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To my family and friends—thank you for all of your
support.

—Mike K.

To Steph, Grant, and Kate—thank you for being the

brightest spots in my life.

—Mike S.
 ABOUT THE AUTHORS

Mike Kegerreis, CISSP, has over 20 years of

experience in IT, including 11 as a security professional.
Mike graduated from Texas A&M University and spent
12 years as a software developer before moving into
information security. He has participated in SANS course
and certification development; has spoken at venues
such as InfoSec World, CAMP IT, the University of Texas
at Dallas, and the Dallas IIA Super Conference; and in a
prior life, developed human interfaces for oilfield
systems in West Texas. A lifelong fan of golf, Mike also
enjoys playing a round whenever he can, and his favorite
course as of now is the TPC Las Vegas. Mike is currently
the lead security architect at Texas Instruments.

Mike Schiller, CISA, is the chief information security

officer at Texas Instruments and has more than 15 years
of experience in the IT audit field, including as the IT
audit director at Texas Instruments and Sabre. He has
been a speaker at conferences such as CACS, InfoSec
World, and ASUG (Americas’ SAP Users’ Group); an
instructor of IT audit curriculum at Southern Methodist
University; and part of the writing team for all three
editions of IT Auditing: Using Controls to Protect
Information Assets. Mike graduated from Texas A&M
University. He enjoys watching baseball in his spare time
and has attended games in every Major League stadium.
His baseball allegiance is to the Texas Rangers and
Cincinnati Reds.

Chris Davis drives product and architecture strategy

for customers building secure and compliant hybrid
cloud infrastructures using Caveonix. He has trained and
presented in information security, advanced computer
forensic analysis, hardware security design, auditing, risk
management, and certification curriculum for enterprise
and governments worldwide. He has held positions at
Oracle, Amazon, VMware, VCE, Critical Start, Accudata
Systems, ForeScout Technologies, and Texas
Instruments. Chris holds a bachelor’s degree in Nuclear
Engineering Technologies from Thomas Edison and a
master’s in business from the University of Texas at
Austin. Chris has written and/or contributed to several
books covering information security, forensics, and
auditing, a few of which are Hacking Exposed:
Computer Forensics (first and second editions), IT
Auditing: Using Controls to Protect Information Assets
(first and second editions), Anti-Hacker Toolkit (second
and third editions), and The Computer Security
Handbook (fifth and sixth editions).

About the Contributors

Brian Wrozek is a seasoned cybersecurity executive
with 20+ years of experience in IT and information
security and management. As vice president of corporate
security, risk and compliance management, and physical
security at Optiv, Brian oversees all corporate security
functions, including cyber operations, incident response,
vulnerability management, and security governance
activities. As an adjunct professor in the Satish and
Yasmin Gupta College of Business at the University of
Dallas, Brian teaches graduate-level cybersecurity
courses. He is also a board member for the Texas CISO
Council, an Information Sharing and Analysis
Organization (ISAO).

Bobby E. Rogers is an information security engineer

working as a contractor for Department of Defense
agencies, helping to secure, certify, and accredit their
information systems. His duties include information
system security engineering, risk management, and
certification and accreditation efforts. He retired after 21
years in the U.S. Air Force, serving as a network security
engineer and instructor, and has secured networks all
over the world. Bobby has a master’s degree in
information assurance (IA) and is pursuing a doctoral
degree in cybersecurity from Capitol Technology
University in Maryland. His many certifications include
CISSP-ISSEP, CEH, and MCSE: Security, as well as the
CompTIA A+, Network+, Security+, and Mobility+
certifications.

Kevin Wheeler is an industry veteran with over 20

years of information security, IT audit, and compliance
experience. Kevin is the founder and managing director
of InfoDefense, an information security solutions
provider based in Plano, Texas. He has performed
information security audits and assessments as well as
network security design, computer incident response,
business continuity planning, and IT security training for
organizations in the financial services, healthcare,
manufacturing, government, and IT services industries.
Kevin’s project and employment portfolio includes
organizations such as the U.S. Department of Defense,
Bank of America, EDS (now DXC Technology),
Symantec, and the state of Texas. He has also been an
adjunct IT governance, risk, and compliance professor at
Southern Methodist University and is a frequent speaker
at information security and information technology audit
conferences.

About the Technical Reviewers

Tim Breeding, CISA, CGEIT, currently has the
privilege of serving as the IT audit manager at Centennial
Bank, where he is responsible for building and leading
the IT audit service to meet the present and future needs
of the bank. Previously, Tim was blessed to lead IT audit
at Walmart Stores, Inc., and Southwest Airlines. At both
Walmart and Southwest Airlines, Tim presided over
substantial growth of the IT audit functions. His
responsibilities included full and complete oversight for
all aspects of IT audit. This included managing project
teams that assess information technology risks and
mitigation strategies from both an audit and consulting
capacity. While at Walmart, Tim also spent several years
as a senior director in the Walmart U.S. Program
Management Office to promote effective program and
project governance. In addition, Tim served more than
13 years in several IT capacities at Texas Instruments.
His responsibilities included computer operations,
software development, software quality assurance, and
IT audit. Tim serves on the board of his local ISACA
chapter and has 25 years in the IT audit, controls, and
governance profession.

Michael Cox currently works as an information

security analyst for Texas Instruments, where he has also
worked as an IT auditor developing numerous audit
programs and automated audit tools. Prior to this, he
worked as a network engineer for Nortel, and he enjoys
doing Linux sysadmin work whenever he can get it.
Michael has a bachelor of arts degree in history from
Abilene Christian University and also served as a
technical reviewer for the first two editions of this book.

Gregory Gordon has worked in the information

technology industry for over 20 years with an extensive
background and certifications in information systems
security and auditing (CISSP and CISA) and has served
on the IT security board of a global semiconductor
design and manufacturing company. As an IT manager
of a global B2B integration development and operations
team, he is passionate about bringing creative solutions
to technical problems and developing people by helping
them to take their next steps. Outside of the office, Greg
enjoys all things soccer, traveling and experiencing
different cultures, and relaxing with friends and family.

John Clark, CISSP, CISA, CISM, CIPP/E, CIPT, FIP, is

an information security executive advisor to CISOs,
CIOs, board rooms, and business executives. With over
20 years of experience in information technology and
security, he has developed a passion for working with
clients, large and small, to develop business-aligned
information security and operational risk management
programs. John has provided information security
consulting and risk assessment services across a wide
variety of industries, including financial services,
gaming, healthcare, biotech, and telecommunications
services. In his current role as executive director of
oCISO Services at Optiv, he is part of a select team that
assists clients in developing and executing information
security program strategies and enabling effective
information security program operation. Prior to joining
Optiv, John held a variety of information security and
risk management leadership positions at Andrews Kurth,
American Express, and First National Bank of Arizona.
In addition to multiple industry certifications, John has a
bachelor’s degree in management information systems
and an MBA from the University of Houston.
 CONTENTS

