THEORY NOTES -STABILITY

1. A dry cargo vessel is at anchor discharging into barges. Explain the deck duties of the OOW during this operation. March-10
(20 marks)

1. Make sure that the barges are properly alongside.

2. Ensure standing orders and cargo plan being followed.
3. All personnel wearing appropriate PPE.
4. Check moorings, anchor and gangway.
5. No unauthorized personnel should be in the vicinity.
6. Keep watch on all cargo gear being used.
7. Keep weather watch.
8. Ensure sufficient crews are onboard for the vessel to move in emergency.
9. Keep watch on draft and UKC.
10. Vessel displaying any relevant lights and flags.
11. Ensure safe access to the vessel.
12. Ensure areas are well illuminated.
13. Ensure no smoking and alcohol during cargo operation.
14. Comply with STCW, port and company regulations and fire regulations.

2. With a reference to a vessel loading general cargo, explain the duties of Officer of the Watch (OOW) with respect to the
security of the vessel and cargo.
The duties of OOW with respect to the security of the vessel:
1. Make rounds to inspect the ship at appropriate intervals
2. Follow the ship security plan.
3. Maintain ISPS security watches as per ISPS level.
4. Gangway attended by a reliable crew member or shore watchman.
5. Proper gangway watch
 No unauthorized personnel should be permitted to access to vessel
 Visitor & gangway log to be maintained.
 All visitors ID card to be checked.
6. All restricted areas and unattended spaces are locked in port.
7. Pay attention to the offshore side of the vessel where potential stowaways may attempt to board.
8. Check that the safety, security & fire patrols are being carried out on a regular basis.
9. Anti-piracy watch - Number & position of ships security staff and any shore security personnel employed.
10. Stores should be carefully checked against the invoices prior to acceptance.
With respect to security of cargo:
1. Follow the standing orders and cargo plan.
2. Protect cargo from damage by water, weather, rain and sun.
3. Provide adequate means of ventilation.
4. Ensure all cargo is clearly marked with port of destination.
5. Ensure all dangerous cargo stowed away for the accommodation.
6. Ensure correct preparations are carried out in holds – dunnage, cleaning, lashing points.
7. Ensure cargo is correctly secured and lashed.
8. Any damage good not to be loaded on the vessel.
9. Cargo damage report to be made out.
3. Outline the objectives and purpose of the International Safety Management (ISM) code. Octo-10 (10 marks)
OBJECTIVES: The objectives of the ISM Code to ensure safety at sea, prevention of human injury or loss of life and avoidance of
damage to the environment, particularly to the marine environment and to property.
The safety management system should ensure:
1. Compliance with mandatory rules and regulations.
2. Applicable codes, guidelines and standards recommended by the Organization, Administrations, classification societies
and maritime industry organizations are taken into account.

PURPOSE: The purpose of the ISM is to provide an international standard for the safe management and operation of ships and
for the pollution prevention.
CERTIFICATES REQUIRED: 1) Document of compliance for every company 2) Safety management for each vessel

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Safety management objectives of the Company should be following:
1. Provide for safe practices in ship operation and a safe working environment;
2. Establish safeguards against all identified risks
3. Continuously improve safety management skills of personnel ashore and aboard ships, including preparing for
emergencies related both to safety and environmental protection.

4. Describe the purpose of the following MCA publications :- 1)MIN 2) MGN 3) MSN july-09 (3 marks)
Marine Information Notice (MIN) : Marine Information Notices are intended for a more limited audience e.g. Training
establishments or equipment manufacturers, or which will only be of use for a short period of time, such as timetables for MCA
examinations. MINs are numbered in sequence and have a cancellation date (usually twelve months after publication) and are
green in colour.

Marine Guidance Notice (MGN) : Marine Guidance Notices give significant advice and guidance to relevant parties in order to
improve the safety of shipping and life at sea and to prevent or minimize the pollution from shipping. These are numbered in
sequence and are blue in colour. For example navigation in Dover Strait, navigation in fog, MARPOL, standards of training &
certification.

Merchant Shipping Notice (MSN)(White : Merchant Shipping Notices are only used to convey mandatory information that must
be complied with under UK legislation. They are related to Statutory Instruments and contain the technical details of such
regulations. These are also numbered in sequence and are white in colour.
Within each series of Marine Notices, either or both “M” and “F” is used to indicate whether the notice related to Merchant
ships, Fishing vessels or to both. Thus MSN(M+F) would apply to all UK vessels

5. With a reference to a vessel loading general cargo, explain the duties of Officer of the Watch (OOW) with respect to the
safety of personal.
The duties of Officer of the Watch (OOW) with respect to the safety of personal.
1. Check the gangway and ensure it is secure and provides a safe access.
2. Check the vessel is securely moored and alongside.
3. Check the moorings and rat guards.
4. Ensure no work is being carried out without valid permit to work.
5. Check all persons on board and their location, especially those in remote or enclosed spaces.
6. Ensure vessel complies with fire and safety regulations.
7. Check the status of firefighting equipment.
8. Take every precaution to prevent pollution. Check around the vessel to ensure that no pollution hazards exist.
9. Any hazardous area must be highlighted.
10. Specialized protection when loading/discharging hazardous cargo.
11. Check all stevedores &crew wearing PPE.
12. Ensure no oil and grease on Deck.
13. Walkways & passage clearly marked.
14. Follow updated cargo plan.
15. Follow COSWP guidelines

6. Describe the procedures and precautions to be taken whilst loading a heavy lift on board a cargo vessel, alongside in port.
Octo-09 (13 marks)
Procedures and Precautions taken whilst loading heavy lift onboard
1. Check the weight of lifting cargo
2. Check the Safe Working Load of lifting gear, certificates condition-oiled greased etc.
3. Lay down dunnage to spread the weight across underdeck beams and if possible load across transverse bulkhead.
4. Prepare suitable lashing (wire/chain) weld on extra securing points if necessary (pad-eye).
5. Ensure adequate stability, reduce free surface effect, increase GM with ballast if necessary
6. Check moorings- Spring tight, Breast slack.
7. Lift gangway clear or raise accommodation ladder.
8. Risk assessment carried out prior to loading heavy lift.
9. Warn harbour authorities. Code flags RY.
10. Inform the engine room ( may be another generator have to be start for extra power )
11. Check spreader beam and slings set correctly.
12. Take weight slowly and evenly, check for balance.
13. No sudden stops and jerks.
14. Watch out for any unexpected or excessive list.
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 15. Make sure no-one is coming beneath the lift while loading.
16. Only relevant personnel in the vicinity throughout the operation

7. Describe the procedure, precautions and equipment used when rigging a gangway as a means of access to a vessel. Octo-04
OR
Describe the rigging of a vessel's gangway in port with due regard to safety & Precautions octo-09/july-09 (7 marks)
Ships of 30 meters or more in length are required to carry a gangway and those of 120m or more in length an accommodation
ladder. (Accommodation Ladders, Gangways, bulwark ladders, portable and rope ladders)
1. Gangway should rest firmly against the side of the ship.
2. Angle of slope no more than 30o (Gangway) and 55o (Accommodation ladder)
3. Safety net and ropes free of damage and properly rigged.
4. Fitted with suitable fencing (handrails) along the entire length – minimum height one metre.
5. The bottom platform must be horizontal and any intermediate platforms are self- leveling.
6. Have adequate illumination.
7. Lifebuoy with self-activating light and separate safety line must also be provided at access area.
8. Have a watchman standing on shore for security.
9. ``No Smoking`` and ``No Unauthorized Persons`` signs displayed.
10. Fire wallet available at gangway.
11. Should be rigged well clear of cargo working area so that no suspended weights pass over.
12. Ensure the area around the gangway is clear of obstructions. If not possible then warning notices should be posted.

