Experiment No : 4

SINE PWM GENERATION USING PIC16F877A

MICROCONTROLLER AND SIMULATION OF
HALF BRIDGE INVERTER

AIM
Design and set up a microcontroller based 50Hz sine PWM half-bridge inverter to power a resistive load of
33 ohm. The switching frequency is to be 20kHz. The DC supply voltage is 200V. Also design a low pass
LC filter with a corner frequency of 1kHz to filter the harmonics, ensuring that the voltage drop across the
inductor does not exceed 10% of the inverter output voltage. Plot relevant waveforms.

SOFTWARE USED

Proteus 8 , MPLAB XC8 Compile

DESIGN

Crystal Frequency = 16MHz

PWM Frequency = 20kHz

PWM Period = (PR2 + 1)×4×Tosc×TMR2 prescale value

where; TMR2 prescale value= 1, 4, 16

Let’s take TMR2 prescale value= 1

1
1 = (PR2 +1) 4× 6 ×1
20×1000 16×10

By solving PR2= 199

Hence take TMR2 prescale value=1

Bit2 is set to be 1 to turn on the TIMER2 and bit 1-0 will determine the prescale value.
We need a prescale value as 1. Hence bit1-0 =00
T2CONbits. TMR2ON=1;

T2CONbits. T2CKPSX=00;

We don’t need capture and compare module. We need the PWM module only.

Hence bit3-0 of the CCP1CON will be11xx.

CCPxX, CCPxY are bits used to get 10 bit resolution. But here we use only 8 bit resolution. Hence these
2 bits (bit5-4) will be 0.
CCP1CONbits. CCP1X=0;

CCP1CONbits. CCP1Y=0;

CCP1CONbits. CCP1M=0b1111;

1.T2CON: TIMER 2 CONTROL REGISTER

ADDRESS 12h

bit 7- Unimplemented: Read as ‘0’

bit 6-3 TOUTPS3:TOUTPS0: Timer2 Output Postscale Select bits 0000 = 1:1 postscale
0001 = 1:2 postscale
0010 = 1:3 postscale

•
1111 = 1:16 postscale

bit 2 TMR2ON: Timer2 On bit

1 = Timer2 is on

0 = Timer2 is off

bit 1-0 T2CKPS1:T2CKPS0: Timer2 Clock Prescale Select bits 00 =

Prescaler is 1

01 = Prescaler is 4

1x = Prescaler is 16

2. CCP1CON REGISTER/CCP2CON REGISTER

ADDRESS 17h/1Dh

bit 7-6 Unimplemented: Read as ‘0’

bit 5-4 CCPxX:CCPxY: PWM Least Significant bits

Capture mode: Unused.

Compare mode: Unused.

PWM mode: These bits are the two LSbs of the PWM duty cycle. The eight MSbs are found in CCPRxL.
bit 3-0 CCPxM3:CCPxM0: CCPx Mode Select bits
▪ 0000 = Capture/Compare/PWM disabled (resets CCPx module) ▪ 0100 =
Capture mode, every falling edge
 ▪ 0101 = Capture mode, every rising edge
▪ 0110 = Capture mode, every 4th rising edge
▪ 0111 = Capture mode, every 16th rising edge
▪ 1000 = Compare mode, set output on match (CCPxIF bit is set) ▪ 1001 = Compare
mode, clear output on match (CCPxIF bit is set) ▪ 1010 = Compare mode, generate
software interrupt on match (CCPxIF bit is set, CCPx pin is unaffected)
▪ 1011 = Compare mode, trigger special event (CCPxIF bit is set, CCPx pin is
unaffected); CCP1 resets TMR1; CCP2 resets TMR1 and starts an A/D conversion
(if A/D module is enabled)
▪ 11xx = PWM mode

CAPTURE/COMPARE/PWM MODULES

Each Capture/Compare/PWM (CCP) module contains a 16-bit register which can operate as
a:

• 16-bit Capture register

• 16-bit Compare register

• PWM Master/Slave Duty Cycle register

Both the CCP1 and CCP2 modules are identical in operation, with the exception being the
operation of the special event trigger. Table 8-1 and Table 8-2 show the resources and
interactions of the CCP module(s). In the following sections, the operation of a CCP module is
described with respect to CCP1. CCP2 operates the same as CCP1 except where noted.
CCP1 Module: Capture/Compare/PWM Register 1 (CCPR1) is comprised of two 8-bit
registers: CCPR1L (low byte) and CCPR1H (high byte). The CCP1CON register controls the
operation of CCP1. The special event trigger is generated by a compare match and will reset
Timer1.