Acknowledgments
Introduction

Part I Audit Overview

Chapter 1 Building an Effective Internal IT Audit
Function
Why Are We Here? (The Internal Audit
Department’s Mission)
Independence: The Great Myth
Adding Value Outside of Formal Audits
Business Advisory Audits
Four Methods for Business Advisory Audits
Early Involvement
Informal Audits
Knowledge Sharing
Self-Assessments
Continuous Auditing
Final Thoughts on Adding Value
Outside of Formal Audits
Relationship Building: Partnering vs.
Policing
 Learning to Build Partnerships
The Role of the IT Audit Team
Application Auditors (or Integrated
Auditors)
Data Extraction and Analysis
Specialists
IT Auditors
Forming and Maintaining an Effective IT
Audit Team
Career IT Auditors
IT Professionals
Career IT Auditors vs. IT
Professionals: Final Thoughts
Co-sourcing
Maintaining Expertise
Sources of Learning
Relationship with External Auditors and
Internal Assurance Functions
Summary
Chapter 2 The Audit Process
Internal Controls
Types of Internal Controls
Internal Control Examples
Determining What to Audit
Creating the Audit Universe
Ranking the Audit Universe
Determining What to Audit: Final
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 Thoughts
The Stages of an Audit
Planning
Fieldwork and Documentation
Issue Discovery and Validation
Solution Development
Report Drafting and Issuance
Issue Tracking
Standards
Summary

Part II Auditing Techniques

Chapter 3 Auditing Entity-Level Controls
Background
Test Steps for Auditing Entity-Level
Controls
Knowledge Base
Master Checklist
Chapter 4 Auditing Cybersecurity Programs
Background
Steps for Auditing Cybersecurity Programs
Knowledge Base
Master Checklist
Chapter 5 Auditing Data Centers and Disaster
Recovery
Background
 Data Center Auditing Essentials
Physical Security and Environmental
Controls
System and Site Resiliency
Data Center Operations
Disaster Preparedness
Test Steps for Auditing Data Centers
Neighborhood and External Risk
Factors
Physical Access Controls
Environmental Controls
Power and Electricity
Fire Suppression
Data Center Operations
System Resiliency
Data Backup and Restoration
Disaster Recovery Planning
Knowledge Base
Master Checklists
Chapter 6 Auditing Networking Devices
Background
Network Auditing Essentials
Protocols
OSI Model
Routers and Switches
LANs, VLANs, WANs, and WLANs
Firewalls
 Auditing Switches, Routers, and Firewalls
General Network Equipment Audit
Steps
Additional Switch Controls: Layer 2
Additional Router Controls: Layer 3
Additional Firewall Controls
Additional Controls for Wireless
Network Gear
Tools and Technology
Knowledge Base
Master Checklists
Chapter 7 Auditing Windows Servers
Background
Windows Auditing Essentials
Command-Line Tips
Essential Command-Line Tools
Common Commands
Server Administration Tools
Performing the Audit
Test Steps for Auditing Windows
Initial Steps
Account Management
Permissions Management
Network Security and Controls
Security Monitoring and Other
General Controls
Tools and Technology
 Knowledge Base
Master Checklist
Chapter 8 Auditing Unix and Linux Operating
Systems
Background
Unix and Linux Auditing Essentials
Key Concepts
File System Layout and Navigation
File System Permissions
Users and Authentication
Network Services
Test Steps for Auditing Unix and Linux
Account Management
Permissions Management
Network Security and Controls
Security Monitoring and Other
General Controls
Tools and Technology
Network Vulnerability Scanners
NMAP
Malware Detection Tools
Tools for Validating Password
Strength
Host-Based Vulnerability Scanners
Shell/Awk/etc
Knowledge Base
Master Checklists
Chapter 9 Auditing Web Servers and Web
Applications
Background
Web Auditing Essentials
One Audit with Multiple Components
Part 1: Test Steps for Auditing the Host
Operating System
Part 2: Test Steps for Auditing Web Servers
Part 3: Test Steps for Auditing Web
Applications
Additional Steps for Auditing Web
Applications
Tools and Technology
Knowledge Base
Master Checklists
Chapter 10 Auditing Databases
Background
Database Auditing Essentials
Common Database Vendors
Database Components
NoSQL Database Systems
Test Steps for Auditing Databases
Initial Steps
Operating System Security
Account Management
Permissions Management
Data Encryption
 Security Log Monitoring and
Management
Tools and Technology
Auditing Tools
Monitoring Tools
Encryption Tools
Knowledge Base
Master Checklist
Chapter 11 Auditing Big Data and Data Repositories
Background
Big Data and Data Repository Auditing
Essentials
Test Steps for Auditing Big Data and Data
Repositories
Knowledge Base
Master Checklist
Chapter 12 Auditing Storage
Background
Storage Auditing Essentials
Key Storage Components
Key Storage Concepts
Test Steps for Auditing Storage
Initial Steps
Account Management
Storage Management
Encryption and Permissions
 Management
Security Monitoring and Other
General Controls
Knowledge Base
Master Checklists
Chapter 13 Auditing Virtualized Environments
Background
Commercial and Open-Source Projects
Virtualization Auditing Essentials
Test Steps for Auditing Virtualization
Initial Steps
Account Management and Resource
Provisioning/Deprovisioning
Virtual Environment Management
Security Monitoring and Additional
Security Controls
Knowledge Base
Hypervisors
Tools
Master Checklists
Chapter 14 Auditing End-User Computing Devices
Background
Part 1: Auditing Windows and Mac Client
Systems
Windows and Mac Auditing Essentials
Test Steps for Auditing Windows and
Mac Client Systems
 Tools and Technology
Knowledge Base
Part 2: Auditing Mobile Devices
Mobile Device Auditing Essentials
Test Steps for Auditing Mobile Devices
Additional Considerations
Tools and Technology
Knowledge Base
Master Checklists
Chapter 15 Auditing Applications
Background
Application Auditing Essentials
Test Steps for Auditing Applications
Input Controls
Interface Controls
Audit Trails and Security Monitoring
Account Management
Permissions Management
Software Change Controls
Backup and Recovery
Data Retention and Classification and
User Involvement
Operating System, Database, and
Other Infrastructure Controls
Master Checklists
Chapter 16 Auditing Cloud Computing and
Outsourced Operations
 Background
Cloud Computing and Outsourced
Operations Auditing Essentials
IT Systems, Software, and
Infrastructure Outsourcing
IT Service Outsourcing
Other Considerations for IT Service
Outsourcing
Third-Party Reports and Certifications
Test Steps for Auditing Cloud Computing
and Outsourced Operations
Initial Steps
Vendor Selection and Contracts
Account Management and Data
Security
Operations and Governance
Legal Concerns and Regulatory
Compliance
Tools and Technology
Knowledge Base
Master Checklist
Chapter 17 Auditing Company Projects
Background
Project Auditing Essentials
High-Level Goals of a Project Audit
Basic Approaches to Project Auditing
Waterfall and Agile Software
 Development Methodologies
Seven Major Parts of a Project Audit
Test Steps for Auditing Company Projects
Overall Project Management
Project Startup, Requirements
Gathering, and Initial Design
Detailed Design and System
Development
Testing
Implementation
Training
Project Wrap-Up
Knowledge Base
Master Checklists
Chapter 18 Auditing New/Other Technologies
Background
New/Other Technology Auditing Essentials
Generalized Frameworks
Best Practices
Test Steps for Auditing New and Other
Technologies
Initial Steps
Account Management
Permissions Management
Network Security and Controls
Security Monitoring and Other
General Controls
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Other documents randomly have
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illum honoraverat: tunc vero eumdem imperatorem reliquit
cum octo myriadibus de suo exercitu.