8. Outline the safety precautions required when a Shore gangway is used as a means of access to a vessel.
The safety precaution required when a shore gangway is used as a means of access to a vessel are:
1) Angel of inclination from horizontal should not exceed 30o .
2) Should not rig on ship’s rail-guards unless rails have been reinforced for that purpose.
3) Ensure it is safe before general use.
4) Make regular checks having due regard for tidal movement and trim of the vessel.
5) Adequate illumination should be provided.
6) Safety net and ropes free of damage should be properly rigged.
7) When inboard end of gangway is flush with the top of the bulwark – a bulwark ladder should be provided.
8) Check moorings with respect to the effect on the shore gangway.
9) Guard ropes chains etc. should be kept taut all the times and stanchions should be rigidly secured.
10) Life buoy with self-activating light and buoyant life line.

9. A general cargo vessel is preparing for sea. Describe the preparations and precautions that should be taken to ensure both
the vessel's watertight integrity and security of the cargo. July-09 (13 marks)
A. Preparations and precautions that should be taken to ensure the vessel's watertight integrity:
1. Close all hatches and tanks fully, before sailing.
2. Maintain and test watertight seals and openings.
3. Ensure spurling pipes are sealed correctly.
4. Adjust ships course and speed in heavy seas.
5. Keep watertight doors closed when at sea.
6. Ensure freeing ports open efficiently and are not obstructed by rubbish or deck cargos.
7. Keep scuppers clear and clean.
8. Sound all compartments.
9. Check weather deck openings been secured – Hatch Access doors, air and bilge pipe to be covered, sounding caps to be
closed.
B. Preparations and precautions that should be taken to ensure the security of the cargo and vessel:
1. Ensure cargo securely stored and correctly lashed.
2. Ensure dangerous cargo loaded well away from accommodation
3. Make sure having the emergency plan with respect to damage control.
4. Ensure the cargo is protected from damage by water, bad weather, rain and sun.
5. Ensure adequate means of ventilation is provided for cargo.
6. Ensure any damage cargo is not to be loaded onboard-ship.
7. Ensure the cargo handling equipment are secured.
8. Ensure all cargo is clearly marked with port of destination.
9. Maintain the vessel’s stability (reduce FSE)

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10. Outline the personal protective equipment (PPE) that must be worn when on standby forward or aft Oct-09/march-09 (5
marks)
Personal protective equipment can be classified as follows: (type – examples)
1. Head protection - Safety helmets, bump caps, hair protection
2. Hearing protection - Ear muffs, ear plugs
3. Face and eye protection - Goggles and spectacles, facial shield
4. Respiratory protective equipment - Dust masks, respirators, breathing apparatus
5. Hand and foot protection - Gloves, safety boots and shoes
6. Body protection - Safety suits, safety belts, harnesses, aprons, high visibility clothing
7. Protection against drowning - Lifejackets, buoyancy aids and lifebuoys
8. Protection against hypothermia - Immersion suits and anti-exposure suits

11. Outline the methods contained within the Code of Safe Working Practice for Merchant Seamen (COSWP) to ensure safe
movement aboard a vessel. July-09 (7 mark)
The following methods are contained within the COSWP to ensure safe movement onboard a vessel.
1. General Advice : All deck surfaces are to be kept free from materials or substances likely to result in a fall or slip. Wear
proper PPE, movement of vessel with respect to weather condition and safety measure should be
borne in mind.
2. Drainage : Deck and accommodation should be provided with effective means of drainage system.
3. Transit areas : Walkways on deck should be clearly marked, spillage of oil/grease etc. should be cleaned up as soon
as possible and in rough weather life lines should be rigged across open deck.
4. Lighting : Lighting facilities should be properly use and maintain.
5. Guarding of Hatch opening should be closed as soon as possible as work stops for long period, all opening must be
openings: protected with secure guards or fencing.
6. Watertight All members should operate watertight doors carefully and consult the operational guide of the local
Doors: controls. Do not attempt to pass the watertight doors when it is closing and/or the warning bell
sounding.
7. Ship-board Any powered vehicle or mobile lifting appliance must be operated by a competent and authorized
Vehicles: person and properly maintained. Maintenance of Ship-board Vehicles should be undertaken in
accordance with manufacturer’s instructions.
12. Outline the functions of an Oil Discharge Monitoring and Control System (ODMCS) as required by Annex 1, MARPOL 73/78.
Dec-10 (5 marks)
As required by Annex I, MARPOL 73/78, oil tankers of 150 GRT and above shall be equipped with an Oil Discharge Monitoring and
Control System.
1. The system is fitted with a recording device to provide a continuous record of:
a) Oil discharge in liters per nautical mile and the total quantity of oil discharged
b) The oil content and the rate of discharge.
2. The record should be identifiable as to time and date and should be kept for at least three years.
3. An audible and visible alarm to warn when operator preset limits are exceed.
4. An automatic system to stop the discharge of oily mixture when the instantaneous rate of discharge of oil exceeds
MARPOL limits.
5. An override system which prevents the discharge of residues when the monitor is not in used.
6. A permanent record of displayed information.

13. Describe the preparations required when using a pilot ladder/hoist as a means of access to a vessel.july09
OR
Describe the precautions that should be taken and the preparation for a Pilot ladder
PREPARATION : In order to minimize the danger to pilots when boarding or leaving ships, particular attention should be given to
the following points:
1. The pilot ladder should be rigged in such manner that the steps are horizontal, and such that the lower end is at
height above the water to allow ease of access to and from the attendant craft.
2. The pilot ladder should rest firmly the side of the ship.
3. When an accommodation ladder is used in conjunction with a pilot ladder, the pilot ladder should extend at
least two metre above the bottom platforms.
4. The rigging of pilot ladders and the embarkation and disembarkation of pilots must be supervised by a
responsible officer of the ship, who should be in contact with the bridge.
5. A life buoy with self-igniting light should be kept available at the point of access of the ship.
6. At night, the pilot ladder and ship’s deck should be lit by a forward- shining, over side light.
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PREQUATIONS:
1. Ensure personnel engaged in rigging & operating pilot ladder should be fully instructed in the safe procedure to
be adopted.
2. Make sure Pilot ladder hoist and associated equipment is properly tested prior to use.
3. A safety hand line and harness, a life buoy with a self-igniting light and a heaving line should be kept at hand
ready for use.
4. The rigging of the pilot ladder, hoist and associated equipment is supervised by the responsible officer.
5. The hoist must be maintained in accordance with maintenance manual and a record must be kept by
responsible officer in maintenance log book.

14. State the liability from an offence connected with discharge of oil from cargo tanks or machinery space bilges under UK
regulations.
If any ship fails to comply with any requirement of regulation 12, 13 or 16, the owner and the master shall each be guilty of an
offence and section 131(3) of the Merchant Shipping Act 1995 shall apply as it applies to an offence under that section, so that
each of the owner and the master shall be liable on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding £50,000 or on conviction on
indictment to a fine.