PWM OPERATION

▪ In Pulse Width Modulation mode, the CCPx pin produces up to a 10-bit resolution
PWM output. Since the CCP1 pin is multiplexed with the PORTC data latch, the
TRISC bit must be cleared to make the CCP1 pin an output.
▪ Clearing the CCP1CON register will force the CCP1 PWM output latch to the default
low level. This is not the PORTC I/O data latch.

SIMPLIFIED PWM BLOCK DIAGRAM

Steps for configuring the CCP module for PWM operation:

▪ Set the PWM period by writing to the PR2 register.

▪ Set the PWM duty cycle by writing to the CCPR1L register and CCP1CON bits.
▪ Make the CCP1 pin an output by clearing the TRISC bit.
▪ Set the TMR2 prescale value and enable Timer2 by writing to T2CON. ▪ Configure
the CCP1 module for PWM operation

PWM OUTPUT
A PWM output has a time base (period) and a time that the output stays high (duty cycle).
The frequency of the PWM is the inverse of the period (1/period).

▪ The PWM period is specified by writing to the PR2 register. ▪ The PWM period can be
calculated using the following formula: PWM Period = [(PR2) + 1] • 4 • TOSC •
(TMR2 Prescale Value) ▪ PWM frequency is defined as 1/[PWM period].
▪ When TMR2 is equal to PR2, the following three events occur on the next increment
cycle:
• TMR2 is cleared
• The CCP1 pin is set (exception: if PWM duty cycle = 0%, the CCP1 pin will not be
set)
• The PWM duty cycle is latched from CCPR1L into

INTERRUPT REGISTERS

• To enable interrupt PIE1 (Peripheral Interrupt enable) register is used. TMR2IE bit of PIE1 register
will be 1 to enable interrupt.

• PIR1 is the peripheral interrupt flag register. When TMR2 overflows TMR2IF bit of PIR1 become 1
• General interrupt and peripheral interrupt enable is done by making PEIE=1 & GIE=1 • PEIE, GIE
are the bits of interrupt control register INTCON
MATRIX GENERATION

Modulating frequency = 50Hz

Carrier frequency = 20 kHz

20000
Total no. of pulses per cycle of sine wave = = 400 50
Following C program is used to generate the duty ratio of these 400 pulses.

#include <stdio.h>

#include <math.h>

#include <conio.h>

#define PI 3.141592653589793

int main()

int period=1000;

int OnTimer=500;

int Nsamples=100;

int n=1;

float carrierFreq = 5000;

float modFreq = 50;

float modIndex = 0.96;

double duty=0.5;

printf("####################################################
########\n");
printf("## ##\n");

printf("## SINE-PWM Matrix Generator ##\n");

printf("## ##\n");

printf("####################################################
########\n\n");
printf("Enter the modulation frequency : ");

scanf("%f",&modFreq);
printf("Enter the carrier frequency : ");

scanf("%f",&carrierFreq);

printf("Enter the value of Time Period Register : ");

scanf("%d",&period);
Nsamples = carrierFreq/modFreq;

printf("Enter the modulation Index : ");

scanf("%f",&modIndex);

printf("\n################# FILE SAVED AS matrix.c

#################\n\n");