CXLIV. Idem Megabazus hoc dicto, quod jam relaturus sum,

immortalem sui memoriam apud Hellespontios reliquit: nam
quum Byzantii agens audiret, Calchedonios septemdecim
annis ante Byzantios urbem suam in ea regione, ubi sita
est, condidisse; hoc igitur audito de Calchedoniis dixit, eos
cæcos illo tempore fuisse: etenim, quum pulcrior fuisset
locus condendæ urbi, turpiorem non fuisse electuros, ni
cæci fuissent. (2) Ille igitur Megabazus, imperator tunc
relictus in Hellespontiorum regione, armis subegit civitates,
quæ cum Medis non sentiebant.

CLXV. Dum hæc ille agebat, per idem tempus alia ingens
expeditio militaris in Libyam suscepta est; cujus caussam
ego exponam, postquam hæcce prius commemoravero. (2)
Argonautarum nepotes, a Pelasgis eis, qui Atheniensium
mulieres Braurone rapuerant, Lemno ejecti, navigarant
Lacedæmonem; et sedibus in Taygeto captis, ignem
incenderant. (3) Id conspicati Lacedæmonii, misso nuncio
sciscitabantur, quinam essent, et unde. Nuncio hi
respondent, Minyas se esse, heroum illorum filios, qui in
Argo navi navigassent: ab illis, postquam Lemnum
adpulissent, esse se procreatos. (4) Lacedæmonii, audita
hac narratione de genere Minyarum, iterum miserunt qui ex
illis quærerent, quo consilio in ipsorum venissent terram, et
ignem accenderent. (5) Dixerunt, a Pelasgis ejectos se ad
parentes venire: æquissimum enim esse ita fieri: cupereque
cum illis habitare, honorum participes, et terræ portionem
sortitos. (6) Placuit tunc Lacedæmoniis, Minyas recipere eis
conditionibus, quas ipsi proposuerant: maxime vero, ut hoc
facerent, movit eos hoc, quod Tyndaridæ participes fuerant
expeditionis Argonautarum. Itaque receptis Minyis et terræ
portionem adsignarunt, et per tribus eosdem distribuerunt.
Et illi statim matrimonia contraxerunt; uxoresque suas,
quas Lemni duxerant, aliis elocarunt.

CXLVI. Haud multo vero interjecto tempore, jam insolescere

Minyæ cœperunt, regni participes fieri postulantes, et alia
patrantes nefaria. (2) Itaque interimere eos decrevere
Lacedæmonii; et prehensos in custodiam misere. Supplicio
autem adficiunt Lacedæmonii, quoscumque morte plectunt,
nocturno tempore, interdiu vero neminem. (3) Quum igitur
in eo essent ut supplicio eos adficerent, uxores Minyarum,
quæ cives erant, et primariorum Spartanorum filiæ,
precatæ sunt ut ipsis liceret in carcerem intrare, et cum suo
cujusque marito colloqui. Et hi illas introire passi sunt,
nullum inde dolum suspicati: quidquid habebant vestium, id
maritis dabant; ipsæ maritorum vestes induebant. Ita
Minyæ, muliebri vestitu induti, quasi mulieres,
egrediebantur: eoque modo postquam evasere, iterum in
Taygeto sedes ceperunt.

CXLVII. Per idem vero tempus Theras, filius Autesionis,

Tisameni nepos, Thersandri pronepos, Polynicis abnepos,
colonos duxit Lacedæmone. Erat hic Theras, genere
Cadmeus, avunculus filiorum Aristodemi, Eurysthenis et
Proclis: qui quoad minores fuerant ætate, Theras tutor
illorum nomine regnum Spartæ administraverat. (2)
Postquam autem adoleverunt sororis filii, regnumque
capessiverunt, graviter ferens Theras ab aliis regi, qui
regnum ipse gustasset; negavit Lacedæmone se mansurum,
sed ad cognatos suos ait navigaturum. (3) Erant autem in
insula, quæ Thera nunc vocatur, cui olim Calliste nomen
fuerat, Membliari posteri, Pœcilis filii, natione Phœnicis. (4)
Cadmus enim, Agenoris filius, Europam quærens, ad
Theram quæ nunc vocatur adpulerat; ibi quum adpulisset,
tum, sive quod ei placeret illa regio, sive alia quapiam
caussa permotus, reliquit in ea insula quum alios Phœnices,
tum ex cognatis suis Membliarum: (5) itaque hi Callistam
quæ tunc vocabatur habitabant per octo hominum
generationes, priusquam Theras Lacedæmone eo
advenisset.

CXLVIII. Ad hos igitur Theras cum multitudine quadam e

Spartanorum tribubus profectus est, una cum illis
habitaturus, et neutiquam insula eos ejecturus, sed
admodum sibi eorum animos concilians. (2) Jam, quum
Minyæ ex carcere profugi in Taygeto consedissent, et de eis
interficiendis deliberarent Lacedæmonii, deprecatus est
Theras ne fieret cædes, pollicitus se illos ex ipsorum finibus
educturum. (3) Cui sententiæ quum cessissent
Lacedæmonii, tribus navibus triginta remorum Theras ad
Membliari posteros navigavit; non utique omnes secum
Minyas ducens, sed exiguum eorum numerum. (4) Nam
major pars in Paroreatarum et Cauconum fines se contulit:
hisque terra sua ejectis, in sex partes sese partiti sunt, et
deinde in eadem regione hæcce oppida condiderunt,
Lepreum, Macistum, Phrixas, Pyrgum, Epium, Nudium;
quorum quidem pleraque ab Eleis mea ætate eversa sunt.
Insula autem, quam dixi, a conditoris nomine Thera est
adpellata.

CXLIX. Filius autem Theræ enavigare cum patre noluerat:

itaque dixerat pater, se eum relinquere tamquam ovem inter
lupos: (græce ὄῖν ἐν λύχοις): a quo dicto nomen huic
adolescenti Œolycus (Ovilupus) inditum est, idque nomen
dein invaluit. (2) Hujus Œolyci filius fuit Ægeus; a quo
Ægidæ nomen habent, magna tribus Spartæ. Qua ex tribu
viris quum in vita non manerent liberi, ex oraculi edicto
statuerunt templum Furiis Laii et Œdipodis dedicatum: et ex
eo tempore mansere illis liberi, itemque in Thera insula eis
qui ex his viris progeniti sunt.

CL. Hactenus Lacedæmoniorum narratio et Theræorum

consentit: quæ his subjungam, ea soli Theræi memorant ita
accidisse. (2) Grinus, Æsanii filius, unus ex posteris hujus
Theræ, quum rex Theræorum esset, Delphos venit,
hecatomben offerens nomine civitatis: sequebanturque eum
et alii ex civibus, atque etiam Battus, Polymnesti filius, de
Euphemi genere, unius ex Minyis. (3) Grino vero, regi
Theræorum, quum de aliis rebus consuleret oraculum, edixit
Pythia, civitatem debere eum in Libya condere. Tum ille
respondit: «At equidem, o Rex, ætate jam sum provectior,
et gravis ad majus quidpiam moliendum. Quin tu aliquem ex
junioribus hisce id facere jube.» Ista dicens, Battum digito
monstravit. (4) Et hæc quidem tunc. Deinde vero, postquam
abierant, neglexerunt oraculi effatum; quum nec Libya ubi
esset nossent, nec auderent coloniam mittere obscuram in
rem.