15. List SIX items of safety equipment required for enclosed space entry. COSWP. July-09 (6 marks) OR
List the equipment that should be available at the entrance of an enclosed space in the event of an emergency. COSWP
1. SCBA 7. Emergency Life Saving Appliances ELSA
2. Fully charged spare cylinders of air 8. First Aid kit
3. Life lines 9. Resuscitator
4. Rescue harnesses 10. Stretcher,
5. Torch or lamp for use in flammable 11. Rescue Tripod/‟A‟ Frame
atmosphere
6. An agreed and tested system of
communication

16. Outline the entries which must be made in the Oil Record book, parts 1 and 2
OR
Outline the entries that must be made in an oil record book part 1 and 2? (9) Nov-05 (N)
Entries in ORB- Part I - Machinery space Operation- All Ship:
1. Ballasting or cleaning of fuel oil tanks
2. Discharging of dirty Ballast or cleaning water from fuel oil tanks
3. Collection and disposal of oil residues (sludge)
4. Non-automatic Discharging overboard bilge water
5. Automatic discharge overboard bilge water
6. Bunkering fuel or lubricating oil in bulk
7. Condition of oil filtering equipment.
8. Accidental or other exceptional discharge.
9. Additional operational procedure or general remarks.
Entries in ORB- Part II- Cargo/Ballast Operation-Tankers:
1. Loading of oil cargo
2. Internal transfer of oil during the voyage
3. Unloading of oil cargo
4. Ballasting of cargo tanks.
5. Ballasting of dedicated clean ballast tank. (CBT tankers only)
6. Cleaning of cargo tanks including crude oil washing.
7. Discharge of water from slop tank
8. Disposal of residues and oily mixtures not otherwise dealt with
9. Discharge of ballast from Cargo tanks
10. Discharging of ballast from clean ballast tank. (CBT tankers only)
11. Condition of oil discharge monitoring and control system.
12. Accidental or other exceptional discharge of oil.
13. Additional operational procedure or general remarks.
Tankers engaged in specific trades

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 1. Loading of ballast water
2. Re-allocation of ballast water within ship
3. Ballast water discharge to reception facility.
All entries (each operation) are to be signed and dated by the officer in charge of the operation and each page must be
counter-signed by the master. In front of the book a ships tank plan with capacities must be entered. The record book must
be retained onboard ship for 3 years.
17. State the conditions that must be applied under Annex 1, MARPOL 73/78 with respect to the discharge of oil, oily mixture
residue from Machinery spaces into any part of sea. OR
The conditions that must be applied under Annex 1, MARPOL 73/78 with respect to the discharge of oil, oily mixture residue
from Machinery spaces into any part of sea from an oil tanker** March-10 (7 marks)
1. The ship is proceeding en route.
2. The oily mixture is processed through an oil filtering equipment meeting requirement of the regulation 14 of Annex- 1
3. The oil content of the effluent without dilution does not exceed 15 parts per million.
4. The oily mixture does not originate from cargo pump room bilges on oil tankers.
5. The oily mixture in case of oil tanker is not mixed with oil cargo residue.

18. State the conditions that must be applied under Annex 1, MARPOL 73/78 with respect to the discharge of oil, oily mixture
residue from cargo tanks or pump-room into any part of sea from an oil tanker. July-09 (11 marks)
The conditions that must be applied under Annex 1, MARPOL 73/78 with respect to the discharge of oil, oily mixture residue from
cargo tanks or pump-room into any part of sea from an oil tanker are:-
1. The tanker is not within a special area;
2. The tanker is more than 50 nautical miles from the nearest land;
3. The tanker is proceeding en route;
4. The instantaneous rate of discharge of oil content does not exceed 30 liters per nautical mile;
5. The total quantity of oil discharged into the sea does not exceed for existing tankers 1/15,000 of the total quantity of the
particular cargo of which the residue formed a part, and for new tankers 1/30,000 of the total quantity of the particular
cargo of which the residue formed a part; and
6. The tanker has in operation an oil discharge monitoring and control system and a slop tank arrangement as required by
regulation 29 and 31of Annex I.

19. Define a special area under IMO MARPOL 73/78. **. Octo-04 (3 marks)
Special area means a sea area where for recognized technical reasons in relation to its oceanographical and ecological condition
and to the particular character of its traffic the adoption of special mandatory methods for the prevention of sea pollution by oil
is required. Special areas shall include those listed in regulation 1 of Annex-I. ANNEX-I.
1. Mediterranean Sea
2. Baltic Sea
3. Black Sea
4. Red Sea
5. Gulfs" area
6. Gulf of Aden
7. Antarctic area
8. North West European Waters
9. Oman area of the Arabian Sea
10. Southern South African waters

20. State the SIX Annexes that are listed under IMO MARPOL 73/78 Convention. Octo-04 (6 marks)
SIX ANNEXES ARE:
1. Annex I-Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Oil
2. Annex II- Regulations for the Control of Pollution by Noxious Liquid Substances in Bulk
3. Annex III- Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Harmful Substances Carried by Sea in Packaged Form
4. Annex IV- Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Sewage from Ships
5. Annex V- Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Garbage from Ships
6. Annex VI- Regulations for the Prevention of Air Pollution from Ships

21. Define garbage as described in MARPOL 73/78. Octo-04 (2 marks)

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Garbage means all kinds of victual, domestic and operational waste excluding fresh fish and parts thereof, generated during the
normal operation of the ship and liable to be disposed of continuously or periodically except those substances which are defined
or listed in other Annexes to the present Convention.
DESCRIPTION OF GARBAGE: The garbage is to be grouped into categories for the purposes of this record book as follows:
1. Plastics.
2. Floating dunnage, lining, or packing material.
3. Ground-down paper products, rags, glass, metal, bottles, crockery etc.
4. Cargo residues, paper products, rags, glass, metal, bottles, crockery, etc.
5. Food waste
6. Incinerator ash.
MARPOL Annex -V Special Areas
1. Mediterranean Sea
2. Baltic Sea
3. Black Sea
4. Red Sea
5. "Gulfs" area
6. North sea
7. Antarctic area (south of latitude 60 degrees south)
8. Wider Caribbean region including gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean sea

22. Define a Particularly Sensitive Sea Area (PSSA)**. March-09 (3 marks)

Particularly Sensitive Sea Area (PSSA) : An area that needs special protection through action by IMO because of its significance
for recognized ecological or socio-economic or scientific reasons and which may be vulnerable to damage by international
maritime activities. The following PSSAs have been designated:
1. The Great Barrier Reef, Australia (designated a PSSA in 1990)
2. The Sabana-Camagüey Archipelago in Cuba (1997)
3. Malpelo Island, Colombia (2002)
4. The sea around the Florida Keys, United States (2002)
5. The Wadden Sea, Denmark, Germany, Netherlands (2002)
6. Paracas National Reserve, Peru (2003)
7. Western European Waters (2004)
8. Extension of the existing Great Barrier Reef PSSA to include the Torres Strait (proposed by Australia and Papua New
Guinea)(2005)
9. Canary Islands, Spain (2005)
10. The Galapagos Archipelago, Ecuador (2005)
11. The Baltic Sea area, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and Sweden (2005)
12. The Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument, United States (2007)
13. The strait of Bonifacio, France & Italy. (2011)

23. With reference to MARPOL 73/78 Annex- v, state the documents that must be in use to satisfy compliance with the
requirements of this Annex. March-10 (4 marks)
Placards:
1. Every ship of 12 m or more in length overall shall display placards which notify the crew and passengers of the disposal
requirements of regulations -3(Disposal of garbage outside special areas) and regulation- 5(Disposal of garbage within
special areas) of this Annex, as applicable.
2. The placards shall be written in working language of ship’s personnel and shall also be in English, French or Spanish.
Garbage Management Plans:
1. Every ship with 400 GRT and above, and every ship which is certified to carry 15 persons or more, shall carry a garbage
management plan which the crew shall follow. This plan shall provide written procedures for collecting, storing,
processing and deposing of garbage including the use of equipment onboard.
Garbage Record Keeping: Every ship of 400 GRT and above and every ship which is certified to carry 15 persons or more
engaged in voyages to ports or offshore terminals shall be provided with a Garbage Record Book.
a) Each discharge operation, or completed incineration, shall be recorded in the Garbage Record Book and signed for on
the date of the incineration or discharge by the officer in charge.
b) The entry for each incineration or discharge shall include date & time, position of ship, description of garbage & the
estimated amount incinerated or discharged.

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 c) The Garbage Record Book shall be kept onboard the ship and preserved for a period of 2 years after last entry is made
on the record.
d) In the event of discharge, escape or accidental loss referred to in Regulation 6 of Annex V an entry shall be made in the
garbage record Book of the circumstance of, and the reason for, the loss.