FILE* file;

file = fopen("matrix.c","w");

printf("#define LKUP_SIZE %d\n\n",Nsamples);

fprintf(file,"#define LKUP_SIZE %d\n\n",Nsamples);
printf("const unsigned char lookup[LKUP_SIZE] = {\n\t");
fprintf(file,"const unsigned char lookup[LKUP_SIZE] = {\n\t");
for (n=1;n<=Nsamples;n++)
{

duty = 0.5 * ( 1 + modIndex * sin( (PI*((2*n)-1)) / Nsamples

)); OnTimer = round(period * duty);
if(n==Nsamples)

printf("%d };",OnTimer);

fprintf(file,"%d };",OnTimer);
 }

else

printf("%d ,",OnTimer);

fprintf(file,"%d ,",OnTimer);
}

if(n%10 == 0)

printf("\n\t");

fprintf(file,"\n\t");

printf("\n################# FILE SAVED AS matrix.c

#################\n\n");
printf("Press any key to exit...");

getch();

fclose(file);

return 0;

Generated matrix value

#define LKUP_SIZE 400

const unsigned char lookup[LKUP_SIZE] = { 101

,102 ,104 ,105 ,107 ,108 ,110 ,111 ,113 ,114 , 115
,117 ,118 ,120 ,121 ,123 ,124 ,126 ,127 ,128 ,
130 ,131 ,133 ,134 ,135 ,137 ,138 ,139 ,141 ,142
, 143 ,145 ,146 ,147 ,148 ,150 ,151 ,152 ,153
,155 , 156 ,157 ,158 ,159 ,160 ,162 ,163 ,164
,165 ,166 , 167 ,168 ,169 ,170 ,171 ,172 ,173
,174 ,175 ,176 , 176 ,177 ,178 ,179 ,180 ,181
,181 ,182 ,183 ,183 , 184 ,185 ,185 ,186 ,187
,187 ,188 ,188 ,189 ,189 , 190 ,190 ,190 ,191
,191 ,192 ,192 ,192 ,192 ,193 , 193 ,193 ,193
,194 ,194 ,194 ,194 ,194 ,194 ,194 , 194 ,194
,194 ,194 ,194 ,194 ,194 ,193 ,193 ,193 , 193
,192 ,192 ,192 ,192 ,191 ,191 ,190 ,190 ,190 ,
189 ,189 ,188 ,188 ,187 ,187 ,186 ,185 ,185 ,184
, 183 ,183 ,182 ,181 ,181 ,180 ,179 ,178 ,177
,176 , 176 ,175 ,174 ,173 ,172 ,171 ,170 ,169
,168 ,167 , 166 ,165 ,164 ,163 ,162 ,160 ,159
,158 ,157 ,156 , 155 ,153 ,152 ,151 ,150 ,148
,147 ,146 ,145 ,143 , 142 ,141 ,139 ,138 ,137
,135 ,134 ,133 ,131 ,130 , 128 ,127 ,126 ,124
,123 ,121 ,120 ,118 ,117 ,115 , 114 ,113 ,111 ,110
,108 ,107 ,105 ,104 ,102 ,101 , 99 ,98 ,96 ,95 ,93
,92 ,90 ,89 ,87 ,86 ,
85 ,83 ,82 ,80 ,79 ,77 ,76 ,74 ,73 ,72 ,

70 ,69 ,67 ,66 ,65 ,63 ,62 ,61 ,59 ,58 ,

57 ,55 ,54 ,53 ,52 ,50 ,49 ,48 ,47 ,45 ,

44 ,43 ,42 ,41 ,40 ,38 ,37 ,36 ,35 ,34 ,

33 ,32 ,31 ,30 ,29 ,28 ,27 ,26 ,25 ,24
,
24 ,23 ,22 ,21 ,20 ,19 ,19 ,18 ,17 ,17
, 16 ,15 ,15 ,14 ,13 ,13 ,12 ,12 ,11 ,11
 ,
10 ,10 ,10 ,9 ,9 ,8 ,8 ,8 ,8 ,7 ,