CLI. Post hæc vero per septem annos non pluit Theræ;
arboresque ipsis in insula omnes, una excepta, exaruerant.
Consulentibus igitur oraculum Theræis, objecit Pythia
coloniam in Libyam deducendam. (2) Itaque, quum nullum
aliud ipsis esset mali remedium, in Cretam nuncios mittunt,
qui quærerent, an Cretensium aliquis, aut inquilinorum, in
Libyam umquam pervenisset. (3) Nuncii per Cretam
oberrantes, quum in alia oppida, tum Itanum venerunt; ubi
cum purpurario quodam, cui nomen erat Corobius,
sermones miscent, qui eis ait, ventis se in Libyam fuisse
delatum, et quidem in Plateam insulam Libyæ venisse. (4)
Hunc igitur hominem, proposita mercede, Theram ducunt.
Et ex Thera mittuntur primum exploratores, haud multi
numero: quibus quum viam in Plateam hanc insulam
Corobius monstrasset, relinquunt ibi Corobium cum nescio
quot mensium cibariis, et ipsi ocyus domum navigarunt,
nuncium Theræis de illa insula relaturi.

CLII. Quibus ultra constitutum tempus redire differentibus,

Corobium omnia defecerunt. (2) Deinde vero Samia navis,
Ægyptum petens, cujus nauclerus Colæus erat, ad Plateam
hanc delata est: et Samii, postquam a Corobio rem omnem
cognoverunt, unius anni cibaria ei reliquerunt. (3) Tum hi,
ex insula profecti, quum Ægyptum petentes navigarent,
subsolano vento sunt abrepti, et, non intermittente vi venti,
per Herculis columnas transvecti, Tartessum pervenere,
divino quodam numine eos deducente. (4) Erat ea
tempestate integrum hoc emporium: itaque iidem inde
redeuntes, maximum Græcorum omnium, quorum certior
quædam ad nos notitia pervenit, ex mercibus lucrum
fecerunt, post Sostratum utique, Laodamantis filium,
Æginetam: cum hoc enim nemo alius contendere potest. (5)
Samii vero decimam lucri partem eximentes, sex talenta,
ahenum faciendum curarunt, ad crateris Argolici modum,
circa quod sunt grypum capita prominentia: atque in
Junonis templo hoc ahenum dedicarunt, impositum tribus
æneis colossis septenorum cubitorum, qui genubus
innituntur. (6) Ab hoc autem facto primum ingens amicitia
Cyrenæis Theræisque cum Samiis contracta est.

CLIII. Theræi vero, postquam, relicto in insula Corobio,

Theram redierant, renunciarunt, esse a se insulam in Libyæ
ora conditam. (2) Placuit igitur Theræis, ut e singulis
ditionis suæ locis, quæ numero septem erant, viri
mitterentur, ita quidem ut frater cum fratre sorte
contenderet uter in coloniam abiret: ducemque eorum
atque regem Battum designarunt. Ita igitur duas naves
quinquaginta remorum in Plateam miserunt.

CLIV. Hæc Theræi memorant: in reliqua narratione Theræis

cum Cyrenæis convenit. Nam quod ad Battum spectat,
neutiquam cum Theræis Cyrenæi consentiunt. Rem enim hi
ita narrant. (2) Est Cretæ urbs Axus, cujus rex fuit
Etearchus. Is quum filiam haberet matre orbam, nomine
Phronimam, aliam duxit uxorem. Hæc post illius matrem
domum ducta, voluit etiam re ipsa noverca esse Phronimæ,
multis eam malis adficiendo, et quidlibet adversus eam
moliendo: ad extremum, impudicitiæ crimen ei inferens,
persuasit marito rem ita esse. (3) Et ille, persuasus ab
uxore, nefarium in filiam facinus machinatur. Aderat tunc
Axi Themison, civis Theræus, mercaturam faciens. Hunc,
hospitio exceptum, jurejurando adstringit ad operam sibi in
ea re, quam ab illo petiturus esset, navandam. (4) Qui
quum interposito juramento fidem suam dedisset, adductam
ei tradidit filiam suam, jubens ut abductam in alto mari
demergeret. Themison, fraudem jurisjurandi indigne ferens,
soluto hospitio, hæcce fecit: (5) accepta puella, navi
profectus est: ubi vero in alto fuit, quo se exsolveret
jurisjurandi religione ab Etearcho sibi oblata, funibus
religatam puellam in mare demisit, rursusque extractam
secum Theram duxit.

CLV. Inde Phronimam domum suam sumpsit Polymnestus,

spectatus vir apud Theræos, eaque pro pellice usus est.
Circumacto tempore natus est huic ex illa filius, hæsitante
voce et balbutiente; cui nomen impositum est Battus, ut
quidem Theræi et Cyrenæi aiunt: ut vero mihi videtur, aliud
statim impositum ei nomen erat; Battus vero deinde
demum, postquam in Libyam pervenit, nominatus est,
nomine sumpto ab oraculo quod ei Delphis editum erat, et a
dignitate quam inter suos habuit: (2) regem enim Libyes
Battum vocant; eaque de caussa puto Pythiam, oraculum
edentem, Libyca illum lingua adpellasse, quum sciret regem
eum fore in Libya. Nam postquam ille ad virilem pervenit
ætatem, Delphos profectus est, de voce sua consulturus;
(3) consulenti autem hæc respondit Pythia:

Batte, vocis caussa venisti: at te rex Phœbus Apollo

in Libyam mittit ovibus divitem, coloniæ conditorem.

quasi dixisset Græco sermone utens, «Rex, vocis caussa

venisti.» (5) Tum vero ille respondit: «O Rex, equidem veni,
vocis meæ caussa te consulturus; tu vero mihi alia
respondes impossibilia, jubens me coloniam in Libya
condere: quanam tandem vi? qua hominum manu?» (6)
Quæ ille dicens, non persuasit Pythiæ ut aliud sibi
responsum daret. Quum igitur eadem, quæ antea, ei
responderet; interim Battus, illa relicta, Theram rediit.

CLVI. Post hæc et in hunc ipsum et in reliquos Theræos

denuo ira dei incubuit. Et Theræi caussam ignorantes
calamitatum, Delphos misere qui de præsentibus malis
consulerent. Quibus Pythia respondit, si cum Batto Cyrenen
in Libya coloniam conderent, melius cum ipsis actum iri. (2)
Miserunt posthæc Theræi Battum cum duabus navibus
quinquaginta remorum: sed hi, postquam in Libyam
navigarunt, quoniam cæteroquin quod agerent non
habebant, Theram sunt reversi. (3) At redeuntes telis
repelerunt Theræi, nec adpellere ad terram passi sunt, sed
retro navigare jusserunt. Illi igitur, necessitate coacti,
navibus retro abierunt: et insulam condiderunt ad oram
Libyæ sitam, cui nomen (ut supra dictum) Platea. Dicitur
autem hæc insula pari esse magnitudine, atque nunc est
urbs Cyrenæorum.