24.Produce a table showing permitted or prohibited discharge at sea, of different type of garbage regulated by regulated by
MAPOL Annex V ?

Garbage Type Outside In special Offshore

special areas Areas platforms
Plastics - includes synthetic ropes and fishing nets and plastic Disposal Disposal Disposal
garbage bags prohibited prohibited prohibited

Floating dunnage, lining and packing materials >25 miles Disposal Disposal
Offshore prohibited prohibited

Paper, rags, glass, metal, bottles, crockery and similar refuse >12 miles Disposal Disposal
prohibited prohibited

All other garbage including paper, rags, glass, etc. comminuted or >3 miles Disposal Disposal
ground prohibited prohibited

Food waste not comminuted or ground >12 miles >12 miles Disposal
prohibited

Food waste comminuted or ground >3 miles >12 miles >12 miles

25. Outline the entries which must be made in the garbage record book** Octo-04 (9 marks)
A. Entries in the Garbage Record Book shall be made on each of the following occasions:
(a) When garbage is discharged into the sea:
i. Date and time of discharge
ii. Position of the ship (latitude and longitude)
iii. Category of garbage discharged
iv. Estimated amount discharged for each category in cubic meters
v. Signature of the officer in charge of the operation.
(b) When garbage is discharged to reception facilities ashore or to other ships:
i. Date and time of discharge
ii. Port or facility, or name of ship
iii. Category of garbage discharged
iv. Estimated amount discharged for each category in cubic meters
v. Signature of officer in charge of the operation.
(c) When garbage is incinerated:
i. Date and time of start and stop of incineration
ii. Position of the ship (latitude and longitude)
iii. Estimated amount incinerated in cubic meters
iv. Signature of the officer in charge of the operation.
(d) Accidental or other exceptional discharges of garbage
i. Time of occurrence
ii. Port or position of the ship at time of occurrence
iii. Estimated amount and category of garbage
iv. Circumstances of disposal, escape or loss, the reason therefore and general remarks.

26. Explain a system of garbage management that can be utilized by the Officer of the Watch (OOW). OR
Explain the other duties of the Officer of the Watch (OOW), in addition to garbage management, during loading of the cargo.
OR
Describe the precautions and preparations to be taken by the officer of the Watch during cargo operations to prevent Pollution
for the following management of garbage on any vessel.**. March-09 (5 marks)

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1. Principle of collection, processing, storage and disposal to be observed.
2. Disposal into skips/collection areas ashore/on jetty, or possibly provided on board ship by shore.
3. Ensure garbage is not tipped/dumped anywhere else ashore.
4. Ensure correct disposal of i.e. correct garbage into correct skip (different skip provided)
5. If using a barge for disposal - awareness of times of barge arrival.
6. The incinerator may not be used in port as per port regulations.
7. All movement of garbage to be recorded in garbage logbook.

27. State the minimum information to be included on a Entry Permit for enclosed space. COSWP. March-10 (7 marks)
Information that should be included on permit to work.
1. Section A - Scope of work/Identification
1. Location
2. Plant apparatus
3. Work to be done
4. Permit issued to
2. Section B – Checklist/Isolation Data
1. Space thoroughly ventilated,
2. Atmosphere tested and found safe,
3. Space secured for entry,
4. Rescue and resuscitation equipment are available at entrance,
5. Testing equipment available for regular checks,
6. Responsible person in attendance at entrance,
7. Communication arrangement made between person at entrance and person those are entering,
8. Access and illumination adequate,
9. All equipment to be used is of appropriate type,
10. Personal protective equipment to be used – Hard hates, safety harness, as necessary,
11. When breathing apparatus being used
a. Familiarity of user with apparatus is confirmed
b. Apparatus has been tested and found satisfactory.
3. Section C –Certificate of check
12. A statement representing Authorising person in charge
13. Authorising persons name and signature
14. The work is complete/incomplete as

28. Explain the initial emergency procedure the OOW should take in the event of discovering a fire on board.**. March-05 (8
marks)
1. Sound the fire alarm.
2. Tackle fire by conventional means immediately
3. Inform the Master and engine room.
4. Inform shore fire fighting authority and port authorities
5. Stop cargo or bunker operations .Caste off bunker barge that is alongside.
6. Non essential persons to be sent ashore.
7. One man standby at the gangway with cargo plan, fire wallet, international shore connection to act as a guide for shore fire
party.
8. Muster all crew- head count. Fire party briefed.
9. Proceed to scene off fire and investigate.
10. Shut down all ventilation.
11. Start emergency fire p/p. Try to fight the fire by conventional means.
12. Maintain boundary cooling at all times.
13. After fire brigade comes-
14. Hand over fire wallet.
15. Co-ordinate closely and assist as required.
16. Constant check on stability at all times.

If cargo space fire- close and batten down hatches. If accommodation fire then isolate all electrical circuits.

29. State TEN items that may be found on a tanker's ship-Shore Check List.***. March-09 (5 march)

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Only 10 to be write
1. There is safe access between the ship and shore
2. Vessel securely moored.
3. Ship’s/shore communication system is operative.
4. Emergency towing-off pennants are correctly rigged and positioned.
5. The ships fire hoses and Firefighting equipment are in place and ready for use.
6. The Terminals Firefighting equipment are in place and ready for use.
7. Ships Cargo and bunker Hoses, pipelines and manifold are in good condition properly rigged.
8. The terminals Cargo and bunker Hoses, pipelines and manifold are in good condition properly rigged for the service intended.
9. The cargo transfer system is sufficiently isolated and drained to allow safe to safe removal of blank flanges prior to connection.
10. Shore spill containment and sumps are correctly managed.
11. Seal up all deck’s scuppers to prevent spillage over side.
12. Drip trays placed underneath all hose couplings and connections.

PART ‘B’- Bulk liquid general

13. Ship ready to move under own power.
14. Effective deck watch in attendance on board and adequate supervision on the terminal and on the ship.
15. Emergency signal used by ship and shore
16. Cargo, bunker and ballast handling procedures
17. Emergency shut-down procedure understood
18. Shore connections properly secured and supported.
19. Sea and overboard discharge valves when not in use, closed and lashed.
20. All valves not in use closed and lashed
21. Cargo tank lids closed.
22. Tanker venting system checked and properly set.
23. Safe light available
24. Appropriate personnel notified that cargo operations are about to commence.
25. Warning notice displayed, e.g. warnings: No Naked lights, No Smoking, No Unauthorized persons.
26. No unauthorized persons on board.
27. No unauthorized work to be carried out.
28. No unauthorized craft alongside
29. No Naked lights and no smoking unless in designated areas.
30. Galley precaution observed
31. Tanks inerted and inert gas system checked.
32. Al doors and ports to accommodation closed and any ventilators suitably trimmed.
33. Air conditioning unit on internal air re-cycling.
34. All necessary spark arrestors in good condition and in place.
35. Portable radio transceivers which are used for communication to be of an approved type.
36. Ship’s main radio aerials earthed.
37. Appropriate flag and light signals to be shown.

30. An oil tanker is alongside, explain the duties of the Officer of the Watch (OOW) before, during and after LOADING
operations***. Octo-04 (20 marks)
OR
Describe the precautions and preparations to be taken by the Officer of the Watch (OOW) before, during and after bunkering
operations

Procedure prior to bunkering operation

1. All pumps, lines, instrumentation and other cargo equipment should be checked and tested as required. This will mainly be
completed prior to arrival in port.
2. Complete the ship/shore safety checklist. This contains many safety items.

E.g.: ensure all scuppers are plugged, Ensure all unused manifold connections are blanked, Means of communication between
ship and terminal are agreed. Smoking regulations are to be followed. Air-conditioning units are set to recirculation etc.

