop

ANS: A flip-flop is a device which stores a single bit (binary digit) of data; one
of its two states represents a "one" and the other represents a "zero".

Q95. What is register

ANS: Registers are a type of computer memory used to quickly accept, store, and
transfer data and instructions that are being used immediately by the CPU.

Q96. What is shift register.

ANS: A shift register is a type of digital circuit using a cascade of flip flops where
the output of one flip-flop is connected to the input of the next.
Q97. What is clocked D flip-flop
ANS: A D (or Delay) Flip Flop is a digital electronic circuit used to delay the
change of state of its output signal (Q) until the next rising edge of a clock timing
input signal occurs.

Q98. Give the four basic types of shift register?

ANS:
 Serial In − Serial Out shift register.
 Serial In − Parallel Out shift register.
 Parallel In − Serial Out shift register.
 Parallel In − Parallel Out shift register.

Q99. what is the basic element of semiconductor memory?

ANS: The basic element of a semiconductor memory is the memory cell.

Q100. What is EEPROM?

ANS: EEPROM stands for electrically erasable programmable read-only
memory and is a type of non-volatile memory used in computers, integrated
in microcontrollers for smart cards and remote keyless systems, and other
electronic devices to store relatively small amounts of data by allowing individual
bytes to be erased and reprogrammed.

Q101. Explain central processing unit.

ANS: The computer's central processing unit (CPU) is the portion of a computer
that retrieves and executes instructions. The CPU is essentially the brain of a CAD
system. It consists of an arithmetic and logic unit (ALU), a control unit, and
various registers. The CPU is often simply referred to as the processor. The ALU
performs arithmetic operations, logic operations, and related operations,
according to the program instructions. The control unit of the central processing
unit regulates and integrates the operations of the computer. It selects and
retrieves instructions from the main memory in proper sequence and interprets
them so as to activate the other functional elements of the system at the
appropriate moment to perform their respective operations. All input data are
transferred via the main memory to the arithmetic-logic unit for processing,
which involves the four basic arithmetic functions (i.e., addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and division) and certain logic operations such as the comparing
of data and the selection of the desired problem-solving procedure or a
viable alternative based on predetermined decision criteria.
Q102. Explain first generation of computer.
ANS: The period of first generation was from 1946-1959. The computers of first
generation used vacuum tubes as the basic components for memory and circuitry
for CPU (Central Processing Unit). These tubes, like electric bulbs, produced a
lot of heat and the installations used to fuse frequently. Therefore, they were very
expensive and only large organizations were able to afford it.
In this generation, mainly batch processing operating system was used. Punch
cards, paper tape, and magnetic tape was used as input and output devices. The
computers in this generation used machine code as the programming language.

Q103. Explain second generation of computer.

ANS: The period of second generation was from 1959-1965. In this generation,
transistors were used that were cheaper, consumed less power, more compact in
size, more reliable and faster than the first generation machines made of vacuum
tubes. In this generation, magnetic cores were used as the primary memory and
magnetic tape and magnetic disks as secondary storage devices.
In this generation, assembly language and high-level programming languages like
FORTRAN, COBOL were used. The computers used batch processing and
multiprogramming operating system.

Q104. Explain third generation of computer.

ANS: The period of third generation was from 1965-1971. The computers of third
generation used Integrated Circuits (ICs) in place of transistors. A single IC has
many transistors, resistors, and capacitors along with the associated circuitry.
The IC was invented by Jack Kilby. This development made computers smaller
in size, reliable, and efficient. In this generation remote processing, time-sharing,
multiprogramming operating system were used. High-level languages
(FORTRAN-II TO IV, COBOL, PASCAL PL/1, BASIC, ALGOL-68 etc.) were
used during this generation.

Q105. Explain fourth generation of computer.

ANS: The period of fourth generation was from 1971-1980. Computers of fourth
generation used Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits. VLSI circuits
having about 5000 transistors and other circuit elements with their associated
circuits on a single chip made it possible to have microcomputers of fourth
generation.
Fourth generation computers became more powerful, compact, reliable, and
affordable. As a result, it gave rise to Personal Computer (PC) revolution. In this
generation, time sharing, real time networks, distributed operating system were
used. All the high-level languages like C, C++, DBASE etc., were used in this
generation.
Q106. Explain fifth generation of computer
ANS: The period of fifth generation is 1980-till date. In the fifth generation, VLSI
technology became ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) technology, resulting in
the production of microprocessor chips having ten million electronic components.
This generation is based on parallel processing hardware and AI (Artificial
Intelligence) software. AI is an emerging branch in computer science, which
interprets the means and method of making computers think like human beings.
All the high-level languages like C and C++, Java, .Net etc., are used in this
generation.

Q107. Explain speed characteristics of computer

ANS: A computer works with much higher speed and accuracy compared to
humans while performing mathematical calculations. Computers can process
millions (1,000,000) of instructions per second. The time taken by computers for
their operations is microseconds and nanoseconds. For example, calculation and
generation of salary slips of thousands of employees of an organization, weather
forecasting that requires analysis of a large amount of data related to temperature,
pressure and humidity of various places, etc.