CLVII. Hanc insulam postquam per biennium habitarant,

quum nihil illis prospere cederet, uno suorum ibi relicto,
reliqui omnes Delphos navigarunt: oraculumque adeuntes,
responsum petiere, dicentes, Libyam se habitare, nec
idcirco melius secum agi. (2) Ad hæc illis tale responsum
Pythia dedit:

Si tu Libyam ovium nutricem melius nosti,

qui non adiisti, quam ego qui adii; valde miror tuam
sapientiam.

Quæ Battus cum suis ubi audivit, retro navigavit: nec enim
illos condenda colonia, quasi mandato satisfecissent, prius
absolvit deus, quam in ipsam Libyam pervenissent. (3)
Igitur postquam in insulam pervenerunt, recepto eo quem
ibi reliquerant, in ipsa Libya e regione insulæ locum eum
condiderunt cui nomen Aziris; quem amœnissimi colles cum
nemoribus et vallibus utrimque includunt, et ab altero latere
amnis præterfluit.

CLVIII. Hunc locum quum per sex annos incoluissent,

septimo anno, precantibus indigenis, et meliorem in locum
sese illos perducturos esse pollicentibus, persuasi sunt hunc
relinquere. (2) Duxeruntque eos Libyes inde moventes
occidentem versus: per pulcerrimam autem regionem, ne
eam transeuntes Græci viderent noctu eos transduxerunt,
diei horam ita commensi: nomen huic regioni Irasa est. (3)
Deinde eos ad fontem duxerunt, qui Apollini sacer
perhibetur, dixeruntque: «Viri Græci, hic vobis commodum
est habitare: hic enim perforatum est cœlum.»

CLIX. Jam, quousque et Battus vixit, coloniæ conditor, qui

annos regnavit quadraginta, et hujus filius Arcesilaus, qui
sedecim annos regnavit, habitarunt hanc regionem Cyrenæi
tot numero, quot initio in coloniam fuerant missi. Tertio vero
regnante, Batto cognomine Felice, Græcos omnes Pythia
edito oraculo induxit, ut in Africam navigarent, cum
Cyrenæis eam frequentaturi: invitaverant enim illos
Cyrenæi, agrorum partitionem polliciti. (2) Oraculum Pythiæ
tale erat:

Serior in Libyen quisquis pervenerit almam

post dicretum agrum, mox hunc, affirmo, pigebit.

Postquam igitur magna hominum multitudo Cyrenen

confluxit, finitimi Libyes, magna regionis parte exclusi,
rexque eorum, cui nomen erat Adicran, quippe agris exuti et
contumeliose habiti a Cyrenæis, missis in Ægyptum legatis,
Apriæ regi Ægypti sese tradiderunt. (3) Et ille ingentem
Ægyptiorum contractum exercitum contra Cyrenen misit.
Cui Cyrenæi cum suis copiis in regionem cui Irasa nomen et
ad fontem Thestin obviam progressi, prælio cum Ægyptiis
commisso victoriam reportarunt. (4) Ægyptii enim,
Græcorum arma prius non experti, illosque aspernati, ita
cæsi sunt, ut eorum pauci quidam in Ægyptum redierint.
Cujus cladis culpam ipsi Apriæ tribuentes Ægyptii protinus
ab eo defecerunt.

CLX. Batti hujus filius fuit Arcesilaus; qui postquam regnum

suscepit, primum cum fratribus suis discordias exercuit;
donec hi, illo relicto, in alium Libyæ locum concesserunt,
inter seque inito consilio urbem hanc condiderunt, cui
nomen inditum, quod etiam nunc obtinet, Barca; simulque
Afris, ut a Cyrenæis deficerent, persuaserunt. (2) Post hæc
Arcesilaus adversus hos Afros, qui fratres suos receperant,
et ab ipso defecerant, arma movit. Afri vero, illum
metuentes, ad Libyes versus orientem incolentes
confugerunt: (3) et Arciselaus, fugientes secutus, et
Leuconem usque, Libyæ oppidum, persecutus est: ibi
adgredi eum Libyes statuerunt. Qui prælio commisso tam
insignem victoriam reportarunt de Cyrenæis, ut ex iis
septem millia armatorum in illo loco ceciderint. (4) Post
eam cladem ægrotans Arcesilaus, quum medicamentum
sumpsisset, a fratre Learcho strangulatus est. Learchum
vero uxor Arcesilæ, cui nomen erat Eryxo, per dolum
occidit.

CLXI. Arcesilao in regnum successit filius Battus, pede

claudus neque integer. Cyrenæi vero ob tristem rerum
suarum statum Delphos miserunt qui deum consulerent,
qua inita ratione optime res suas administrarent. (2) Quos
Pythia jussit ex Mantinea Arcadiæ moderatorem arcessere.
Petierunt igitur Cyrenæi a Mantinensibus: hique illis
dederunt virum inter cives probatissimum, cui nomen erat
Demonax. Hic vir igitur postquam Cyrenen pervenit, cognitis
rebus singulis, primum in tres tribus distribuit Cyrenæos,
partitione in hunc modum instituta: (3) Theræorum et
eorum qui in vicinia habitabant [sive periœcorum], unam
partem constituit; alteram partem Lacedæmoniorum et
Cretensium; tertiam reliquorum insularium. Deinde, regi
Batto eximios tribuens agros et sacerdotia, reliqua omnia,
quæ antea regum fuerant, populo in medium posuit.

CLXII. Jam, regnante quidem hoc Batto, iste rerum status

duravit. Sub hujus autem filio Arcesilao multæ turbæ de
honoribus sunt exortæ. Arcesilaus enim, Batti claudi filius et
Pheretimæ, negavit se toleraturum rerum statum a
Mantinensi Demonacte ordinatum, verum honores et
privilegia repetiit suorum majorum. (2) Inde excitata
seditione victus, Samum profugit: mater vero Pheretima, et
ipsa fugiens, Salaminem Cypri se recepit. (3) Salaminem
per id tempus tenuit Euelthon, is qui thuribulum illud
spectatu dignum Delphis dedicavit, quod est in Corinthiorum
thesauro repositum. (4) Hunc adiens Pheretima, exercitum
ab eo petiit, qui se et filium Cyrenen reduceret. At ei
Euelthon quidlibet magis, quam exercitum, dedit. Et illa
accipiens dona, bonum quidem, ait, et hoc esse; melius
vero illud fore, si petenti sibi daret exercitum. His verbis,
quoties donum aliquod accepit, usa est. (5) Postremo
Euelthon dono ei misit fusum aureum et colum, cui lana
etiam circumdata. Quumque idem dictum Pheretima
repeteret, respondit Euelthon, talia munera dari mulieribus,
non exercitum.

CLXIII. Per idem tempus Arcesilaus, Sami moratus,

unumquemque excitabat spe dividendorum agrorum
proposita. Quumque jam magnam manum contraxisset,
Delphos est profectus, de reditu consulturus oraculum; (2)
cui Pythia hoc dedit responsum: «Quattuor Battis et
quattuor Arcesilais, per octo hominum generationes, dat
Loxias regnum obtinere Cyrenæ: ulterius vero ut ne
conemini quidem hortatur. (3) Tu tamen, quum domum
redieris, quietus esto: et quando fornacem repereris plenum
amphoris, ne excoque amphoras, sed ad auram illas emitte.
Sin excoxeris fornacem, ne in circumfluum intres: alioqui
peribis tu et pulcerrimus taurus.»