7 ,7 ,7 ,6 ,6 ,6 ,6 ,6 ,6 ,6 ,

6 ,6 ,6 ,6 ,6 ,6 ,6 ,7 ,7 ,7 ,

7 ,8 ,8 ,8 ,8 ,9 ,9 ,10 ,10 ,10 ,

11 ,11 ,12 ,12 ,13 ,13 ,14 ,15 ,15 ,16 ,

17 ,17 ,18 ,19 ,19 ,20 ,21 ,22 ,23 ,24 ,

24 ,25 ,26 ,27 ,28 ,29 ,30 ,31 ,32 ,33

, 34 ,35 ,36 ,37 ,38 ,40 ,41 ,42,43,44,
45 ,47 ,48 ,49 ,50 ,52 ,53 ,54 ,55 ,57 ,
58 ,59 ,61 ,62 ,63 ,65 ,66 ,67 ,69 ,70,
72 ,73 ,74 ,76 ,77 ,79 ,80 ,82 ,83 ,85 ,

86 ,87 ,89 ,90 ,92 ,93 ,95 ,96 ,98 ,99 };

PROGRAM

Main File :

#define _XTAL_FREQ 16000000

#include "configuration.h"

#include <xc.h>

#include "matrix.c"

extern const unsigned char

lookup[LKUP_SIZE]; unsigned char buffer=0;
int n=0;
void __interrupt() myISR()

if(PIR1bits.TMR2IF &&
PIE1bits.TMR2IE) {
PIR1bits.TMR2IF = 0; //timer 2 interrupt cleared
buffer = lookup[n++];
if(n>=LKUP_SIZE) n=0;

return;

void main()

TRISC = 0; //configure port C as output

//CCP pin RC2/CCP1 is on port C

PR2 = 199; // PWM frequency = Fosc/(4*(PR2+1)) = 20kHz
// PWM frequency = 16MHz/(4*200) = 20kHz
// PWM time period = 50uS

CCPR1L = 0;

T2CONbits.T2CKPS = 0b00; // prescaler is 1 //00-1

//01-4
//1x-16
 T2CONbits.TOUTPS = 0x0; //postscaler is 1

TMR2 = 0; // clear timer before turning on

PIE1bits.TMR2IE = 1; //timer 2 interrupt enable

PIR1bits.TMR2IF = 0; //timer 2 interrupt cleared
INTCONbits.PEIE = 1; //peripheral interrupt enable
INTCONbits.GIE = 1; //general interrupt enable

T2CONbits.TMR2ON = 1; // timer 2 turned on

CCP1CONbits.CCP1X = 0; // LSB = 0

CCP1CONbits.CCP1Y = 0; // LSB = 0

CCP1CONbits.CCP1M = 0b1100; //15- PWM turned on

while(1)

CCPR1L = buffer;

}
Header File:

// PIC16F877A Configuration Bit Settings

// 'C' source line config statements

// CONFIG

#pragma config FOSC = HS // Oscillator Selection bits (HS oscillator)

#pragma config WDTE = OFF // Watchdog Timer Enable bit (WDT disabled)
#pragma config PWRTE = OFF // Power-up Timer Enable bit (PWRT disabled)
#pragma config BOREN = OFF // Brown-out Reset Enable bit (BOR disabled)
#pragma config LVP = OFF // Low-Voltage (Single-Supply) In-Circuit Serial Programming Enable bit
(RB3 is digital I/O, HV on MCLR must be used for programming)

#pragma config CPD = OFF // Data EEPROM Memory Code Protection bit (Data EEPROM code
protection off)

#pragma config WRT = OFF // Flash Program Memory Write Enable bits (Write protection off; all
program memory may be written to by EECON control)

#pragma config CP = OFF // Flash Program Memory Code Protection bit (Code protection off)

// #pragma config statements should precede project file includes.

// Use project enums instead of #define for ON and OFF.

#include <xc.h>

Configuration bit = 3F3A

SIMULATION MODEL
SIMULATION RESULTS

OUTPUT
RESULT

A microcontroller based 50Hz sine PWM half bridge inverter is designed and simulated using Proteus.
Relevant waveforms are plotted.

Submitted by:

Amala M

S2 M.Tech

Roll No:01