[Type text]
3. A comprehensive cargo plan indicating a chronological sequence of event is drawn up. This must include all operation involving
the cargo, ballast and COW operations.
4. The tanks must be checked inerted prior to starting operations. When discharging the IG plant must be running and ready to
supply good quality IG immediately pumps are started.
5. Gas Risers and / High velocity vents must be set as required.
6. All lines should be set and checked by responsible officer.

Procedures during loading

1.Procedures during loading Cargo is initially started slowly to minimize the generation of static electricity and to enable initials
checks to be made before committing to the full agreed bulk rate.
2. Initial checks are made
a. E.g.: cargo flowing into the right tanks,
b. No leaks at the manifold, pump-room, on deck, overside, into segregated ballast tanks,
c. Pump pressures, temperatures are satisfactory,
d. IG delivery or venting is satisfactory.

3.Increase rate slowly to the agreed maximum.

4. Try to ensure that more than one tank is open at a one time and manipulate valves carefully to avoid pressure surges within
the ship and shore lines.
5. Monitor tank ullages at regular intervals using the fixed tank gauging system.
6.Monitor line pressures, pump pressures, pump bearing temperatures, IG pressures and oxygen contents, COW machines, etc
continuously.
7. Complete COW programme as per the agreed plan.
8. Calculate final tank ullage to ensure final trim, list and draft as required. Ensure there is enough ullage space for the shore line
contents if required and for expansion during the voyage.
9. Reduce loading rates for topping off and ensure that there are sufficient experienced personal to complete this. 10.Complete
loading/discharging, draining lines as required. The latter is particularly important on discharge to ensure the minimum ROB.
On completion of bunker operation
1. Check all ullages and temperatures with shore representative, taking appropriate precautions against static discharge and
calculate the ships figure of cargo. The ships figure should generally be within 0.25% of the Bill of loading figure
2. The ship must be battened down for sea i.e. ullage ports, venting system, IG system, pipeline systems, pump-rooms etc.
3. PV valves should be set.

31. With reference to a vessel moored alongside having completed all cargo operations: Produce a checklist to indicate the
deck duties of the OOW whilst waiting for next sailing tide (12) March-05

Deck duties of the OOW whilst waiting for next sailing tide:
1. Ensure all cargo has been secured ready for sailing.
1. Check hatch covers and loading equipments has been stowed securely.
2. Liaise with master and officer regarding sailing instructions forward and aft.
3. Ensure all crew on board for sailing , and check for stowaways.
4. Check engine room are ready for sailing .
5. Check tide time to organize sailing time and pilotege.
6. Ensure bridge has correct charts, passage planning notes.
7. Make sure crew require letting go are aware of time for stations.
8. Ensure that the pilot access area is clear from obstructions.
9. Ensure pilot boarding arrangement made as required.
Checklist:

Make sure following equipment bas been checked and ready for use.
2. Ensure passage plan for the intended voyage has been prepared.
3. Anchors
4. Bridge movement log book/course and engine movement recorder
5. Echo sounder
6. Electronic navigational position-fixing systems
7. Gyro/magnetic compass and repeaters
8. Passage plan entered into integrated bridge system
9. Radar(s)
[Type text]
10. Required AIS data inputs made, speed/distance recorder
11. Clocks

The following equipment has been tested, synchronized and found ready for use.
12. Bridge and Engine room telegraphs, including
13. RPM indicator
14. Emergency engine stops
15. Thruster controls and indicators, fitted
16. Controllable pitch propeller controls and indicators, if fitted

Communication facilities including,

17. Bridge to engine room/mooring station communications
18. Portable radios
19. VH radio communications with port authority

Navigational and signal lights, including

20. Searchlights
21. Signalling lamp
22. Morse light

Sound signalling apparatus, including

23. Whistles
24. Fog bell and Gong systems
25. Steering gear, including manual, auto-pilot and emergency changeover arrangements and rudder indicators
26. Window wiper/Clear view screen arrangements

Ensure the ship is secure for sea

27. Cargo and cargo handling equipment secure
28. All hull openings secure and watertight
29. Cargo/passenger details available
30. Stability and draft information available

32. Explain the procedures and precautions to be observed prior to entering an enclosed space.COSWP.)
The following precautions should be taken before entering cargo tank,
The ballast tanks or void space on a Merchant Vessel.*** COSWP an enclosed space.
1. A responsible officer to take charge of the operation should be appointed .
2. 3 A competent person should make an assessment of the space.
3. . The potential hazards should be identified.
4. The space should be prepared and secured for entry.
5. The atmosphere of the space should be tested.
6. A 'permit-to-work' system should be used.
7. Procedures before and during the entry should be instituted.
The following procedure should be taken before entering an enclosed space
1. Access to and within the space should be adequate and well illuminated.
2. No sources of ignition should be taken into the space unless the responsible officer is satisfied that it is safe to do so .
3. Rescue and all available resuscitation equipment to be ready at the entrance to the space
4. The number of personnel entering the space should be limited to those who actually need to work in the space.
5. A responsible person is to be in attendance at the entrance to the space while it is occupied.
6. Communications procedures are to be agreed and acknowledged by all those involved. Communications between the
attendant at the entrance and the Officer on watch (Bridge or ECR) should be established.
7. Before entry is permitted it should be established that entry with breathing apparatus is possible.
8. Lifelines should be long enough for the purpose and capable of being firmly attached to the harness, but the wearer
should be able to detach them easily should they become tangled. 9. The space should be ventilated throughout the
operation.
Procedure and arrangements During entry
9. Ventilation should continue during the period that the space is occupied and during temporary breaks.
10. The atmosphere should be tested periodically.

[Type text]
 11. If the fore seen difficulties or hazards develop, the work in the space should be stopped and the space evacuated so that
the situation can be re-assessed.
12. If any personnel in the space feel in any way adversely affected they should give the pre arranged signal to the attendant
standing by the entrance and immediately leave the space.
13. Should the emergency occur the general (or crew) alarm should be sounded so that back-is up is immediately available
to the rescue team. Under no circumstances should the attendant enter in the space before the help arrived and the
situation has been evaluated.
14. If air being supplied through an air line to the person who is unwell, a check should be made immediately that the air
supply is being maintained at the correct pressure.
15. Once the casualty is reached, the checking of the air supply must be the first priority.
Procedure on completion
16.On expiry of the “permit- to –work”, everyone should leave the space and the entrance to the space should be closed or
otherwise secured against the entry or alternatively ,where the space is no longer a dangerous space, declared safe for normal
entry.

33. State the additional considerations that should be taken when the tanker is loading at a single point-mooring (SPM) OR
Describe the precautions and preparations to be taken by the officer of the Watch during cargo operations to prevent
Pollution for the following - taking bunkers on a passenger vessel/ Oil tankers. July-09/march-09 (7 marks)
Bunkering precautions/procedures:
a. Vessel securely moored.
b. Seal up all deck scuppers to prevent spillage over side.
c. Establish a second means of access to the vessel incase of emergency. - Display “B” flag or all round red light.
d. Post additional “no smoking”, signs in deck areas.
e. Oil spill equipment and fire fighting equipment in place and ready for use.
f. Display emergency telephone numbers
g. Communications established between ship and shore/bunker barge.
h. Unused manifolds blanked off
i. Bunker hoses inspected and checked for any visible signs of damage.
j. Bunker lines and loading hoses regularly checked for leakage
k. Drip trays placed underneath all hose couplings and connections.
l. Hoses securely bolted
m. All personnel involve in operation familiar with bunker system.

n. Bunker tank air vents and flame screens checked.

o. Soundings of all bunker tanks taken and calculations completed.
p. Soundings of bunker tanks at regular intervals and loading rate calculated..
q. Periodic communication with shore/bunker barge
r. Monitor bilge alarms.
s. Overboard to be checked regularly for any spillage.
t. Note down important timings (start time/finish time/barge alongside/barge cast off)
u. Vessel draft / trim regularly checked.
v. Bonding wire and fire wire rigged (for tanker only).