CLXIV. Hoc a Pythia accepto responso Arcesilaus, sumptis

secum Samiis, Cyrenen rediit. Et ibi rerum potitus, editi
oraculi non erat memor, sed pœnas repetivit exsilii sui ab
adversariis. (2) Horum autem alii regione prorsus
excesserunt: alios vero, in potestatem suam redactos,
Arcesilaus Cyprum misit, ibi interficiendos. At hos quidem
Cnidii, suam ad oram delatos, servarunt, et Theram
miserunt. Alios vero Cyrenæorum nonnullos, qui in privatam
Aglomachi magnam turrim confugerant, circumdata materia
Arcesilaus cremavit. (3) Quo patrato facinore
animadvertens hanc esse oraculi sententiam, quod noluisset
Pythia ut repertas in fornace amphoras excoqueret,
Cyrenæorum urbe ultro abstinuit, mortem timens oraculo
significatam, et circumfluam illam existimans esse Cyrenen.
(4) Habuit uxorem, cognatam sui, filiam regis Barcæorum,
cui nomen erat Alazir: ad hunc se recepit. At ibi conspicati
eum cives Barcæi et Cyrenæorum exsulum nonnulli in foro
versantem interfecerunt, simulque cum illo socerum
Alazirem. Ita Arcesilaus, oraculi responso sive volens sive
præter suam voluntatem non obsecutus, fatum suum
implevit.

CLXV. Dum Arcesilaus, mali sui sibi auctor, Barcæ

versabatur, interim mater ejus Pheretima honoribus filii
Cyrenæ fungebatur, quum cætera administrans, tum in
senatu adsidens: postquam vero filium cognovit Barcæ
periisse, relicta Cyrene in Ægyptum profugit. (2) Exstabant
enim merita ab Arcesilao in Cambysen Cyri filium collata:
erat quippe hic Arcesilaus, qui Cyrenen Cambysi tradiderat,
et tributum ei pactus erat pendendum. In Ægyptum ubi
pervenit Pheretima, supplex adiit Aryanden, suppetias sibi
ferre rogans; caussam interserens, periisse filium suum eo
quod Medorum favisset partibus.

CLXVI. Erat hic Aryandes præfectus Ægypti, a Cambyse

constitutus; idem qui postea, quum se parem gereret Dario,
interfectus est. Postquam enim cognovit viditque Darium
cupere monumentum relinquere sui, quale nemo ante illum
rex effecisset, æmulatus est eum, donec tandem mercedem
retulit. (2) Etenim Darius aurum ita excoquendum
curaverat, ut, quoad maxime fieri posset, esset
purgatissimum; quo ex auro monetam procudit. Aryandes
vero, Ægypti præfectus, idem ipsum argento fecit: atque
etiam nunc purgatissimum argentum est Aryandicum. Id ubi
eum facere cognovit Darius, alia in eum culpa collata, quasi
adversus ipsum rebelasset, interficiendum curavit.

CLXVII. Tunc vero Aryandes hic, miseratus Pheretimam,

pollicetur et universum qui in Ægypto erat exercitum,
pedestrem et classiarium: duce nominato pedestrium
copiarum Amasi, de Maraphiorum genere; navalium vero
Badra, de genere Pasargadarum. (2) Priusquam autem
mitteret exercitum, præconem in urbem Barcam misit,
quæsiturum quis esset qui Arcesilaum interfecisset. Barcæi
vero universi in se culpam receperunt, multa ab illo mala
passos se esse dicentes. (3) Qua re cognita, tum demum
exercitum cum Pheretima misit. Et hæc quidem caussa
verbo tenus prætendebatur: missus autem, ut mihi quidem
videtur, est exercitus hoc consilio, ut Libyes sub Persarum
redigerentur potestatem. Sunt enim Libyum (sive Afrorum)
multi atque varii populi: quorum pauci nonnulli regis
imperio parebant, plerique autem nullam Darii habebant
rationem.

CLXVIII. Habitant autem Libyes hoc modo, incipiendo ab

Ægypto, primi Afrorum sedes habent Adyrmachidæ qui
institutis quidem maximam partem utuntur Ægyptiis,
vestem vero gestant, qualem cæteri fere Libyes. (2)
Mulieres eorum in utraque tibia armillam gestant æneam:
comam alunt; et pediculos, quos quæque capit, vicissim
mordet, atque ita abjicit. (3) Hi soli ex cunctis Afris hoc
faciunt: iidemque soli virgines, quum in eo sunt ut nubant,
regi ostendunt; quarum quæcumque illi placet, eam rex
devirginat. (4) Pertinent hi Adyrmachidæ ab Ægypto usque
ad portum cui nomen est Plynus.

CLXIX. His contigui sunt Giligammæ, terram incolentes

occidentem versus, usque ad Aphrodisiadem insulam. In
hujus regionis medio ad oram sita est Platea insula, in quam
Cyrenæi duxerant coloniam; in continente vero est
Menelaius portus, et Aziris oppidum, quod incolebant
Cyrenæi; (2) unde incipit silphium; pertinet autem silphium
a Platea insula usque ad ostium Syrtis. Institutis hi utuntur
iisdem fere atque ii de quibus ante dictum.

CLXX. Giligammarum, occidentem versus, finitimi sunt

Asbystæ. Hi supra Cyrenen habitant: nec ad mare
pertinent; oram enim maritimam Cyrenæi incolunt. (2) In
regendis quadrigis non postremi sunt, sed vel maxime inter
Afros omnes eminent. Instituta autem pleraque æmulantur
Cyrenæorum.

CLXXI. Asbystis ab occidente contermini sunt Auschisæ. Hi

super Barcam habitant, pertinentque ad mare circa
Euesperidas. (2) In media Auschisarum ditione habitant
Bacales, exiguus populus, ad mare pertinentes prope
Tauchira, oppidum ditionis Barcææ. Iisdem institutis hi
utuntur atque illi qui supra Cyrenen habitant.

CLXXII. Auschisarum horum, versus occidentem, finitimi

sunt Nasamones, numerosus populus; qui æstate, relictis
ad mare pecoribus, ad locum cui Augila nomen, adscendunt,
palmulas collecturi: nascuntur enim ibi frequentes palmæ
arbores, insigni magnitudine, et frugiferæ omnes. (2) Iidem
locustas venantur, quas ad solem siccatas molunt, et deinde
lacti inspersas una cum lacte bibunt. Uxores quidem
quisque complures solet habere, sed promiscue cum
quibuslibet coeunt: simili modo, atque Massagetæ, scipione
prius in terram defixo concumbunt. (3) Quando primum
uxorem ducit vir Nasamon, moris est ut prima nocte sponsa
cum singulis deinceps convivis concumbat: et quilibet,
postquam coiit, donum dat quod domo secum attulit. (4)
Jurisjurandi et divinationis apud eos hi ritus sunt: jurant per
viros qui inter ipsos justissimi et fortissimi dicuntur fuisse;
per hos jurant, sepulcra eorum tangentes. Divinaturi, ad
sepulcra accedunt majorum, et peractis precibus ibidem
indormiunt: quodcumque dein visum quisque per somnum
vidit, eo utitur. (5) Fidem sibi mutuo dant hoc modo: alter
alteri ex sua manu præbet bibendum, vicissimque ex
alterius bibit manu: quodsi liquoris nihil adest, pulverem
humo sublatam lingunt.

