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The document discusses linear independence and dependence of vectors, providing definitions and examples. It demonstrates that the rows of a specific matrix are linearly dependent and that a set of vectors in R3 is also linearly dependent. Additionally, it calculates the row and column rank of a given matrix, concluding that both ranks are equal to 2.

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5 views

Document

The document discusses linear independence and dependence of vectors, providing definitions and examples. It demonstrates that the rows of a specific matrix are linearly dependent and that a set of vectors in R3 is also linearly dependent. Additionally, it calculates the row and column rank of a given matrix, concluding that both ranks are equal to 2.

Uploaded by

manthanjanmejay2
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Unit 1 mam181 question answers

Que- Define linear independence of a set of vectors. Find if the rows in the
matrix [1 1 1 1 2 3 2 3 4 ] are linearly dependent.
Ans-Definition of Linear Independence
 A set of vectors {v1,v2,…,vn} { {v}_1, {v}_2, dots, {v}_n }{v1
,v2,…,vn} is said to be linearly independent if the only solution to the
equation
c1v1+c2v2+⋯+cnvn=0c_1 {v}_1 + c_2 {v}_2 + ....... + cn {v}_n =
{0}c1v1+c2v2+⋯+cnvn=0
 is the trivial solution c1=c2=⋯=cn=0c_1 = c_2 = ....... = cn = 0c1=c2=⋯
=cn=0. In other words, none of the vectors in the set can be written as a
linear combination of the others.

 Checking Linear Dependence for the Given Matrix


 The matrix provided is:
[ 1 1 1]
[ 1 2 3]
[2 3 4]
 Let’s denote its rows as:
 r1=(1,1,1) {r}_1 = (1, 1, 1)r1=(1,1,1)
 r2=(1,2,3) {r}_2 = (1, 2, 3)r2=(1,2,3)
 r3=(2,3,4) {r}_3 = (2, 3, 4)r3=(2,3,4)
 To determine if these rows are linearly dependent, we look for a non-
trivial solution to:
c1r1+c2r2+c3r3=0.c_1 {r}_1 + c_2 {r}_2 + c_3 {r}_3 = {0}.c1r1+c2
r2+c3r3=0.
 Notice that:
r1+r2=(1+1, 1+2, 1+3)=(2, 3, 4)=r3. {r}_1 + {r}_2 = (1+1, ; 1+2, ;
1+3) = (2, ; 3, ; 4) = {r}_3.r1+r2=(1+1,1+2,1+3)=(2,3,4)=r3.
 This shows that:
r3−r1−r2=0, {r}_3 - {r}_1 - {r}_2 = {0},r3−r1−r2=0,
 or equivalently,
(−1)r1+(−1)r2+(1)r3=0.(-1) {r}_1 + (-1) {r}_2 + (1) {r}_3 = {0}.
(−1)r1+(−1)r2+(1)r3=0.
 Since the coefficients −1-1−1, −1-1−1, and 111 are not all zero, the rows
are linearly dependent.

 Conclusion
 Definition: A set of vectors is linearly independent if the only
solution to their linear combination equaling the zero vector is the
trivial solution.
 Matrix Result: The rows of the matrix are linearly dependent, as
demonstrated by the relation r3=r1+r2

QUE- A=(1,2,3), B=(1,0,0), C=(0,1,0) and D=(0,0,1) in three


dimensional vector space V_3 (R ) Test for linearly independent and
linearly dependent set of vectors.

 Testing Linear Independence of Vectors A, B, C, and D


 Given the vectors in R3\ {R}^3:
 A=(1,2,3)\ {A} = (1, 2, 3)
 B=(1,0,0)\ {B} = (1, 0, 0)

2
 C=(0,1,0)\ {C} = (0, 1, 0)
 D=(0,0,1)\ {D} = (0, 0, 1)
 To determine if these vectors are linearly independent, we examine
if the only solution to the equation
c1A+c2B+c3C+c4D=0c_1 \ {A} + c_2 \ {B} + c_3 \ {C} + c_4 \ {D}
= \ {0}
 is c1=c2=c3=c4=0c_1 = c_2 = c_3 = c_4 = 0.
 Observations:
 Vectors B\ {B}, C\ {C}, and D\ {D} are the standard basis vectors
in R3\ {R}^3. They are known to be linearly independent.
 Vector A\ {A} can be expressed as a linear combination of B\ {B},
C\ {C}, and D\ {D}:
A=1⋅B+2⋅C+3⋅D\ {A} = 1 \ ....... \ {B} + 2 \ ....... \ {C} + 3 \ ....... \
{D}
 This implies:
A−1⋅B−2⋅C−3⋅D=0\ {A} - 1 \ ....... \ {B} - 2 \ ....... \ {C} - 3 \ ....... \
{D} = \ {0}
 Here, the coefficients are 1,−1,−2,−31, -1, -2, -3, which are not all
zero. Therefore, A\ {A} is a linear combination of B\ {B}, C\ {C},
and D\ {D}.
 Conclusion:
 The set {A,B,C,D}\{ \ {A}, \ {B}, \ {C}, \ {D} \} is linearly
dependent because A\ {A} can be expressed as a combination of B\
{B}, C\ {C}, and D\ {D}.
 The subset {B,C,D}\{ \ {B}, \ {C}, \ {D} \} is linearly independent,
as these are the standard basis vectors in R3\ {R}^3.
 This analysis aligns with the definition that a set of vectors is linearly
dependent if at least one vector in the set can be expressed as a
linear combination of the others.