Completion: 1. Note down timings and quantity of bunker received. 2. Oil record book, deck and engine log book should be filled.
3. Check manifold valves are closed. 4. Check whether hose/loading arm has been properly blown or drained 5. Check if hose /
load arm blanked or sealed before lifting overside.

34. State the minimum information that should be included on a Permit to Work. COSWP
Information that should be included on permit to work.
Section A - Scope of work
1. Location
2. Plant apparatus
3. Work to be done
4. Permit issued to
Section B – Checklist
1. As per type of work

Section C – Authorization of Permit

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1. A statement representing Authoring person
2. Period of validity(should not exceed more than 24 hours)
3. Authoring persons name signature

Section D – Receipt of permit

1. A statement representing competent person
2. Competent persons name and signature

Section E – Clearance of permit

1. A statement representing competent person
2. Competent persons name signature

Minimum headings for a Permit-to-Work under the following categories:

6. Work in Unmanned Machinery Spaces
7. Entry into Enclosed or Confined Space
8. Machinery or Equipment
9. Hot Work
10. Working Aloft/Over side
11. General Electrical (Under 1000 Volts)
12. Electrical High Voltage (Over 1000 Volts)

Additional Permits-to-Work, following a similar format, may be required and developed for other categories of work.

35. List the information to be included on a cargo plan: dec-10 (10 marks)
1. The position of all of the cargo, stating what it is and its tonnage.
2. Individual color for each port of discharge.
3. Indicates the position and nature of any special cargo, e.g. heavy lifts, dangerous or valuable goods, mail etc.
4. Cargo marks if necessary to avoid confusion during discharging.
5. Pre-slung, palletized or unitized cargo with direction of attack for forklift.
6. Ships name, voyage number.
7. Ports of loading and discharging with date od departure from the last port of loading.
8. Key to the color code.
9. Name and rank of cargo officer.
10. Departure draft, GM, a summary of hatch/port tonnage.

36. List the information a shipper is required to supply to a vessel loading dangerous goods in packaged form. March-10 (7
marks)
1. Proper shipping name
2. Class (Division where applicable)
3. U N number
4. Packing group (where assigned)
5. Total quantity of Dangerous good (volume o mass)
6. Minimum flash point if – 61 deg C or less
7. Subsidiary hazards
8. Marine pollutant (if applicable)
9. Declaration, in proper condition for transport

The declaration is signed on behalf of the shipper

37. List the information a shipper is required to supply to a vessel loading dangerous goods in packaged form. March-10 (7
marks)
1. Groups Dangerous Goods together based on the hazards they present in transport (Classification)
2. Contains the Dangerous Goods in packaging/tanks which are of appropriate strength and which will prevent the goods
escaping.
3. Use of Hazard warning labels and other identifying marks in transport.
4. Requires standard documentation to be provided when Dangerous goods are being transported.
5. Lays down the principles for ensuring that those dangerous good which will react dangerously together are kept apart.
6. Lays down principle for where to place dangerous goods onboard ship to insure safe transport.
7. Provides emergency response advice for dangerous goods involved in a fire or spillage onboard ship.

38. Describe the legal states and purpose of the Code of Safe Working Practices for Merchant Seamen (COSWP).

[Type text]
This Code of Safe Working Practices is intended primarily for merchant seamen on United Kingdom registered vessels. Copies of
the current printed edition of the Code must be carried on all United Kingdom ships other than fishing vessels and pleasure craft,
and a copy must be made available to any seaman in the ship who requests it, in accordance with the Merchant Shipping (Code of
Safe Working Practices for Merchant Seamen) Regulations 1998. There should always be an adequate number of copies to allow
the Master, Safety Officer and any members of the Safety Committee to have their own, leaving at least one available for general
reference.
Application:
These Regulations shall apply to all U.K. ships except fishing vessels and pleasure vessels.
Carriage of the Code:
1. Ships on which five or less workers are employed shall carry at least one copy;
2. Ships with more than 5 and less than 20 shall carry one copy which is in the custody of the Master, one copy which is in the
custody of the Safety Officer, one copy which is in the custody of the Safety Representative (where elected), and in addition one
or more copies kept in a place accessible to other workers;
3. Ships with more than 20 workers shall carry an adequate number for the workers employed as well as one copy to be kept in
the custody of the Master, the Chief Officer, the Chief Engineer, the Purser or Catering Officer, Safety Officer and any Safety
Representative.
Penalties:
Any person knowingly removing a copy of the Code, without the consent of the Master or Company is an offence punishable on
summary conviction by a fine not exceeding level 1 on the standard scale (£200). Failure to carry the required copies of the Code
is an offence punishable on summary conviction by a fine not exceeding level 3 on the standard scale (£1000)

39. Define Flash Point

Is the lowest temperature at which a liquid gives off sufficient vapour to form a flammable mixture with air near the surface of
the liquid.

51. Define Flammable range (also known as explosive range)

A mixture of hydrocarbon gas and air can not ignite unless its composition lies within a range of gas and air concentration known
as the Flammable Range.

52. Volatile petroleum (Flash point below 60 deg C.)

Gas formed in ambient temperature is within flammable Range or above upper Flammable limit – Jet fuels, kerosene, gasoline
and crude.
53. With reference to the IMDG Code, explain what is meant by following and use of them. March-05 (3 marks)
MFAG The “Medical First Aid Guide for use in accidents involving Dangerous Goods” is a supplement to the IMDG Code. After
looking up the MFAG Table No., see the table in the MFAG. It gives likely signs, symptoms, treatment and other advice as per the
effect of goods under that table. It suggests treatment in case of skin contact, eye contact, inhalation and ingestion. The
procedures for the treatment are also mentioned.
Ems The “Emergency Procedures for ships carrying Dangerous Goods” is a supplement to the IMDG Code. It describes the action,
procedures and emergency equipment to be carried when carrying goods of that schedule number. In the general index the
substances for which emergency procedures vary from group emergency schedule are underlined.

54. State the precautions and limitations when using a combustible gas indicator (explosimeter). March-09 (5 marks)
55. State the five hazards associated with the carriage of chemicals in bulk, describing the associated precaution for each.
Octo-09 (15 marks)
Chemical tankers have special regulations because of the hazards posed by the cargoes The International Code for the
Construction and Equipment of Ship Carrying Chemical Cargoes in Bulk (IBC Code) and MARPOL contain these regulations.
Chemical cargoes carried in bulk can pose the following hazards:
1. Toxicity
2. Reactivity
3. Corrosivity
4. Flammability
5. Pollution

56. List the protective equipment which must be provided aboard a chemical tanker in order to satisfy the requirements of the
IBC code for ships carrying dangerous chemicals in bulk. Octo-09 (5 marks)
For personal protection the following equipment is required:
1. Chemical-resistant suits
2. Face coverings, gas masks
3. Stored in special lockers
4. Safety equipment sets (at least 3 sets carried)
[Type text]
5. BA sets
6. Protective clothing
7. Fireproof, chemical resistant lifeline
8. Explosion proof lamp

In addition the following equipment is carried for use in case of spillages or other emergencies:
1. Stretchers
2. Medical first-aid equipment
3. Resuscitation equipment
4. Antidotes for cargoes carried
5. Decontamination showers and eyebaths on deck

57. Explain the duties of the officer in charge at the forward mooring station. octo-09 (15 marks)
58. Explain the duties of the officer in charge at the after mooring station. March-09 (15 marks)
1. Establish and maintain communication with bridge continuously
2. Ensure there is proper illumination if night.
3. Ensure all personal are in proper P. P. E.
4. Ensure the power supply is available for aft /fwd mooring winch ( and windlass if fwd).
5. Try out the mooring equipment’s for smooth operation e.g. lowering and heaving
6. Explain the procedure and safety aspects to the crew and instruct to stay clear from snap back zone
7. Ensure the mooring lines are ready for use.
8. Check all the safety pins of winch are in proper place for use.
9. Ensure the heaving lines and messenger lines are ready for use.
10. Aware of mooring lines arrangement passing ashore.
11. Aware of limitations of mooring winch if any.
12. Keep informing bridge for any clearing or approaching range to danger.
13. Ensure all rat guards are kept ready for use.