CLXXIII. Nasamonibus contermini sunt Psylli. Hi tali modo

interierunt: Notus ventus exsiccaverat receptacula, quæ
habuerant, aquarum: est enim regio intra Syrtin omnis
aquarum inops. Tum illi, re deliberata, communi consilio
adversus Notum expeditionem susceperunt: (refero autem
hæc, quæ Libyes narrant:) et, postquam in arenas
pervenerunt, coortus Notus eos obruit. Quibus exstinctis,
regionem eorum Nasamones occuparunt.

CLXXIV. Supra hos, meridiem versus, in regione feris

frequente, habitant Garamantes; qui quemcumque
hominem fugiunt; et cujuscumque commercium: nec arma
ulla ad belli usum hi habent, nec pugnare norunt.

CLXXV. Hi igitur supra Nasamones habitant: juxta mare

vero, et ab occidente, finitimi eorumdem Macæ sunt. Hi in
medio capillos crescere sinentes, hinc vero atque illinc in
cute tondentes, per hanc tonsuram cristas gerunt. In bellum
proficiscentes, struthionum terrestrium pelles pro scutis
gestant. (2) Per eorumdem ditionem Cinyps fluvius, ex colle
profluens cui nomen Charitôn, (id est, Gratiarum collis) in
mare provolvitur. Hic collis Charitôn nemoribus frequens est,
quum reliqua Libya, quam adhuc commemoravi, arboribus
nuda sit. A mari ad illum stadia sunt ducenta.

CLXXVI. Macis his proximi sunt Gindanes: quorum mulieres

fascias ex pellibus ad pedum malleolos gestant unaquæque
multas; idque hac de caussa fieri aiunt: ut cum quoque viro
concubuit mulier, ita fasciam circumligat; et, quæ plurimas
gestat, ea præstantissima esse judicatur, quippe a plurimis
viris amata.

CLXXVII. Oram horum Gindanum, quæ in mare prominet,

Lotophagi habitant; qui nullo alio cibo, nisi loti fructu, vitam
sustentant. (2) Est autem loti fructus magnitudine baccæ
lentisci, dulcedine vero similis fructui palmæ arboris. Parant
vero Lotophagi etiam vinum ex eodem fructu.

CLXXVIII. Lotophages, secundum mare, excipiunt Machlyes;

qui et ipsi quidem loto utuntur, verumtamen minus quam
prædicti. (2) Pertinent hi ad flumen magnum, cui nomen
Triton: infunditurque is fluvius in magnum lacum
Tritonidem, in quo est insula cui nomen Phla. Hanc insulam,
aiunt, Lacedæmonios ex oraculi effato colonis debuisse
frequentare.

CLXXIX. Narratur vero etiam hæc historia: Iasonem,

postquam sub Pelio navem Argo construxisset, quum alia
hecatombe, tunc et tripode æneo in navem imposito,
Peloponnesum esse circumvectum, Delphos profecturum,
sed quum circa Maleam navigaret, vento borea abreptum et
ad Libyam fuisse adpulsum; priusquam autem terram
conspexisset, hæsisse in brevibus Tritonidis lacus. (2) Ibi
tunc inopi consilii, nescientique quo pacto educeret navem,
adparuisse aiunt Tritonem, jussisseque Iasonem, ut sibi
daret tripodem illum; dicentem, se illis monstraturum
exitum, et incolumes emissurum. (3) Cui postquam morem
gessisset Iason, tum Tritonem illis tutum per brevia exitum
monstrasse, et tripodem in suo templo deposuisse; ex
eodem vero tripode oraculo edito rem omnem Iasoni
ejusque sociisque prædixisse; nempe, si quis ex
Argonautarum posteris tripodem illum abstulisset, tunc
inevitabili necessitate centum urbes Græcas circa
Tritonidem lacum esse condendas. Quæ ubi cognovissent
Libyes hanc regionem incolentes, tripodem illos occultasse.

CLXXX. Machlyum horum finitimi sunt Ausenses; qui pariter

atque illi Tritonidem lacum adcolunt, sed interfluente Tritone
ab illis dirimuntur. Et Machlyes quidem in postica capitis
parte comam alunt; Ausenses vero in anteriore. (2) Annuo
Minervæ festo virgines horum duabus a partibus stantes
pugnant invicem lapidibus atque fustibus, dicentes,
indigenæ deo (quam Minervam nos vocamus) se patrio ritu
officium præstare. Si quæ virgines ex vulneribus moriuntur,
has falso nominatas virgines dicunt. (3) Priusquam vero illas
ad pugnandum committant, hoc faciunt: pulcerrimam
virginum publice exornant galea Corinthia reliquaque
armatura Græcanica, et currui impositam circa lacum
circumvehunt. (4) Quonam vero cultu virgines ornaverint
priusquam Græci in eorum vicinia habitarunt, non habeo
dicere: videntur mihi autem Ægyptiis armis eas instruxisse.
Nam ab Ægypto et scutum et galeam autumo ad Græcos
pervenisse. (5) Minervam autem perhibent esse Neptuni
filiam et Tritonidis paludis; dedisse autem se ipsam Jovi,
quum nescio quid haberet quod de patre conquereretur:
Jovemque eam pro filia adoptasse. (6) Hæc quidem ita
narrant. Cæterum promiscue cum mulieribus pecudum
more coeunt, non una habitantes. Tertio quoque mense
conveniunt viri: quo in conventu, postquam adultus est puer
quem mulier peperit, cui viro similis reperitur puer, is ejus
pater esse censetur.

CLXXXI. Quos adhuc recensui, hi sunt Nomades Libyes,

mare adcolentes. Supra hos vero, mediterranea versus,
feris frequens Libya est. Tum supra hanc Ferinam Libyam
supercilium porrigitur arenosum, a Thebis Ægyptiis usque
versus Herculeas pertinens columnas. (2) In eo supercilio
per decem fere dierum iter sunt in collibus frusta salis,
ingentibus grumis; et in cujuslibet collis vertice e medio sale
exsilit aqua frigida ac dulcis: circaque illas aquas habitant
extremi homines versus Desertam Libyam et ultra Ferinam.
Et primi quidem, a Thebis decem dierum itinere distantes
habitant Ammonii, qui templum Jovis habent, a Thebæi
Jovis templo derivatum: nam etiam Thebis, ut ante dictum
est, arietina facie est Jovis simulacrum. (3) Est autem ibi
alia etiam aqua fontana: quæ mane tepida est, versus
meridiem autem frigidior, ipso vero medio die admodum fit
frigida, quo tempore hortos illi irrigant: (4) tum inclinante
die minuitur paulatim frigus usque ad solem occidentem,
ubi rursus tepida fit aqua: dein paulatim calescit magis,
donec media nox adest; tunc vero fervens exæstuat: post
mediam noctem rursus refrigescit usque ad auroram.
Nomen fontis est Solis fons.

