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Chapter Three

Chapter Three discusses various methods for solving systems of equations, including direct methods like Gauss Elimination, Gauss-Jordan, and Matrix Inverse Method, as well as iterative methods such as Jacobi and Gauss-Seidel. It provides examples and exercises for each method, emphasizing the importance of reordering equations when necessary and the simplicity of using software like MATLAB for implementation. Additionally, it introduces Newton's Method for solving systems of nonlinear equations, with exercises to reinforce learning.

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Hailu Feleke
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17 views15 pages

Chapter Three

Chapter Three discusses various methods for solving systems of equations, including direct methods like Gauss Elimination, Gauss-Jordan, and Matrix Inverse Method, as well as iterative methods such as Jacobi and Gauss-Seidel. It provides examples and exercises for each method, emphasizing the importance of reordering equations when necessary and the simplicity of using software like MATLAB for implementation. Additionally, it introduces Newton's Method for solving systems of nonlinear equations, with exercises to reinforce learning.

Uploaded by

Hailu Feleke
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter Three

System of Equations
3.1.Direct Methods

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3.1.1 Gauss Elimination method

Example 1: Solve the following system

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In the example, we had a11  0 . Otherwise we would not have been able to eliminate x1 by
using the equations in the given order. Hence if a11  0 in the system of equations, we have to
reorder the equations ( and perhaps even the unknowns in each equation) in a suitable fashion.

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Exercise: Using Gauss elimination method solve

y  3z  9
2x  2 y  z  8
 x  5z  8

 x  2
Answer:  y   3
 z  2

3.1.2 Gauss elimination with partial pivoting

3.1.3 Jordan Method ( Gauss-Jordan method)

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Example:- Solve the following system of equations by Gauss Jordan method

x yz 5
2 x  3 y  5z  8
4 x  5z  2

Exercise

Answer: x1  1, x2  1, x3  5
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3.1.4 Matrix inverse Method

So that in order to solve a system of linear equations Ax  b , if A is invertible the solution will
be x  A 1b . Getting a solution by such procedure is called Matrix inverse method. To use this
method, the challenge is getting an inverse of a matrix, especially when the order is getting
larger and larger. As you recall from linear algebra one of the method is using elementary
operation, that is writing [ A I ]  [ I A1 ] .

Once if we get A1 we can multiply it with b and determine the solution of the system.

Example:- Solve the following system using matrix inverse method

x yz 4
2 x  y  3z  0
x yz 2

Solution

1  1 1   x 4
First let us write in AX  b form where A  2 1  3, X   y  , and B  0 now to apply
   

1 1 1   z  2
the matrix inverse method we have to get A1 . We can get it (by whatever method you use) as

4 2 2  x 4 2 2 4  2 
A 1   5 0 5 , so that our solution will be  y    5 0 5 0   1
1 1
10   10     
 1  2 3  z   1  2 3 2  1 

Note that this method is so simple if you use the matlab program in the lab.

Reading Assignment
 Write a program for Gauss elimination & Matrix inverse method and check it by
solving system of equations given as an example.

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3.2. Iterative Methods

3.2.1 Gauss Jacobi Method( Jacobi’s iterative method) and 3.2.2 Gauss Seidel Method

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Example:-Solve the following system of linear equations using (a) Jacobi’s iteration method and
(b) Gauss-Seidel iteration method

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Exercise

1. Solve the following system using Jacobi’s iteration method


6 x  y  3z  3
3x  7 y  2 z  20 ( Ans. X=1,y=1, and z=2)
 5 x  12 y  24 z  13
2. Solve the following system using Gauss-Seidel iteration method
2 x1  x2  x3  1
x1  2 x2  x3  6 ( Ans. x1  1, x2  2 and x3  1)
x1  x2  2 x3  3

Comp. Lab Exercise

Write a program to Gauss-Seidel iteration method using Matlab software and solve the above
problems
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3.3 System of Non Linear equations using Newton’s Method

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Example:-

Exercise፡- 1. Solve the system

x2  y2  1 x   0. 5
using Newton’s method by taking initial guess  0    
yx 2
 y 0   0. 5

2. Write a Matlab program for iterative Newton’s method and solve the above problems

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