59. Define (Transverse Stability)**KM-Height of Metacentre. March-10 (3 marks)

The distance between the metacentre and the Keel Units = Metres

60. Describe with labeled sketch Centre of Gravity (G)**july-09/04 (2 marks)

The point through which the weight of the ship is considered to act. It is located at the centre of the ships mass and the force
through “G” acts Vertically downwards. KG = height of G above the keel

61. Define with aid of sketch*******Centre Of Buoyancy(B). july-09/04 (2 marks)

The point through which the force of buoyancy (upthrust) is considered to act. It is located at the centre of the underwater
volume and acts Vertically Upwards.

62. Describe what is meant by the term Free Surface Effect (FSE). July-09 (4 marks)
A reduction in the ship’s stability caused by the free flow of liquid in partially filled tank. There is no FSE if the tank is full or
empty. The effect of free surface is that the movement of liquid in the tank as the vessel heels causes vessel’s CoG to move off
the centre in the direction of the low side. Thus GZ is reduced and therefore GM will also be reduced. Since M is considered a
fixed point and the GM is reduced-then G1 must be considered to have risen.

63. Explain why it is important to know the Dock water Density, whilst loading a deadweight cargo**march-09 (5 marks)
a. If a ship moves between water of different density the underwater volume, and hence the draft, will also change.
b. When passing from Saltwater to Dockwater the draft will increase.
c. When passing from Dockwater to Saltwater the draft will decrease.
d. If a ship is loaded to her loadline at a Dockwater berth then draft would decrease on reaching the saltwater. She is not loaded
to her maximum capacity and so loosing cargo revenue.
e. To avoid this when loading in Dockwater the appropriate loadline (i.e. including DWA sinkage) can be submerged to the
amount by which she will rise when reaching saltwater.

64. Define**Density. July-06 (2 marks)

The Mass per unit volume is called density. Units= Kilogram’s per cubic meters (Kg m3) Symbol:  (Pronounced Rho)

[Type text]
65. Define***DWA. July-06 (3 marks)
The amount by which the appropriate loadline can be submerged when loading in water of density between 1000 and 1025 kg m-
3 Units - mm DWA = 1025 – DENSITY OF DOCK WATER x FWA 25

66. Define-Trimming Moment. July-06 (2 marks)

The moment or force required to change the vessels trim from an even keel. Trimming moment = W x GG1 (where GG1 = LCB ~
LCB)

67. Define******TRIM. Octo-06/04 (2 marks)

Trim- The difference between the forward draft and aft draft. If the forward draft is greater then the ship is said to be trimmed by
the bow or head, if the aft draft is greater then ship is said to be trimmed by the stern.

68. Define***MCTC Moment or force required to change the vessels trim by one centimeter. MCTC = W x GML W =
Displacement, 100L GML = longitudinal Metacentric height L = waterline length

69. Define***LCB – Longitudinal Centre of Buoyancy: octo-06/ (2 marks)

The point through which the total upthrust is considered to act. It is located at centre of under water volume and acts vertically
upward. Usually measured from the aft perpendicular

70. Define***LCF - Longitudinal Center Of Floatation: octo-06/04 (2/3 marks)

The point about which the vessel trims and is located at the center of the water plane area. (This changes with the draft and is
tabulated in hydrostatic tables)

71. Explain why the LCF may move on a ship shape vessel? (4 marks)
The LCF is at the centroid of the waterplane area at that particular draught. With a ship shape vessel the waterplane area will
change with draught. As a consequence the centroid of the new waterplane area (LCF) will also change and may move forward
and aft of its initial position with such a change in draught.

72. Factors affecting the Free Surface effect :

1. Density: FSE varies with density. 2. Ship’s Displacement: FSE varies inversely with displacement. 3. Tank dimensions: FSE varies
directly with length of the tank. 4. Depth of Tank: FSE does not generally dependent upon liquid depth. 5. Position of Tank: FSE is
not depend on tank location

73. State operational and constructional methods of reducing FSE when ballasting
OR
74. State the factors to considered when utilizing ballast tanks to minimize free surface effect(FSE). Octo-04 (5 marks)
OR
75. Explain Two methods whereby Free Surface Effect (FSE) may be reduced or eliminated in a compartment.
a. By introducing a longitudinal watertight subdivision in tanks
b. By introducing a watertight centerline bulkhead into the compartment.
c. By introducing a washplate bulkhead into the compartment.
d. Constructing the compartment with hopper type features to reduce „b‟.
e. Completely filling the compartment.
f. Completely emptying the compartment.

76. describe with labeled sketch how free surface can cause a virtual rise of a vessel's centre of gravity**dec-04-10 (19 marks)
The point Through which the weight of the ship is considered to act. It is located at the centre of the ships mass and the force
through “G” acts Vertically downwards. KG = height of G above the keel

77. Describe with labeled sketch***Bale Capacity. March-03 (6 marks)

This measured as the internal volume of the hold. The measurements are taken from inside the frames and beams. And is used
for general cargo.

78. Describe with labeled sketch**grain capacity. March-03 (6 marks)

This is the internal volume the hold measured from shell plating and deck plating. With an deduction made for frame and beam
volumes. It used for Bulk cargoes.

79. Explain, with the aid of labeled sketch, the term LIST****** Octo-04 (2/5 marks)
When a vessel is inclined by forces within the ship. Uneven distribution of weights. This is a stable condition (G below M) – but G
is off the centerline.

[Type text]
80. Moment of Statical stability-define. Octo-04 (2 marks)
The moment, or force, available to return the ship to the upright when heeled. M.S.S = Displacement x GZ Units – Tonne Metres
(Tm)

81. Define with aid of sketch*******righting lever. Octo-04 (2 marks)

The perpendicular distance between the center of gravity and a vertical through the center of buoyancy. Units = Metres GZ=GM x
Sin (heel) m (for small angles of heel up to 15 degrees) GZ = KN-KG Sin (heel) m (for larger angles of heel) Beyond 15degrees
Buoyancy (B1) no longer acts through M

82. Define with aid of sketch** (M)Transverse Metacenter OR

83. Describe initial transverse Metacenter. Octo-04 (2 marks) OR
84. Define with aid of sketch******* Metacentric, m.
The point at which verticals through the centre of buoyancy intersect the centerline when the vessel is heeled. The metacentre is
considered a fixed point at small angles of heel when it is named as the “initial Metacentre”.

85. Define with aid of sketch*****Metacentric height(GM). Octo-04/march-10 (2/3 marks)

The distance between the metacentre (M) and the centre of gravity (G) GM=KM~KG Units = Metres GM should never be less than
0.15m at anytime during voyage

86. Explain*****HEEL
The inclination of the vessel by external force, e.g. wind, waves & swells

87. Describe a safe procedure for correcting An Angle of Loll****march-04 (6 marks)

Safe procedure for correcting An Angle of Loll is G must be lowered below M. And to achieve this:
a. Lower all portable weights including derricks and cranes. If vessel is loading, discharging using ships gear – lower all suspended
weights to deck.
b. Reduce free surface: fill partially filled tanks – if necessary transferring FROM partially filled tanks on the high side. Pump bilges
high side first.
c. On LOW side: ballast into smaller tanks near centerline if possible (to reduce FSE and minimise the angle of inclination).
d. In the event of ice accretion: remove ice from the HIGH side first.
e. Once it is clearly ascertained that G is below M then correct as for list.