CLXXXII. Post Ammonios in eodem arenoso supercilio, post

decem iterum dierum iter, tumulus salis est, similis
Ammonio, item aqua; ibique rursus homines habitant:
nomen ejus loci Augila est. Hic est locus, quo proficisci
consueverunt Nasamones, palmulas collecturi.

CLXXXIII. Ab Augilis, rursus post decem dierum iter, alius

est salis tumulus, et aqua, et frequentes palmæ arbores
frugiferæ, quemadmodum et in cæteris tumulis. Ibi
inhabitant homines, quibus nomen Garamantes, magnus
admodum populus: qui humum in salem ingerunt, atque ita
sementem faciunt. (2) Brevissima ab his via ad Lotophagos,
a quibus iter est triginta dierum ad illos. In horum terra
nascuntur etiam boves qui opisthonomi (retro pascentes)
vocantur. Sunt autem opisthonomi hanc ob caussam, quod
cornua habent antrorsum curvata; (3) qua de caussa retro
gradientes pascuntur: nam antrorsum progredientes pasci
non possunt, quoniam, priusquam progredi possint, cornua
in terram impinguntur. Cæterum ab aliis bobus nil differunt,
nisi hoc ipso, et corii crassitie duritieque. (4) Iidem
Garamantes quadrigis venantur Troglodytas Æthiopas. Sunt
enim hi Troglodytæ Æthiopes pedibus pernicissimi omnium
hominum, de quibus fando relatum audivimus. (5)
Vescuntur autem Troglodytæ serpentibus atque lacertis, et
id genus reptilibus: sermone vero utuntur nulli alii simili;
sed strident veluti noctuæ.

CLXXXIV. Post Garamantes, interjecto iterum dierum decem

itinere, alius est salis tumulus, et aqua: quo loco homines
habitant, qui Atarantes vocantur.[TR7] Hi soli omnium, quos
novimus, hominum innominati sunt: nam cuncti quidem in
universum Atarantes nominantur, unicuique autem per se
nullum nomen impositum est. (2) Iidem solem capitibus
ipsorum imminentem exsecrantur et fœdis quibusque
conviciis incessunt, eo quod et ipsos homines et ipsorum
terram urendo vexet et consumat. (3) Deinde, post aliorum
decem dierum iter, est alius salis tumulus, et aqua et circùm
habitantes homines: cui salis tumulo proximus est mons,
cui nomen Atlas; (4) angustus est, et circumcirca rotundus;
idem ea esse altitudine perhibetur, ut vertices ejus conspici
non possint; numquam enim nubibus vacare, nec æstate,
nec hieme. Hunc montem cœli fulcrum esse aiunt indigenæ.
(5) Ab hoc monte homines isti nomen invenere: Atlantes
enim vocantur. Dicuntur autem hi nec animatum quidquam
comedere, nec insomnia videre.
CLXXXV. Ad hos igitur usque Atlantes nomina edere possum
populorum, supercilium illud habitantium; ulterius vero non
possum. Porrigitur autem idem supercilium usque ad
Herculeas columnas, atque etiam extra eas. (2) Suntque in
illo ex denorum dierum itineris intervallo salis fodinæ, et
homines ibi habitantes, quorum omnium domus ex salis
grumis sunt exstructæ: nam iste jam Libyæ tractus pluvia
caret; nec vero durare muri ædium illi possent, si plueret.
(3) Effoditur autem ibi sal et albus colore, et purpureus.
Ultra istud vero supercilium, versus meridiem et
mediterranea Libyæ, deserta est terra, et aquis, feris,
pluvia, lignis vacua, omnique humore prorsus destituta.

CLXXXVI. Itaque inde ab Ægypto usque ad Tritonidem

quidem lacum sunt Nomades Libyes, carnium esu et lactis
potu viventes. Vaccarum vero carnem hi non gustant,
eamdem ob caussam propter quam nec Ægyptii: neque
vero porcos alunt. (2) Vaccarum carne vesci Cyrenæorum
etiam mulieres nefas ducunt propter Ægyptiam Isin, cujus
in honorem etiam jejunia agunt et festos dies celebrant:
Barcæorum vero mulieres non modo vaccas, sed ne porcos
quidem gustant. Et hæc quidem ita se habent.

CLXXXVII. Qui vero ab occidente Tritonidis lacus habitant

Libyes, hi non jam nomades sunt, neque eisdem utuntur
institutis, nec pueris faciunt simile quiddam quod Nomades
facere consuerunt. (2) Nomades enim Libyæ, haud satis
scio an omnes, multi certe eorum hoc faciunt: quando pueri
eorum quartum annum compleverunt, tunc illis venas in
vertice capitis lana ovium succida urunt, nonnulli etiam
venas temporum; idque hac caussa faciunt, ne insequente
tempore umquam ex pituita laborent e capite defluente: et
hanc ob caussam aiunt optima se frui valetudine. (3) Revera
enim Libyes præ omnibus hominibus, quos novimus,
firmissima utuntur valetudine; an hac ipsa de caussa,
equidem pro certo haud dixerim: sunt autem utique
firmissima valetudine. (4) Quodsi pueros, dum inuruntur,
convulsio corripit, inventa est ab eis medicina: inspersa hirci
urina eis medentur. Refero autem quæ ab ipsis Afris
narrantur.

CLXXXVIII. Sacrificiorum ritus apud Nomades hi sunt: ab

aure pecudis auspiciantur, quam præcisam super humerum
projiciunt: hoc facto, cervicem victimæ retro vertunt. Non
autem immolant nisi Soli et Lunæ. (2) His Libyes cuncti
sacra faciunt: sed, qui circa Tritonidem lacum sedes habent,
hi Minervæ maxime, et post hanc Tritoni et Neptuno
sacrificant.

CLXXXIX. Vestem vero et ægides, quibus instruuntur

Minervæ imagines, a Libyssis adoptarunt Græci:
præterquam enim quod pellicea est Libyssarum vestis, et
quod fimbriæ, ex illarum ægidibus (thoracibus caprinis)
pendentes, non serpentes sunt, sed ex loris factæ, reliqua
omnia eodem modo instructa sunt. (2) Atque etiam nomen
declarat, ex Libya venisse cultum quo instruuntur Palladia:
quippe Libyssæ mulieres vesti suæ circumjiciunt nudas
ægeas (thoraces ex pelle caprina) fimbriatas, rubia tinctas:
ex his vero ægeis Græci ægidas denominarunt. (3)
Videturque mihi etiam ululatus in sacris hic primum
exstitisse: utuntur hoc enim maxime mulieres Libyssæ, et
belle utuntur. Etiam quadrijugos equos jungere ab Afris
didicerunt Græci.

CXC. Mortuos sepeliunt Nomades eodem modo atque Græci,

exceptis Nasamonibus. Hi enim sedentes sepeliunt: eoque
curant, ut æger, quum in eo est ut animum efflet, sedeat,
nec supinus moriatur. (2) Domus illorum ex asphodelorum
caulibus compactæ sunt, intertextis juncis; suntque
portatiles. Hujusmodi istorum sunt instituta.
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