3
QUE- Find the row rank and column rank of the matrix[2 1 − 1 0 3 − 2
24−3]

To find the row rank and column rank of the given matrix:

A=[21−103−224−3]A = \ 2 & 1 & -1 \\ 0 & 3 & -2 \\ 2 & 4 & -3 \ A=202134−1−2−3

we follow these steps:

Step 1: Find the Row Rank

The row rank is the number of linearly independent rows in the matrix.

1. Write the rows:


o R1=(2,1,−1)R_1 = (2, 1, -1)R1=(2,1,−1)
o R2=(0,3,−2)R_2 = (0, 3, -2)R2=(0,3,−2)
o R3=(2,4,−3)R_3 = (2, 4, -3)R3=(2,4,−3)
2. Check for linear dependence:
o Compute the determinant of the matrix:

∣21−103−224−3∣\begin{vmatrix} 2 & 1 & -1 \\ 0 & 3 & -2 \\ 2 & 4 & -3 \


end{vmatrix}202134−1−2−3

Expanding along the first row:

2∣3−24−3∣−1∣0−22−3∣+(−1)∣0324∣2 \begin{vmatrix} 3 & -2 \\ 4 & -3 \


end{vmatrix} - 1 \begin{vmatrix} 0 & -2 \\ 2 & -3 \end{vmatrix} + (-1) \
begin{vmatrix} 0 & 3 \\ 2 & 4 \end{vmatrix}234−2−3−102−2−3+(−1)0234

Compute the 2×2 determinants:

∣3−24−3∣=(3)(−3)−(−2)(4)=−9+8=−1

(4)=−9+8=−1 ∣0−22−3∣=(0)(−3)−(−2)(2)=0+4=4\begin{vmatrix} 0 & -2 \\ 2 & -


3 & -2 \\ 4 & -3 \end = (3)(-3) - (-2)(4) = -9 + 8 = -134−2−3=(3)(−3)−(−2)

∣0324∣=(0)(4)−(3)(2)=0−6=−6\begin{vmatrix} 0 & 3 \\ 2 & 4 \end{vmatrix} = (0)


3 \end{vmatrix} = (0)(-3) - (-2)(2) = 0 + 4 = 402−2−3=(0)(−3)−(−2)(2)=0+4=4

(4) - (3)(2) = 0 - 6 = -60234=(0)(4)−(3)(2)=0−6=−6

Substituting:

2(−1)−1(4)−1(−6)=−2−4+6=02(-1) - 1(4) - 1(-6) = -2 - 4 + 6 =


02(−1)−1(4)−1(−6)=−2−4+6=0

Since the determinant is 0, the rows are linearly dependent.

4
3. Reduce the matrix to row echelon form:

[21−103−224−3]\ 2 & 1 & -1 \\ 0 & 3 & -2 \\ 2 & 4 & -3 \ 202134−1−2−3

o Subtract Row 1 from Row 3: R3′=R3−R1R_3' = R_3 - R_1R3′=R3−R1

R3′=(2,4,−3)−(2,1,−1)=(0,3,−2)R_3' = (2, 4, -3) - (2, 1, -1) = (0, 3, -2)R3′


=(2,4,−3)−(2,1,−1)=(0,3,−2) [21−103−203−2]\ 2 & 1 & -1 \\ 0 & 3 & -2 \\ 0 & 3
& -2 \ 200133−1−2−2

o Subtract Row 2 from Row 3: R3′′=R3′−R2R_3'' = R_3' - R_2R3′′=R3′−R2

R3′′=(0,3,−2)−(0,3,−2)=(0,0,0)R_3'' = (0, 3, -2) - (0, 3, -2) = (0, 0, 0)R3′′


=(0,3,−2)−(0,3,−2)=(0,0,0) [21−103−2000]\ 2 & 1 & -1 \\ 0 & 3 & -2 \\ 0 & 0 &
0 \ 200130−1−20

Since there are two nonzero rows, the row rank is 2.

Step 2: Find the Column Rank

The column rank is the number of linearly independent columns. Since rank remains the same
for rows and columns (rank theorem), the column rank is also 2.

Final Answer

Row Rank = 2
Column Rank = 2

4o

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