88. Explain The Difference Between An Angle Of List And An Angle Of Loll. March-05 (5 m)
1. A angle of list is caused by uneven distribution of weight..
2. In port this may be corrected by distribution of cargo or ballast operation.
3. At sea this is done by the transferring of bunkers or ballast or ballasting to the high side, or ballasting the low side.
4. An angle of loll is caused by the ship having a negative GM (i.e when G is above M); the ship then heels until the GM becomes
zero (because of the increased water plane area as the ship heels) and will roll about that point.

89. Explain the Load Line Zones. March-05 (3 marks)

90. Explain the reasons for Load Lines. March-05 (5 marks)
1. Ensures that when the appropriate seasonal loadline mark is not submerged at sea in saltwater (R.D. 1.025) the ship will always
have the necessary reserve buoyancy to ensure sea worthiness.
2. To determine by how much the appropriate load line can be submerged when floating in freshwater.
3. To find the mean draft / freeboard when the vessel is listed.
4. To determine whether the vessel is hogged or sagged
5. Gives a clear indication has to whether the vessel is over loaded.

91. Labelle with aid of sketch each terms it includes**Load Line Marks (lumber Load line). June-05 (7 marks)
92. Define******TPC. June-05 (2 marks)
The number of tones requires to change the ship’s mean draft by one centimeter when floating in saltwater. TPC = Water-Plane
Area (Aw) x Density of Water = Aw x ρ 100 100

93. State The Archimedes Principle. June-05 (3 marks)

When an object is immersed in a fluid, the upthrust on the object is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced. Upthrust/buoyancy
= volume of fluid displayed x density of the fluid.

94. List the information obtained from Statical Stability Curves. June-05 (19 marks)
a) Define The Range Of Stability
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The range over which the vessel has positive righting levers
b) Define The Angle Of Vanishing Stability
The angle of heel at which the righting levers return to zero
c) Define The Maximum GZ
The maximum righting lever. Draw a tangent to the highest point of the curve and read off on the GZ scale
d) Define The Angle of Deck Edge Immersion
The angle at which the deck edge immerses. This is indicated by the change of curvature (from Convex to Concave)
e) Define The Initial Metacentric Height (GM)
Draw a tangent through the origin (zero) tangent to the first part of the curve. Erect a perpendicular at 57.3 degrees (1 Radian)of
heel. The intersection point measured on the GZ scale is the initial GM
f) Define Dynamical Stability
A measure of work required to cause a vessel to move from a condition of rest to a condition of inclination or further inclination.
Dynamical Stability = Area under the GZ curve x Displacement

95. Sketch a typical curve of Statical stability for a stiff vessel and for a Tender vessel. March-019 (2,2 marks ) and/or
96. A Stiff vessel, a Tender vessel, an angle of loll, an angle of list, range of positive stability ***. June-05 (2,2 marks) and/or
97. State effect of and dangers associated with a stiff vessel and for a Tender vessel. March-019 (2,2/3,3 marks )
A stiff vessels effect
1. Large positive GM
2. Large positive righting levers
3. Large righting moments
4. Short rolling period with a very abrupt return

Dangers/Disadvantages
5. Very uncomfortable for crew.
6. Likelihood of structural damage to the ship – caused by excessive stresses.
7. Shifting of cargo.
8. Undue stresses on lashing.

Correction – reduce GM
9. Raise G by deballasting DBs
10. Ballasting wing tanks

Tender vessels effect (when vessel has small GM)

11. Small positive GM
12. Small positive righting lever
13. Small positive righting moments
14. Long rolling period with a smooth return
15. Will roll even in clam weather

Dangers/Disadvantage
16. Small GM could easily become negative due to the effect of free surface and/or consumption of bunkers from DBs or Water
on deck
17. Large rolls may cause cargo to shift.
18. Vessels may heel due to Wind.

Correction
19. Increase GM by ballasting DB tanks
20. Reduce FSE
21. Lower any weights.
98. Sketch inclined vessel in neutral Equilibrium indicating position of G, M, K, B and B1. July-09 (3 marks) and/or
99. State the effect of and dangers associated with each and/or
100. Sketch a transverse labeled diagram illustrating a heeled vessel in stable equilibrium**
g) Stable Equilibrium
a. GM is positive (G is below M)
b. GZ is a positive Righting Leaver
c. A ship is said to be in a stable equilibrium, if when inclined she tends to return to the initial upright position

For this to occur:

d. G must be BELOW M

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101. Sketch a transverse labeled diagram illustrating a heeled vessel neutral equilibrium***
h) Neutral Equilibrium.

a. GM is 0 (G&M in same position)

b. GZ is 0-there is no Righting Lever
c. A ship is said to be in a neutral equilibrium, if when inclined she remains at the same angle until further internal or external
forces are applied.

For this to occur:

d. G and M in the SAME Position
e. This is a dangerous condition

i) Unstable Equilibrium.

a) GM is Negative (G below M)
b) GZ is negative Righting Lever
c) A ship is said to be in a unstable equilibrium, if when inclined at a small angle she tends to heel over still further.

For this to occur:

d) G must be above M (Negative GM)
e) This is a dangerous condition

102. The volume of watertight spaces above waterline.

3 Reasons for Reserve Buoyancy: Loss of Watertight Integrity. Increase in deadweight during a voyage. To enable the ship to ride
over Large seas and swell (Waves And Swells)
103. List the items that should be included in a checklist for the preparation of holds for the carriage of general cargo***.
March-03 (13 marks)

Moorings:
1. Check the mooring lines. Be aware of the tidal condition throughout the watch.
2. The state of the weather and sea & all forecasts.
3. Check the UKC and draft and ensure vessel maintains stability.
4. Check the moorings regularly to ensure that the vessel is properly secured to the berth.
Cargo Operation
1. Be aware of the vessel draft and planned cargo/ballasting activities.
2. The level of water in bilge and ballast tanks
3. Any special port regulations.
4. The cargo handling equipment operated by trained and experienced personnel.
5. Make the area of work is properly illuminated
6. The cargo handling gears should be inspected at regular intervals.
7. Check that holds are clean, dry and ready to receive the cargo.
8. Visually check cargo. The cargo must be dry and apparent good condition.
9. The cargo is handled in a safe manner, and is not damaged.
10. The cargo is stowed properly in accordance with the cargo plan.
11. Any abnormal sound in the machinery space.
12. COSWP to be used thoroughly.
13. Spend as much time as possible actually on deck.

II. Oil discharge in liters per nautical mile and the total quantity of oil discharged
III. The oil content and the rate of discharge.

a) Oil filtering equipment design shall be approved by the Administration and

b) shall ensure that any oily mixture discharged into the sea after passing through the system or systems has an oil content
not exceeding 15 parts per million.
c) It shall be provided with alarm arrangements to indicate when this level cannot be maintained.
d) The system shall also be provided with arrangements such as will ensure that any discharge of oily mixtures is
automatically stopped when the oil content of the effluent exceeds 15 parts per million.
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In considering the design of such equipment and arrangements, the Administration shall have regard to the specification
recommended by the Organization.

1. Each Pilot ladder, accommodation ladder, hoist and associated equipments is properly maintained and stowed,
and regularly inspected to ensure that, so far as is reasonably practicable, each is safe to use.
2. Each Pilot ladder and hoist is used only for embarkation and disembarkation of pilots and by officials and other
persons while a ship is arriving at or leaving a port.
3. The rigging of the pilot ladder, accommodation ladder, hoist and associated equipment is supervised by a
responsible officer who is in communication with the navigating bridge.
a. The pilot ladder or hoist overside and its controls, and also the position where the person embarks and
disembarks on the ship should be adequately lit.

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