Q108. Explain accuracy characteristics of computer

ANS: Computers perform calculations with 100% accuracy. Errors may occur
due to data inconsistency or inaccuracy .For example, the computer can
accurately give the result of division of any two numbers up to 10 decimal places.

Q109. Explain diligence characteristics of computer

ANS: When used for a longer period of time, the computer does not get tired or
fatigued. It can perform long and complex calculations with the same speed and
accuracy from the start till the end.

Q110. Explain versatility characteristics of computer

Ans: Versatility is one of the most wonderful features of computers. This means
that the computer has the ability to perform completely different kinds of works
with the same accuracy and efficiency at the same time. It is not just a calculating
machine anymore.

Q111. Explain analog computer.

Ans: An analog computer is a computer which is used to process analog data.
Analog computers store data in a continuous form of physical quantities and
perform calculations with the help of measures. It is quite different from the
digital computer, which makes use of symbolic numbers to represent results.
Analog computers are excellent for situations which require data to be measured
directly without converting into numerals or codes. Analog computers, although
available and used in industrial and scientific applications like control systems
and aircraft, have been largely replaced by digital computers due to the wide
range of complexities involved.

Q112. Explain digital computer.

Ans: Digital Computer , any of a class of devices capable of solving problems by
processing information in discrete form. It operates on data, including
magnitudes, letters, and symbols, that are expressed in binary code i.e., using only
the two digits 0 and 1. By counting, comparing, and manipulating these digits or
their combinations according to a set of instructions held in its memory, a digital
computer can perform such tasks as to control industrial processes and regulate
the operations of machines.

Q113. Explain hybrid computer

ANS: A hybrid computer is a type of computer that offers the functionalities of
both a digital and an analog computer. It is designed to include a working analog
unit that is powerful for calculations, yet has a readily available digital memory.
In large industries and businesses, a hybrid computer can be used to incorporate
logical operations as well as provide efficient processing of differential equations.

Q114. Explain micro computer

ANS: A microcomputer is a computer with a central processing unit (CPU) as a
microprocessor. Designed for individual use, a microcomputer is smaller than a
mainframe or a minicomputer.
The term microcomputer is not as commonly used as it was during the 1970s-
1980s. We now refer to microcomputers as, simply, computers, or personal
computers (PC).

Q115. Explain mini computer

ANS: A minicomputer is a type of computer that possesses most of the features
and capabilities of a large computer but is smaller in physical size.
A minicomputer fills the space between the mainframe and microcomputer, and
is smaller than the former but larger than the latter. Minicomputers are mainly
used as small or mid-range servers operating business and scientific applications.
However, the use of the term minicomputer has diminished and has merged with
servers. A minicomputer may also be called a mid-range computer.

Q116. Explain mainframe computer

ANS: Mainframes are a type of computer that generally are known for their large
size, amount of storage, processing power and high level of reliability. They are
primarily used by large organizations for mission-critical applications requiring
high volumes of data processing. In general, there are a few characteristics of
mainframes that are common among all mainframe vendors: Nearly all
mainframes have the ability to run (or host) multiple operating systems.
Mainframes can add or hot swap system capacity without disruption. Mainframes
are designed to handle very high volume input and output (I/O) and emphasize
throughput computing. A single mainframe can replace dozens or even hundreds
of smaller servers.

Q117. Explain super computer

ANS: A supercomputer is a type of computer that has the architecture, resources
and components to achieve massive computing power. Today's supercomputers
consists of tens of thousands of processors that are able to perform billions and
trillions of calculations or computations per second. A supercomputer is a
computer with a high level of performance as compared to a general-purpose
computer. The performance of a supercomputer is commonly measured in
floating-point operations per second instead of million instructions per second.

Q118. Explain D-flip-flop.

ANS: A D-type flip-flop is a clocked flip-flop which has two stable states. A D-
type flip-flop operates with a delay in input by one clock cycle. Thus, by
cascading many D-type flip-flops delay circuits can be created, which are used in
many applications such as in digital television systems. A D-type flip-flop is also
known as a D flip-flop or delay flip-flop.

Q119. Explain JK-flip-flop

ANS: A JK Flip Flop is a sequential bi-state single-bit memory device named
after its inventor by Jack kil . In general it has one clock input pin (CLK), two
data input pins (J and K), and two output pins (Q and Q̅) . JK flip-flop can either
be triggered upon the leading-edge of the clock or on its trailing edge and hence
can either be positive- or negative- edge-triggered, respectively.

Q120. Explain SR flip-flop

Ans: The SR flip flop is a 1-bit memory bistable device having two inputs, i.e.,
SET and RESET. The SET input 'S' set the device or produce the output 1, and
the RESET input 'R' reset the device or produce the output 0. The SET and
RESET inputs are labeled as S and R, respectively.
The SR flip flop stands for "Set-Reset" flip flop. The reset input is used to get
back the flip flop to its original state from the current state with an output 'Q'.
This output depends on the set and reset conditions, which is either at the logic
level "0" or "1".